477 
MARCH 42 THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
(gatomoljrpral, 
THE ARMY WORM-NO. 2. 
PROFESSOR CYRUS THOMAS. 
Sincr writing tlie preceding article I Have Had 
the good fortune to obtain copies of the papers by 
Messrs. Shurtleff and Kirkpatrick on this Insect; 
that of the former written in 1862 and that of the 
latter in 1861. 
In reference to the question as to whether It Is 
single or double brooded, Mr. Shurtleff says,‘‘I 
have not sufficient data to decide between the two 
opinions; but It seems that Mr. Walsh Is right.” 
Mr. Kirkpatrick says, “ It la not positively known 
how many broods of Army worms there arc in a 
year, but there Is no doubt that there are at least 
two, for the moths hatched In Midsummer deposit 
their eggs immediately after, and the la3t brood 
must remain either In .the caterpillar or pupa 
state through the Winter.” 
The fact that there are two broods In the lati¬ 
tude of at. Louis being now admitted by all par¬ 
ties, the further question arises, are there not usu¬ 
ally three ? In the article alluded to, Professor 
Riley expresses the belief that there are. (Am. 
Ent,., Aug., 1880, p. 181) I am still of the opinion 
that there are not more than two in Southern Illi¬ 
nois or any place north of that latitude, and will 
give here my reasons for this belief. 
As tbeso luvolve two other points—the term of 
individual life and the method of hibernation—I 
first discuss rheae briefly, so far as they relate to 
the latitude designated. T limit the discussion to 
the latitude named because there are reasons for 
believing the habits of ihe species In reference to 
hibernation vary In different latitudes. 
Terra of Life. 
Although the entire life of the individual 
includes all the time that elapses from the mo¬ 
ment the egg is deposited until the moth pro¬ 
duced therefrom dies: yet in calculating the suc¬ 
cession of generations wo have occasion to use 
only the time which elapses from the moment tbo 
egg Is deposited until the resulting moth deposits 
her eggs. Iu order to arrive at a correct conclusion 
on this point It la necessary to ascertain what 1 h 
the averago length of the different stages, vis., 
of the egg from the lime It Is deposited until It 
hatches; of the larva state; of tho pupa slate, 
and of the moth from the time it emerges from 
the chrysalis until Its eggs are deposited. 
Where positive data asceriatued by experiments 
can be found, it is undouotedly best to use them 
at least as a basts, but the growth and develop¬ 
ment of Insects In conJlhement where there la a 
uniform temperature, aod where an abundance of 
food is always at hand, can seldom. If ever, bo ac¬ 
cepted as exactly the same as in a state of nature. 
Professor Iilley has shown by his experiments, 
made in 1ST6, that the moths commence laying, In 
confinement, la about two weeks after Issuing rrom 
tne chrysalis. As It is almost certain that in their 
natural condition the time would be extended 
rather than shortened, we assume ltf days in order 
to have a definite time to use in our calculations. 
In process of the same experiments Professor Riley 
found that the eggs, In a uniform temperature of 
T6 deg,, hatched in about 10 days. Ills probable, 
therefore, that in their natural condition the time 
required is about two weeks. But this assumption 
is not gratuitous, as will presently be shown. 
He also found that by feeding the worms in con¬ 
finement at an average temperature of about SO 
deg., some passed through this state In 16 or 16 
days, and this forms In part the basts on which he 
founds his present theory as to the number of 
broods. But all the evidence I have been able to 
obtain in reference to this point shows that In 
their natural condition they usually continue about 
a month In this state. My experiments In 1S01, In 
the natural temperature of the locality, gave, as 
nearly as I could estimate the age of the worms 
when first taken, - 2 s days as the shortest period. 
Mr. Walsh, who also reared tho species from the 
larval state, gives “ from four to five weeks ” as 
the length of this stage; Dr. Packard allows one 
month. l)r. Pitch says they continue to feed and 
travel about, three weeks from the time they are 
discovered, which he says Is when they are about 
one-tbird grown. Tbe investigations, therefore, 
of these parties agree in fixing the average length 
of time they exist In the larval si ate at not less 
than one month. 
