584 Insects. 
colour than the body. Each Caterpillar has nine breathing- 
holes on each side ; and each of the three segments nearest 
the head is furnished with a pair of short legs, ending in 
a kind of claw, which are the true legs of the insect. 
The Caterpillar has, however, eight or ten other legs on 
the hinder segments of its body. The head has twelve 
eyes, and two very short conical antennae ; and the mouth 
is furnished with two strong mandibles, two maxillae, a 
labrum, and four palpi. 
The habits of Caterpillars differ : some, which are 
called Geometers, or Loopers, advance by a succession 
of steps, first extending the body to its full length and 
adhering by the fore legs, then drawing up the hinder 
part of the body close to the forepart so as to form a loop, 
and then again repeating this process ; these Caterpillars, 
when at rest, often adhere by their hinder feet, and ex- 
tend the body stiffly, like a little dry twig ; others, which 
are furnished with more prolegs, adhere by these to the 
branch or leaf, and raise the forepart of the body a little, 
an attitude which induced Linnaeus to give the name of 
Sphinx to the moths in whose Caterpillars this habit pre- 
vails ; some small .species live between the upper and lower 
surfaces of leaves, in which they excavate mines ; others 
dwell in small cases, which they manufacture of various 
materials ; whilst others, dwelling in large societies, spin 
for themselves a sort of silken tent, in which they take 
their repose, and from which they issue daily in search of 
food in a regularly marshalled procession. Many make 
themselves cocoons ; but others have no other covering 
in the pupa state than a smooth shining skin, or a dark 
mummy-like cerement. The chrysalis of a butterfly is 
generally angular, and that of a moth cylindrical. 
