3 >4 
patting for tyt gmtng. 
FARMING FOR BOYS AND GIRLS-NO. 21. 
IIKXRY STB WART. 
Cultivated Crops. 
Ik one should doubt the useful effects o 1 culti¬ 
vating crops, let him leave a few rows of potatoes 
or corn In a field to grow up with weeds, or with 
the soil hard and beaten with rains, or baked with 
the sun, and notice the effect as compared with 
the other rowe that have been worked with the 
cultivator and the hoe. Every farmer knows how 
poor will be the crop unless It Is well cultivated, 
and every fanner's boy knows it, too, although he 
may riot very well understand the reason for it. It 
matters not what crop it. may he; it may be com 
or potatoes, or it may be an apple iree in the or¬ 
chard or onions In the garden. A farmer who 
grew the largest crop of potatoes ever known, and 
received a large premium for it, said his success 
was owing to the fact that he hoed the crop every 
day. This may be true, because there is no doubt 
that without this constant stirring or the soli the 
manure used would not have been fully prepared 
for the complete nourishment of the crop; for the 
effect of the frequent cultivation of the soil is very 
varied. In the first place, It enables the air to cir¬ 
culate In the soilnext It enables moisture to pen¬ 
etrate to the roots; then It helps to attract moist¬ 
ure In a dry season uod also helps to retain it In 
the soli: lastly, it prevents the growth of weeds. 
Let us consider how these effects are produced. 
It Is well known mat when earth Is moistened 
and spread and plastered and packed down tight¬ 
ly, the air will not penetrate It. We have heard or 
mud cabins, and many of us have either lived In 
log houses that have been chinked with mud, or 
we have known persona who have lived In them, 
ahd these houses are very warm ana comfortable, 
although poor aud humble. They are warm be¬ 
cause the cold air ts kept out, but If the mud 
becomes cracked and open and full of crevices, 
through which the wind passes, all the warmth 
and comfort Is gone. It Is precisely so with the 
surface of the soft. When this Is beaten down and 
plastered and packed by the effect of rain storms 
aud wind, the all oannot pass through It. The 
moisture-laden brer/cs blow over It without adding 
a particle to allay Us drouth; the rains fall upon 
It and Uow away w about sinking Into it; the hot 
sun dries and bakes it, and It la unable to support 
the life of a plant; because where air goes moist¬ 
ure goes with it—the air is never free from moist¬ 
ure. A cubic root of air will dissolve or hold In 
suspension a cubic Inch of water, but the power 
of air to hold water varies with its temperature. 
Very hot air will hold the most water, ana as the air 
cools the moisture becomes condensed and appears 
as mist, gathers In drops on the leaves, grass, twigs 
of trees and the surface of the ground asdc w,or falls 
In i ala. Now, when the surface of the soli Is loos¬ 
ened by cultivation and becomes warmed by the 
sun, the air in It Is warmed, and dissolves moisture 
from as far below as the warmth reaches; then, 
when the soli is cooled in the night, and the air 
shrinks In cooling, air from without goes Into the 
soil, carrying more vapor with It. This vapor Is 
condensed and absorbed by the soli, and every 
warm Summer's night millions of gallons of water 
may be thus carried Into the soil on a moderate- 
sized farm, and the crop is refreshed. 
But this constant circulation of air has another 
effect, it meets with organic matter in the soil 
and this Is acted upon by the oxygen of the air 
and decomposed. The air deprived of a part ol 113 
oxygen has then a surplus of nitrogen and we 
have reason to believe that In this oxidation of or¬ 
ganic mattur, nitrogen Is left free and forms nl 
traces in the soli, and these have a most useful ef¬ 
fect upon plant growth. So the circulation of 
air in the soil hi- both these useful effects. Then 
when a shower falls upon the loose soil how fast It 
sinks Into It and becomes absorbed. This water 
forces out air and as It sluka and becomes ab¬ 
sorbed, fresh air returns again so that the effect 
of the water Is to help the air to exert its effects. 