The individuals of the Spring brood, as shown by 
repeated experiments, remain In the pupa state 
from two to three weeks. My experiments gave 
an average of seventeen or eighteen days; Dr 
Fitch says, “ nearly three weeks Dr. Packard, 
and Prof Riley say, “from two to three weeks *; 
Mr. Walsh's specimens remained In this state fif¬ 
teen days; SUurtleff’s, seventeen, and Kirkpat¬ 
rick’s, fourteen days. I will assume seventeen 
days as the average. The term of existence of the 
Individual from the time the egg Is deposited until 
the resulting moth lays her eggs is, according to 
these conclusions, about 7» days—eggs, u larva, 
30— j—, pupa, IT- -, moth, 16, -total, YT days. 
In order to test the correctness of this conclu¬ 
sion let us see how nearly it agrees with tne ap¬ 
pearance and disappearance of the moths and 
worms. For this purpose 1 give here a short list 
of dates of captures of moths and aopearancea of 
the worms; 1 have many more, hut only give 
such as we need for present purposes. 
Dales of Captures of Ihe Moth. 
Illinois. Jackson County. 
April 2, 6, T, S, 9.10 (1879); 16 (187S); 2, 3, 4, 13, 16 
21, 25 (ISSU). 
June 20 (day or exit from pupa In confinement) 
21, 22 ,23 (observed emerging from the ground), 
29 (1861 and 1876), 
OCt. 18, 23 (1879). 
Nov. io (1879). (Thomas m French). 
Cook County. 
Mr. Worthington, who has furnished me with 
quite a list ol dates, gives April 3, io, u, 16, etc., 
as the earliest captures. 
Galena, Jo Davies County, 
Dr. Bean, who failed to find the early moths, 
notes their appearance Inconsiderable numbers, 
June 24, 29 etc. 
Normal, McLean County. 
May 24, “two specimens June 29, several ” 
—“ From July 15 to August 18. very common 
each year.” (Forbes.) 
Missouri, St. Louis. 
“ Early part of Anrll," “ Middle of April,” “June 
to October.” “Early In August,” “In Septem¬ 
ber,” “ October 9th.” (Riley.) 
New York, Schenectady. 
July T, 21. 
August T, 13,16 and continues up to October c 
(18T5.) (Lintner.) 
Albany. 
Latter part of May—from a single pupa found. 
(Meske.) 
Notices of Larv*. 
Illinois, Jackson County. 
First seen In 1861 about April 29tb, continued to 
appear until May 15 and finally disappeared 
about June 10th. Latter half of September, 1874, 
marching. Latter part of May to first week in 
June. 1875. June 4 (1877) all the first lame be¬ 
low the dirt to pupate. (Thomas & French.) 
Missouri, St. Louis. 
“ Early part of May,” “During the latter part 
of April, and throughout the month of May,” 
“ Early in June, mowing down meadows.” '* All 
through the month of August, and a few full- 
grown individuals as late as the 23d of Septem¬ 
ber.” (Riley.) 
These will answer for our present purpose, 
Taking the Jackson County list—where the April 
and June captures, as I know from actual observa¬ 
tion,represent the first appearance of the moth in 
each case—we find that the length of time that 
elapsed between tho first in April (2nd) to the first 
la June (2(ith) to be 78 days. 
Taking the first of Worthington’s ll3t, April 3, 
and the first of Bean's, June 24, we obtain 32 days. 
Dr. Lintner commenced collecting July 7th and 
continued until October 26th. Up to August 7th, 
no Army-worm moths were seen except on the 
evenings of July 7th and 2ist. From the time they 
began to reappear In August,, they were absent no 
evening until he had passed October 6th, after 
which no more were seen, it la, therefore, more 
than probable that the Jaly captures were the last 
of the preceding brood. Counting them from the 
last of the first brood—J uly 2lst to the last of the 
second—October 6, we have just 77 days. 
It we suppose Prof. Forbes's capture of May 24, 
to be the ending of the Spring moths, as was 
doubtless the case; and August 18th the closing 
of the Summer brood, we have 86 days as the 
average term of life. 
“Early In April" and “In June," as given by 
Prof. Riley, corresponds in general terms with tbe 
estimate given. The appearance and disappear¬ 
ance of the larvae correspond very well with this 
estimate, or it they show a difference It Is In the 
direction of a longer term than supposed. 
The life period of the second brood, as calculated 
by the meager data we have at hand, appears to 
be considerably longer than tbe estimate given- 
The first brood of worms have usually disappeared 
in this county from the 4th to the loth of June, 
and those of the Fall brood seen when full-grown 
were observed between the 16th and soth of Sep¬ 
tember. This corresponds almost exactly with 
Prof. Riley’s observations of the worms as above 
quoted. 
