APRIL 30 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
tenlionalJy) helps to give credence to a popu¬ 
lar delusion. A great many farmers believe 
that worms are caused ty improper feeding. 
The truth is that ibesepar i-ites are encouraged, 
in that wav, hut they pr< ceed from eggs, as 
allother live creatures do, directly or Indirect¬ 
ly, and these eggs gain admission to the ani¬ 
mal’s stomach in a natural way, and by no 
means spontaneously originate there. 
The internal parasites of animals are won¬ 
derfully numerous and varied. From the mi¬ 
croscopically minute organisms known as 
bacteria , of which millions may be engendered 
in one ounce of liquid, to the hnge tape-worms 
many feet in length, animals Buffer almost 
universally, more or less. It tuny be safe to 
say tbat the lower animals are rarely free from 
internal pests of some kind, the eggs of which 
are picked up with the food or swallowed with 
the water. When tt.e animal is in vigorous 
health aud all Jts functions are in good older 
and the wastes ot the system are discharged 
regula.ly, the parasites find no means of sub¬ 
sistence and are either starved out or merely 
maintain a sort of para yzed existence. But 
when from any cause these functions are de¬ 
ranged, the parasites find their proper food in 
the abnormal matter then abundant in the 
system and thrive and increase enormously. 
Ii would simplify this matter very much if we 
could always realize that parasites of all 
kind&—animal and vegetable—arc Introduced 
from outside sources and never come from 
within. Then we should also realize the 
fact tbat they may be prevented by avoiding 
tbesoutces from which they are introduced, 
and ty maintaining the health of our stock. 
Tour correspondent “Buckeye,” page 124, 
hitB the nail Equarely on the head, when he 
asks “ is not salt a preventive of this calf-killer 
black-leg?” It 1 b; aud thusBlack-leg is a 
parasitic disease. The blood is invaded by 
organic germs which deoxygenate it and 
leave it filled with carbon and black, just as it 
is found wheD the lungs cannot or do not ex¬ 
ercise their functions and remove the carbon¬ 
aceous matter from the system. These germs 
produce in the blood plaDta of a vary low 
order, which increase with amazing rapidity 
and soon cause the blood to become unfit to 
support life. The germs exist every where, just 
as the germs of mold are universally preva¬ 
lent. When an animal becomes diseased by 
indigestion, overfeeding, or starving, the blood 
becomes in the right condition for supporting 
these parasitic germs and they at once germin¬ 
ate and increase in it until it is fatally poisoned. 
Now, salt is a great help to digestion ; it sup¬ 
plies the blood and all the secretions derived 
from it with an indispensable constituent. 
Further, It is an antiseptic and acts not only 
as a nutriment but as a medicine. So that 
“ Buckeye ” is right; but at the same time any 
other means of securing the heathful assimila¬ 
tion of food and the perfect excretion of waste 
matter from the kidneys and bowels, will act 
as preventives. Yet salt is indispensable. 
We cannot believe too strongly, that per¬ 
fect sanitaiy measures, both as regards feeding 
and cleanliness, are as necessary for the wel¬ 
fare of our domestic animals as they are for 
oar own safety. 
I am glad to have the support of so trust¬ 
worthy an authority as Mr. R. Goodman Jr. 
in my appreciation of our American Jersey, as 
alBo in my opinion of the value of judicious in- 
breeding for the buiidiug up of improvements 
in our live stock. In a recent contribution to 
a New England contemporary, he sums up his 
belief as follows: “The best Jersey cows liv¬ 
ing are in America. The best American Jer¬ 
seys have the longest lines of American breed¬ 
ing behind them. We may expect to go on 
improving. It is to the prepotency gained by 
in-breeding that this improvement is due. A 
dash of entirely fresh blood is valuable.” Mr. 
Goodman is undoubtedly right; but then un¬ 
less this dash of new blood is of the right kind 
and is able to coalesce perfectly, harm may be 
done. And just here is the point where breed¬ 
ers too often hug the shore “ and fear to 
launch away.” 