And when this water has become spread through 
the loose soli and the space ts then re-oecupled by 
air, the great heat of the sun does not, penetrate 
so far, to dry out this water, as It would If the 
soU were hard. So that the loose soil acts to let 
the water In and to keep it there when It baa en¬ 
tered. Thus by cultivating the soli we keep it 
moist aud make it fertile. We are manuring it In 
fact, for this Ullage. In effect, produces elements 
of fertility In the soil that would not exist there 
wl ihout It. Therefore when we say Ullage Is man¬ 
ure, we only state a tact. Lastly we prevent 
weeds by cultivation, if we were to give a horse a 
feed of oats, and a dozen or two of rats should come 
and help him to eat them, as Indeed some farmers 
permit them to do, tbat horse would become poor 
and thin. He would not thrive, because he had 
not enough rood, it Is precisely the same with a 
a hill of corn or potatoes, if we permit a dozen or 
two of weeds to feed with It, It Is robbed of a por¬ 
tion of Us rood and becomes poor' and weak. And 
It Is to avoid this that we carefully cultivate these 
crops. Many farmers suppose this Is all that they 
do by their work, but the other effects pointed out 
are far more beneficial to the crop and of rar great¬ 
er advantage to the soli. 
-»■*-+- 
DAISY’S YEAR IN SOUTHERN CALI¬ 
FORNIA. 
ALICE r. ADAMS. 
The Citrus Fair. 
“ I am so glad you happened to come In March,” 
said Violet, "for the fair Is next week, and I’m 
sure you will like to go.” 
“ What kind of a fair 16 It ? asked Daisy. 
“Oh, it Is not our regular display,” 6ald Mr. Er- 
man, “ where everything Is exhibited, from a huge 
squash to a patchwork quilt; chat comes In 
October, when it Is out of season for oranges. So 
they determined to hold a citrus Fair at Loa 
THE RURAL 73EW-YOR9CER. 
Angeles this Spring, bo that the people of South¬ 
ern California might have an opportunity to com¬ 
pare the oranges and lemons Of different localities. 
It Is our first attempt at anything of the kind, but 
I think that everyone is determined to make it a 
suocess.” 
The fair opened Tuesday afternoon, and on 
Monday Mr. and Mrs. Ermau and Bertram took a 
wag on-load to Los Angeles and stayed nearly all 
day arranging and seLtlDg In order. On Tuesday 
the whole family set off In the two-seated spring 
wagon. 
“ You haven’t been In Los Angeles since the day 
you came, have you, Dalay? And that Is two 
weeks ago. But you won’t see much of the city 
to-day. Does the pavilion look very nice, mam¬ 
ma?” questioned Violet. 
•*1 am not going to tell you anything about It. 
Surely you can wait a little longer, as we are 
almost there; and then you will like it, aU the 
better tf you do not. know just how everything is 
arranged.” 
Los Angeles la pre-eminently a city of hills, and 
on one of the loftiest bights the Hoit icultural Pa¬ 
vilion is situated. This Is a large building sur¬ 
mounted by two tower3, and when finished the 
city will have Just reason to be proud of it. In 
tue meantime the lnderatlg&ble managers of the 
Horticultural Society are each year pushing the 
work toward completion. 
Mr. Erman drove slowly up the winding road, 
but the summit was reached at last, the horses 
were cared for and our little party found them¬ 
selves within the Pavilion. 
“ uh, oh!” cried Daisy half under her breath. 
“ I supposed they would have a good many 
oranges to boxes and some ou. the tables, but 1 
ne.vtr thought the building would look like this,” 
remarked violet with her superior knowledge. 
Well, It teas a beautiful sight. Fruit aud flow¬ 
ers seemed to be the order of the day. In the cen¬ 
ter was the sparkling fountain with plants taste- 
fu.ly disposed about the basin. Each pillar was 
twined with Monterey Cypress aud English Tvy, 
Intermingled with snowy callas, aod everywhere 
was piled the golden fruit, which was arranged 
according to districts or settlements. “ Where 
shall we begin? asked Daisy, “ for l want to see 
every bit of It.” 
“ You’d better commence with the Ban Gabriel 
display.” said Bertram. “ That Is the most taste¬ 
fully arranged, In my opinion, though 1 suppose 1 
ought to say nothing, being an interested party. 
There itls,” he continued, *• just opposite the door 
at the further end of the building. Come and tee 
how we have been working.” 