Counting from June 19th to September 20th, 
we have one hundred and two days. 
It Is not possible that there could have been 
two broods In this period, as the time Is too short, 
and, moreover, there is an entire lack of evidence 
to sustain such a view. 
We may, therefore, assume as pretty well estab¬ 
lished that the life of the Individual of the Spring 
brood, from the time the egg Is deposited until the 
resulting moth lays her eggs, lasts not less than 
77 days under ordinary circumstances, with the 
probability that It may be extended rather than 
shortened. 
Before concluding our argument In reference to 
the number of broods in this latitude, It Is neces¬ 
sary to allude to 
The Hibernation. 
What Is nere said on this point Is to be under¬ 
stood as applying only to this latitude, as there 
are reasons to believe the method of hibernating 
varies In different latitudes. The worms when 
first seen In this county in 1861, In the latter part 
or April, as shown by my own observations and 
those of Col. B. WUey, were qutteyoung, evidently 
not more than one week old. The time or appear¬ 
ance and disappearance of the worms In t he Spring, 
aa shown by the observations of Professors Riley 
and French and myself, correspond with this. 
The oapture of moths from the 2 d to the 25th of 
April In different years, also agrees so exactly 
with the time the worms are first seen, that we are 
forced to conclude the eggs were deposited lu the 
spring. Moreover, the direct observations of 
Prof. Riley are sufficient to confirm us In this 
opinion It the other facta had left us in doubt. 
It follows, therefore, that they must have hiber¬ 
nated as chrysalides or moths. Our reason for 
believing that they do not pass the Winter 1 q the 
moth state are, flrsi, those caught early in April 
are fresh specimens showing no signs of having 
lived in this state any considerable length of time; 
stuoiul, that so far not a single specimen has been 
taken In this section In the Winter, although we 
often have during this season warm and pleasant 
days when other species are captured. That a few 
ot the second brood do reach the moth state in the 
Fall, Is true, as the occasional captures In October 
and November show. But suoh captures are rare. 
In an article published in the Prairie Farmer, 
June 20,1861, 1 expressed my belter that It passes 
the Winter in the pupa state. All the data ob¬ 
tained since that time tend to confirm this view 
so far aa this latitude la concerned. 
Mr. Walsh held then and until his death that 
the eggs were deposited In the .Summer and re¬ 
mained over until the following Spring. 
Prof. Riley In his Beoond report adopted Mr. 
Walsh’s theory, but gave It as his opinion that 
“ exceptional Individuals occur perhaps one In a 
hundred, but demonstrably not as many as one m 
twenty, which Ue in the chrysalis state all through 
the Winter,” In hla eighth report he expresses 
the belief that the great bulk ot them hibernate in 
the pupa and moth states, the proportion of the 
former increasing northward.” 
In his ninth report he reaffirms this view. In 
lsso in the article already quoted he gives as his 
belief that “by far the more common mode of 
hibernating Is In the larval state.” 
Dr. Fitch does not express his belief on this 
point, hut I Infer from a careful study of his ar¬ 
ticle that ho believed It passed tbe Winter In the 
moth or pupa state. For, as Shurtleff remarks 
“his theory will do very well if they are found 
to lay their eggs in the Spring." 
Kirkpatrick was of the opinion that they passed 
the Winter “either In the caterpillar or pupa 
State. 
Prof. Comstock says, we can now safely state 
that It hibernates both In the moth and chrysalis 
states, the former being more common In the 
southern part or the country, and the latter in the 
northern regions.” 
Dr. Bean, of Galeua, Ill., In a letter communi¬ 
cating a Hat ot captures, Incidentally remarks: 
“ Dimly remember captures (tblnk 1878) Indicating 
probable hibernation in pupa state for this locality 
—but can t be sure.’” 
Mr. c. E. Worthington, of Chicago, writes me as 
follows: “it doubtless passes the winter In all 
stages; In fact, I have had eggs of Fall brood hatch 
In Spring and taken worn specimens In March, 
and have pup® at the same time; while I have 
no doubt but the brood emerging in June passes 
the Winter In the larval stage. This brood, 1. e., 
June and October, seems the only regular brood of 
the season.” 