Why will breeders continue to use words 
without meaning ? What is the difference be¬ 
tween a “ thoroughbred” uud u “full-blood”? 
As fur as regards the meanings of the wordB, 
the two terms should mean the same. But 
•• full-blood” is generally considered as really 
high grade; six crosses at least of u thorough¬ 
bred. Many persons are misled t y this use of 
the word “tuU-blood.” If a Merino sheep or a 
8 uori-horn cow is admitted to entry in the 
Hurd Books after six crosses of a thorougbred, 
why is itnot called st thoroughbred ; aud if not, 
alter bow many crosses does it become a thor¬ 
oughbred and nt for use tor bieeding? This 
is a point that should be settled some time and 
when It is settled the misleading term “ fuli- 
blood” will be no longer required. 
A hundred pounds of com contain seven 
pounds of fat; and 1,200 pounds of hay, 24 
pounds of fut. Now if a cow should turn a 
the lat ol 350 pounds of corn or 1.200 pounds 
of hay into butter In a week, she might pro¬ 
duce 24 pounds of butter in that time. If the 
starch ot the food were used up to maintain 
the animal heat, aud the nitrogen, in the waste 
of tissue and the production of milk, the fat 
might be turned into butter. But no cow ever 
eat the equivalent of 350 pounds of corn in a 
week. Whence then can come the yield of 24 J 
pounds of butter in seven days, as is claimed 
preparation of petroleum) for 30 minutes and 
the swelling was removed in 12 hours. By 
neglect or oversight there would have been a 
of the Realm, which “ Stockman ” exhibits as 
a sample of the way lu which animals should 
he photographed ; the hlud-legs stand tolerably 
well apart, but it strikes me that the fore-legs 
are represented unnaturally close. It is possi¬ 
ble, however, that I do not look at it aright. If 
not, I wish to have my error pointed out. 
As to the bull Itself, if thiB is a correct por¬ 
trait. he has the great fault of a sway back, 
which I have rarely observed in this breed of 
polled cattle, although I have seen hundreds of 
them in Scotland. He is also somewhat short 
from the huckle-bones to the rump, and he has 
not a nice set of the tall. Do these faults char¬ 
acterize the living auimal ? a. 
CAUSES OF DISEASE. 
Many of the epidemic, diseases, common to 
the country and oily alike, are traceable to the 
presence of lilth, in one form or another. The 
so-called “germ theory ” throws much lighten 
the causes, character and cure of such diseases 
as yellow fever, small-pox and diphtheria 
which are thought to be occasioned by the 
presence in the blood of certain minute, para¬ 
sitic organisms which have their origin in filth, 
and which are capable of reproduction in the 
human system either by contagion or inocula¬ 
tion. The knowledge that these germs of dis¬ 
ease, in many cases, enter the human system 
through the lungs or stomach, enables us to 
guard against them more effectually by taking 
precaution to remove or renovate the natural 
home where the cause of diseusa originates. 
The causes of much disease in the country, are 
the impure air arising from poorly constructed 
drains and ill-ventilated cess-pools, aud the 
too close proximity of these drums and cess¬ 
pools to the wells from which water is daily 
used for drinking and culinary purposes. The 
accompanying cutB illustrate the point in 
question. As may be seen, the well is situated 
so near the house that the drainage from the 
kitchen sink and the cess-pool finds its way 
into it, defiling the water and making it the 
means of conveying disease germs to the hu¬ 
man system. 
Besides the almost unavoidable escape of 
the draiuage into the wells, the cess-pool is a 
vast retort filled with foul matter and danger¬ 
ous gases which often find no other means of 
escape than through the dram into the house. 
Better have the drainage delivered directly on 
the surface of the ground within 20 feet of 
the door than to have a cess-pool ul thut 
point. At Figure 226, is illustrated a “milk 
and provision room, filled with impure air 
from an untrapped or unveutiluted sink. The 
“slops’’and the washing of the floor, being 
thrown into the outlet, find their way to the 
cess-pool, hut, as the cest-pool is not properly 
ventilated, the foul air and noxious gases find 
their wsy through the drainage pipe into the 
room, thus infecting the provisions and milk, 
making these unhealthful food. If, in the con¬ 
struction of drains aud cess-pools, more care 
were taken as to their situation and ventila¬ 
tion, much disease and sicknesB would be 
averted. “ An ounce of prevention is worth a 
pound of cure.” 