Certainly much time and labor had been expend¬ 
ed, but the workers had the satisfaction of know¬ 
ing that the resurt was well worth ail their pains¬ 
taking. In the center stood a Chinese pagoda 
made of oranges and sprays of English Ivy. Within 
It was an orange tree laden with fruit. Hustle 
hanging baskets filled with plants, and clusters of 
oranges were suspended from the sides. Noticeable 
among the latter was a cluster of seventeen Konah 
oranges exhibited by Mr. Erman—the largest clus¬ 
ter to the pavilion. Above the pagoda were the 
words “San Gabriel,” made ol limes strung on 
wlres-a pretty change from the ordinary placard 
on cither side of the pagoda were tables bor¬ 
dered with green and adorned with flowers, where 
plates of fine fruit were displayed. One table was 
for Mr. Erman exclusively, aud on It were ar¬ 
ranged many varieties, from the Dwarf Mandarin 
orange, hardly larger than the end of my thumb, 
to the Navel and Konah, thirteen aud fourteen 
inches In circumference. A nd over all was the de¬ 
lightful fragrance of the orange blossoms, for they 
were lavishly used to adorn the golden fruit. 
“ Did aU these come from our place, Bert?” 
Piswltatteoui*, 
KIDNEY-WORT 
DOES 
WONDERFUL 
CURES! 
Because it acts on the LIVER, BOWELS 
anil KIDNEYS at the same time. 
"Because it. cleanses the system of tliepolson- 
ous humors that develops in Kidney and Uri¬ 
nary Disoasos, BiUousrieea, Jaundice, Consti¬ 
pation. Piles, or in Rheumatism, Neuralgia, 
Nervous "Disorders and Female Complaints. 
SEE WHAT PEOPLE SAY : 
Engel!" B. Stork, of Junction city, Kansas, 
says, Kidney-Wort cured him after regular l’hy- 
Bieians had hewn Irving for four ycar*. 
Mh. Joh n A mull, Of Washington, Ohio, says 
her boy \vu-~ given up to die by four prominent 
pliyttir inns am! that he wua ulicrwards cured by 
Kidney-Wort. 
Jl. M. U. flood win, an editor in Cbnrilon. Ohio 
says hovvuBIll.t expect! il til live, being hloaled 
beyond belief, but Killney-Wort cured him. 
Anna L. Jarrott of South Salem. N. Y„ says 
that seven year- suffering from kidney troubles 
ami i •! her "'mipliunUous v. ;u> ended by the uwj of 
Kid nc y-Wort. 
John D. Lawrence of Jackson. Twin., suffered 
for years from liver and kidney troubles and 
after inking “barrels of other medicines,” 
Kidney-Wort made him well. 
Mtchiwl Goto of Montgomery Center, Vt., 
suffered eight years with kidney difficulty and 
was oliable to work. KIduey-WorC made him 
“ well ns ever.” 
KIDNEY-WORT 
PERMANENTLY CURES 
KIDNEY DISEASES, 
LIVER COMPLAINTS, 
Constipation and Piles. 
Ep*lc is pul up in Dry Yrcetnbie Form in 
tin cans, one package nt which makes six quarts 
of medicine. Also in Liquid Form, very Con- 
centrntcd, for those that cannot readily pre¬ 
pare it. 
1ST It acts with equal efficiency in either form. 
GET IT AT THE DRIGUISIS. I'll ICE, 01.00 
WELLS, RICHARDSON & Co.. Prop’s. 
("Will send the dry post-paid.) BT'RMJKiTOX, VT. 
MANURES 
L 
SEND FOR PAMPHLET. 
These manures are the richest fertilizers 
now manufactured, arid ihe best substitute 
for, and costing tnttek less than guano, 
which is now practically out of the market. 
Unlike guano, ihcy ore not stimulants and 
exhaustive , hut permanent aud lasting, 
being composed of bone, potash, etc. You 
can draw at m.c load enough for 3 to 5 
acres, or as much plant-food as is contained 
in zo loads of ordinary straw manure. 
Com, potatoes, hay, etc, arc bringing such 
good prices that it will pay to use the Stock- 
bridge extensively. Jf there is no local 
agent near you, send to us. 
[bowker fertilizer co| 
BO STON & N EW YORK. 
asked Violet. 
“Everything, my beloved slater, except the pa¬ 
per on 1 be table; I believe that was procured at 
the printing olllee. But come, don’t spend your 
whole day looking at our own productions. I know 
Daisy wants to see what other people can do.” 