Difference in latitude and climate will account 
In part for these different views, but It is evident 
that,so far as the more northern latitudes are con¬ 
cerned, thl3 question Is Involved in very great 
doubt. 
So far as this section Is concerned, we may con¬ 
sider It settled that they hibernate In the pupa 
state; perhaps a few of the rnotbs that come out 
In the Fall pass safely through the Winter, hut so 
far we have no good reason to believe this. 
As additional evidence in favor ot this view 1 
present the following, baaed upon the estimated 
term ot life heretofore given :— 
Assuming June as as the average time the first 
moths of the Spring brood of worms make their 
exit from the pupae, and counting forward 77 days, 
brings us to the loth of September, when the 
moths of the second brood will begin to appear. If 
they should deposit eggs, these could not hatch 
before the loth of October, and the worms would 
not be half-grown before the 1st of November, 
Moreover, these would only be the advance guard 
of the brood, it would require the entire month 
of November to bring the mass of the brood to half 
growth, for we can hardly suppose they pass the 
Winter when younger. 
But another almost insuperable objection to the 
Idea that they pass the Winter (here) In the larva 
state Is, that no armies of half-grown worma were 
ever observed In the meadows or elsewhere in Oc¬ 
tober or November preceding their appearance the 
following April and May of the great Army-worm 
years. And, as before stated, when they did ap¬ 
pear in April and May, they were, when first 3een, 
not quarter-grown. 
fiteratji UltsttllaitiJ. 
DOT MAID MID HAZEL HAIR,' 
Dale not to me baud maidens rare. 
Mit shkln of bearly hue— 
Dere vasn’d any kin combare 
Mit von I hafe in view. 
•She’s gendle Uke der soft gayselle. 
Her face was awful fair— 
She has dwo aupurn eyes of plue, 
Und hazel vas her hair. 
Her woice vas rich like any ding. 
Her moud vas like der rose. 
Her sheets—dem plooms just Uke a beach 
Und dimpled vas her nose. 
Her hands und feed vash shrnall undueed, 
Und ven dot maiden sings, 
Dem leedle birds den glose deir eyes 
Und flops deir leetle vings. 
I’m going to dook dot leedle maid 
Some day to heen my vife, 
Und make her happy like I kin 
Der balance of her life. 
Und ven ve’m settled down for Root, 
I’U show you somethin* rare— 
Dwo BhnuUng- aupurn eyes of plue 
Und shblended hazel hair. 
ADVENTUKES OF AN ANTEDILUVIAN 
In The Land of Promise. 
BY JAMBS M’NEILL. 
(Continued from page 137 ) 
CHAPTER V. 
“ We call them phlllegomotors,” said my friend 
“ from the name of the gas by which they are up¬ 
borne and propelled.” 
He then went on and gave me a description of 
these transit maohines. In language which was 
simple enough, no doubt, for the understanding of 
a child. But L was like one who, awakening from 
the sleep or a generation, was receiving hls 
first ideaa of the steam engine or the magnetic 
telegraph. The general notion, however, which I 
received of the phlllegomotor was this 
A gas called phlllego had been discovered which 
possessed remarkable properties as to lightness 
and elasticity. This could be generated or resolved 
at will. Instantaneously, and to any desired ex¬ 
tent. by chemical action In an apparatus which 
was attached to every car. The great bag. which 
I have remarked formed the roof of these cars, was 
the receptacle for this gas. At starting out enough 
of the gas was generated to Just bear up the car. 
As passengers got In the quantity was Increased 
and when they got out It was diminished, so that 
an exact equilibrium was preserved between tbe 
upward tendency of tbe gas and the force of grav¬ 
ity. The car having thus In effect no weight, it 
required but little rorce to propel it. This was ac¬ 
complished by this same gas. which caused a disk 
or wheel, constructed on the principle of the pro¬ 
peller. to revolve with incredible velocity, thus 
acting upon the air as the propellor of the steam¬ 
boat acta upon the water. The connection between 
tbe oar and the track wa3 bv smalt wheels above 
and a clamp with a projection which fitted into 
tho groove or under side, which I have spnken ot 
as being smooth and bright as polished steel. The 
oar was thus held In Its place on the track against 
the force of wind, and the lifting power of the 
phlllego. If by accident. It should preponderate 
over the force of gravity. Each car was, of 
course, supplied with brakes and tho most com¬ 
plete apparatus for regulating trs speed, and In 
case of accident It could he Instantly discon¬ 
nected from the track, elevated above the house¬ 
tops and guided through the air till Its speed 
could be diminished and It could descend in safety. 