Ulistfllatuous. 
A Cleanly Plan of a Cow Stable. 
Always on the outlook for plana and sug¬ 
gestions that may be oi use to our readers, we 
rc-cugrave for their benefit from a late issue of 
the Agricultural Gazette, England, the ground- 
plan of a cow stable represented at Fig. 227, 
The building, a portion of which is hero illus¬ 
trated, belongs to Mr. Tisdall, of Horton Ma¬ 
nor, Epsom, about a dozen miles from Lon¬ 
don, and the firm of Tunks aDd Tisdall, of 
which he is the second partner, is one of the 
leading concerns engaged in supplying Lon¬ 
don with milk. All the arrangements uud 
equipments of the structure are distinguished 
by neatness and thorough cleanliness. The 
cows stand on a bed of rammed chalk in front 
aud of bricks behind, hack of which runs a 
gutter. The entire arrangement is sufficiently 
explained by the engraving. Of course, in 
presenting to our readers various plans of 
farm buildings, etc., we neither expect nor ad¬ 
vise that all or any of them should be followed 
exactly; but we do expect that the cuts will 
afford our friends useful ideas aud suggestions 
for the construction of such buildings as they 
may from time to time require. 
- 4 ♦ » ■ 
The Buffalo-berry. —A friend sends us a 
package of Buffalo or Bull-beriy seed all the 
way from Fort Abraham Lincoln Dakota 
Tcrritoiy, and says that if wo succetd in grow¬ 
ing it the plants will be quite ornamental, as 
the beriies remain on nearly all Winter. 
Thure it Is found on saudy boiIs, on which it 
appears to thrive better than on auy other. 
The botanical name of this plant is Blmpherdiu 
argentea; it is of the natural order of Oleaster, 
and grows from 12 to lb leet high, the fruit is 
usually scarlet and about us large as currants, 
V'-'V 
for some notorious cows ? If something was 
ever made from nothing, it would seem that a 
Jersry cow might be the means of doing it. 
This is the way in which Mr. Gradgrind might 
look at it perhaps. 
A cow is a delicate animal and the milk or¬ 
gans are the most tender part of the cow. A 
circumstance happened to me recently which 
shows how careful a dairyman should be with 
his cowb. My cows are turned out into a yard 
for an hour at noon on fine Winter days 
only, and are there watered. By an oversight 
a cess-pool lkacuixu into a well.— fio. 224. 
case of garget, and no one would have known 
the reason. How many cases occur in this and 
other similar ways “unbeknownst.” 
Animal Pliotngrnphy. 
“ Stockman ” gave an interesting article on 
this subject in the Rural of April 16, and I 
the cows were left out from noon until four 
o’clock, and one lay down on the frozen 
ground. The next day this cow fell off four 
quarts iu milk. On looking for the cause, one 
via. 225. 
hope those who undertake photo portraits 
hereafter will heed his lesson. But, having 
no practical acquaintance with the subject, I 
wish to ask “Stockman," who has, whether a 
better, and in fact a more truthful, portrait of 
an auimal could not be made by taking a front, 
a side, and a hind view ? Then from these three 
sketches the portrait for the engraver could be 
made. It is well known that the point of an 
animal nearest the camera is usually given un¬ 
truthfully ; that is, in larger proportion thau 
FOUL AIK IN MILK AND PROVISION UOOM.—FIO, 
aide of the udder was found hard and iutlamed 
and very tender. By immediate attention the 
disorder was remedied, but it was several days 
before the cow came fully up to her milk. The 
udder was gently rubbed with cosmoline (a 
the one that Is most distant. Now, by having 
three to draw from, taking the fore part from 
the first, the middle from the second, aud the 
hind from the third, a truthful portrait would 
be Insured. Now, as to the picture ef Prince 
