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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 64, No. 8 
Figure 4. Index map of Fezzan showing numbers used for localities in this atlas. Inset maps are 1) Ghat, Tadrart Akakus 
and surrounding area, and 2) Muzuq-Sabha area. See APPENDIX for corresponding coordinates and locality names. 
form the hinterlands of these cities or were simply shipped to Europe from these ports. In the case 
of Tripoli, the place name, during the Ottoman period, was sometimes used synonymously with 
Tripolitania. In other cases specimens were obtained from animal dealers in these cities, and the 
true points of collection are unknown. This was the case for some specimens noted by Werner 
(1909), but likewise is true for tortoises in the 21 st century (see Testudo graeca account). Records 
form these localities must, therefore, be interpreted with care. 
The task was complicated by the various ways in which Arabic and Berber language place 
names have been represented in the Roman alphabet in different European languages over time. 
Further, there is no single standard for the transcription or romanization of Standard Arabic and, to 
complicate matters, Libyan Arabic, used in much of northern Libya and with several dialects itself, 