The cars for long distance passengers ran for a 
mile without stopping and then descended to the 
9tdewalk, In tho same manner those of the other 
line at, every cross-street. I was so taken up with 
my friend’s description of those phlllegomotors. 
and so aosorbed In watching them and following 
my friend’s description of their mechanical appli¬ 
ances, that the hundred other wonderful things 
which cam© within the line of my observation 
made but a passing Impression on my mind. 
CHAPTER VI. 
A LOOK AT THB CITY DURING BUSINESS HOURS. 
A p.iDK of half an hour brought us to my friend's 
place ot business. He was at tbe head of a large 
cloth manufactory, whtcli had mills In a neighbor¬ 
ing township, and a store for the dlsnoswi of goods 
in tbe city. As It was the custom of the country 
to devote onlv the Torenoon to business, it was 
necessary tor business men to give, their whole at¬ 
tention to their various occupations during the few 
hours which were devoted to them.-My friend, 
therefore, excused himself to me till after business 
hours, but exacted a promise from me to go with 
him then to hts house. 
I wandered through the establishment for a 
while watching the throng of customers ma king 
their purchases, and the operations of unpacking 
and arranging goods Just received, and the pack¬ 
ing of those which had heen sold. I wondered at 
the quickness and dexterity with which every 
operation was performed. Every employee seem¬ 
ed to know exactly what hls duties were, and to 
be thoroughly competent to perform them. Great 
boxes of goods were run up on elevators to tbe 
floor appropriated to tbejr class, and borne awsy 
on trucks In tbe band3 of stalwart porters to the 
exact spot where they were needed, and quickly 
unpacked and disposed of without the least fuss, 
or uncertainty of movement In the same manner 
goods which had been sold were gathered up as 
soon a3 customers bad completed their purchases, 
and borne away to the packing-room, where they 
were boxed and marked almost before the custom¬ 
er had got out of the sfore. 
Such excellent system prevailed that there was 
little ordering or running about a'k'ng for In¬ 
structions but every one nonnect'’d with the house 
seemed to have hls duties so clearly defined, to 
understand them so thoroughly, and to he dis¬ 
posed to perform them so promptly that no con- 
trollng or directing mind was required. 
In making sates, also, the best understanding 
seemed to extst between buver and seller. There 
was no cheapening, or higgling over prices, or ex¬ 
amining of goods with the view of discovering 
something In them that was not as represented. 
Indeed, the quickness, and the apparently artless 
superficial manner with which the buver bought 
surprised me no less than the strn’ghtforwnrd 
and guileless manner with which the seller sold. 
Every bill of goods which T saw sold was paid for 
on the spot, and every order whtoh was sent in 
and by far the greater portion of the business 
ot the house was done through orders-- was ac¬ 
companied with the money, or its equivalent. 
And here I may mention another thing which 
greatly surprised me. namely : The careless man¬ 
ner In which money was handled. Tbe easbler 
plied the coin wbteh he received upon hls desk be¬ 
fore him. and placed the paper money under a 
weight that it might not be brushed off by tbe 
passer-by, or blown away by the wind. That any 
one of the throng of strangers passing In aDd out 
should snatch It or that any office boy or porter 
should help himself to some of It when the cash¬ 
ier’s eyes were withdrawn, seemed to be a matter 
which they were at no pains whatever to guard 
against. Though several thousand dollars might 
be collected during the hours ot business, It all 
lay upon the desk, like any article of little value 
till the cashier made up bis accounts. 
Having satisfied tny curiosity as to the business 
methods of the house, I wandered oat on the 
street to look about me till the dose of my friend’s 
business hours. The sidewalks were alive with 
people, moving along without thehurTy and hustle 
which characterize the business men In the great 
cities of my own country, but with a bu.lness- 
llke energy In every movement which spoke 
strongly of promptness and efficiency In every 
transaction. 
Tbe wonderful phlllegomotors were shooting by 
constantly, dropping to the pavement, rtslug and 
shooting off again with an apparent Impatience cf 
delay which seemed to imply that. Uke tne mer¬ 
chants, their harvest time was the hours ot the 
forenoon. It was some time before 1 could wit ness 
the passage of one of these flying machines with a 
sense of security. Instinctively I moved to the 