On the other San Gabriel tables were to be round 
various additional fruits. There were the Japan¬ 
ese persimmons, some last year’s pomegranates 
which well displayed their “keeping"qualities, 
large glossy citrons, some twigs bearing green al¬ 
monds freshly picked from the'i me. and huge pear- 
shaped oranges, nearly a foot to diameter, which 
elicited an exclamation or wonder from Datey. 
“ What e an those bo. Bert?” 
“They are called the Pumalo orange, but are 
not fit to eat. People grow them for ornamental 
purposes.” (“ Delicate little ornaments they are,” 
put in Violet.) “Then just beyond you see the 
Hhaddoek, which is round, although it belongs to 
the same class. Those are nearly as large as your 
head.” 
A little farther along were glasses of orange 
marmalade, and large glass cans or preserved 
lemon peel and citron, ’t he latter was very fine, 
cut to halves aud thickly sprinkled with sugar. 
‘•Doesn’t that, look as If It would be delicious? 
How 1 would like to set my teeth to it: Whore did 
u come from ?” and violet bant, over the table as 
she examined me label “ It’s from Mrs. Dickson. 
I'm going down there belore long and ask her to 
let me taste it, and get the recipe for momma.” 
Farther on they found factory-preserved citron, 
but it was not as fine-looking as the confection 
prepared by their neighbor from San Gabriel. 
“Now let’s go to tue Pasadena ‘show,”'said 
Violet. “ We know so many people there, and they 
always take so much pride lit putting thelrj best 
foot forward.”—fTo be continued ] 
-- - 
THE YOUNG QUERIST. 
Wti-LO. M.U., Canada, aud E. J. A., Guilford 
Centre, N. C„ please sand full name and address. 
U. r,, Bucklln. Mo., asks If the carnations sent 
out to the Seed Distributions are the garden car¬ 
nal ions or the ever blooming varieties. 
Ans,—Y ou can leave them o'it of doors or take 
them lu the house as you choose. They are “ever- 
bloomlng ” and with you will prove quite hardy. 
j. IV,, new 1'orlc, "Wishes to know if the Japan 
Bed Bud is to be covered for the Winter imme¬ 
diately after transplanting from the pot. 
axs.— Our directions on this point were a little 
obscure. After four leaves appear transplant the 
plants but do not cover them uutll they are liable 
to be frost-bitten in tne Fall. Then cover for the 
Winter. 
— ♦ 4 ♦ 
The greatest nourishing tonic, appetizer, 
strengthener and curative on earth. Hop Bitters. 
Tor Sale. 
A WEEKLY AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY 
NEWSPAPER of over twelve yearn Htatiding, together 
with a Job Printing' office in a dourieliingcity In New 
York State, with an increasing buainosH, and the office 
thoroughly furnished with presses, steam power. Ate. 
For further information apply to 
gko. 0 . Hull, 
No. 2-11 Main Sit., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
g eefa, giant&£♦ 
JOHN SAULS 
CATALOGUE OF 
New, Rare and Beautiful Plants, 
Will be ready February 1st. with a Colored Plate. It 
is full iu really (HrM) and Beautiful Plants.. Nepen¬ 
thes, Now Dniownas. Now Crotons, New Pelargoniums, 
New Hoses, Geraniums, Fuchsias, etc., with a nob col¬ 
lection of Flue Foliage and other Greenhouse and 
Hot-house Plants, well grown aud at Low Prices. Frkis 
to ali. ouiiOttsToMKUH : to others, lu cents; or a plaiu 
copy free. Catalogues, Seeds. Itosus, Orchids, Fruits, 
etc., free. JOHN SAUL, Washington, D. C. 
YELLOW GLADIOLUS 
Given away With every $1.00 order. Send for Cata- 
lokrue. Free. 
V. H. HAL LOCK SON & THORPE, 
queens, New York. 
All leading kinds, 
mail, Bile. per. loo. 
Exp . $1 per. 100 
$2 per 1 UOO ; $3 per 
. ” 000 ; $0 per. 1000 
Write for Circulars. 
SWEET ni„, 
potato Plonts. 
, $100 per. 100 . 1100 . \\ 
W. W. RATHBONE, 
Marietta, Ohio. 
S HALF A MILLION A 
WEET POTATO PLANTQ 
Also Cabbage and Celery Plants in large supply. 
All Plants packed with ext reme eare. 
Circular, with prices, free. 
J. T. LOVETT, Little Silver, N. J 
STRAWBERRIESmOSES 
IF YOU INTEND TO PLANT Small Fruits, 
Ruses, Shrubs, Vines, Flowering or Vegetable Plants, 
hciiiI Air my free Cut a log iu}J‘u/l of information. 
STRAWBERRY CULTURE fora l^ 
REOUUK WALL’S, Rochester,New York. 
BUSIN 
|y cu 
ESS 
makln 
OF ROSES. SO 
alone. 
na a I 
LARCE 
SPECIAL 
OUSES 
H,1 
suitable ?or immolate bloom, safely by mall, postpaid, 
at all post-offices. 3 splendid varieties, your choice, 
all labeled, for SI; 1 2 for 82 ; 19 for g 3 ; 26 for $4} 
33 for 35; 75 for SIO; IOO for 313. We CIVE 
AWAY, in Premiums aud Extras, more ROSES 
than most establishments grow. Our N E W C UID E , 
a complete Treatise on the Bose, 70 pp. elegantly illustrated, 
describe* 600 newest and choicest varieties —free to all, 
THE DINCEE dc CONARD CO. 
Rose Growers, West Grove, Cheater Co., Fa* 
" HAWLEY’S” Choice Onion Seel 
\VA K RANTED FRESH AND GENUINE 
Earl v Red Globe.Pk’t.lOc., oz. 25, th.$3 5 > 
Wethersfield Large Red... “ 10c„oz. 25,1b. 3 50 
Yellow Globe, Danvers, extra 
Stork . ” 10c., oz. 40, lb. 4 50 
Extra Early \lo<\;ven/choice, stock " 10c.,oz. 40,1b. 5 00 
Fotller’s Imported “ Early fi'w’k 
Cabbage . " file., OZ. 40, lb. 4 00 
lCgvotiau Earliest Beet. “ So., oz. 10, lb. 75 
Rowing's Early Turnip Beet— " 5o., oz. 10, lb. aO 
Imp’l Dw’I Celery, The Bestot all “ 10c., oz. 5o,lb. 600 
Sugar, Tour’u netted melon. “ 10 c., oz, 40, lb. 4 00 
English Potato Onion Sets (Express), peck $2; bu. 8 uo 
Hawley’sK IPrtf’d E.E’y Peas, “ “ $1.75, ”7 00 
I,title Gem Dwarf,Extra Early, ” “ 2.00; ‘ 8 00 
Pride of Aru’a Potato, v'y ch’ce, “ ” 1.00; 3 00 
Jf by mail .in quantities of i* ib andupwards.poatageat 
the rate of 16c, per Id. must be added. Catalogues t ree to 
all. Wholesale Trade List, for dealers only, Address, 
R. D. HAWLEY, 
Importer and Grower of Choice Vegetable Seeds, 
Ilurtlord, Conn. 
CATALOGUE 
F.E.FASSETT &BR( 
— ASHTABULA. OH 10.-" 
1831-1881: 
ALBANY SEED STORE. 
Established Fifty Year*. 
\V© will Send l»y mail, Iree of Postage : 
Labge Rkd Wexherrfiki.d Onion.... per lb.$3.50 
Yki.low Danveks Onion . 3.50 
Long Red Mangel Wubzkl.45 
Mammoth Long Rei> Mant.ee Wuezel.60 
Yellow Glome Mangel Wubzkl.45 
KtNVF.n's Yellow Globe Mangel Wuezel.75 
Lane’s Imfebial White Sugar Beet.60 
Half Long Danvers Cajuiot. 1.50 
Long Orange Cakbot. 1-00 
Boston Marrow Squash.. 125 
New Surprise Musk Melon . t-50 
White Elephant Potatoes (new).75 
Extua Early Tom Thumb Sweet Corn, pr. qt. .50 
TRICE Ac KNICKERBOCKER, 
SO Suite St., Albany, N. Y. 
1*U1 IttWicattfliW. 
ORGAN GEMS. ($2 50) By F, L. DAVENPORT. 
ORGAN SELECTIONS. ($150) By PETERS. 
BATISTE’S ORGAN VOLUNTARIES. $2.50. 
BATISTE’S LAST COMPOSITIONS. $2.60. 
ORGANIST’S RELIANCE. (10 NOS., each 
$1.25. Complete, $6 > By EUGENE THAYER. 
Z IN DEL’S ORIGINAL ORGAN COMPO¬ 
SITIONS. ($'.25.) 
In these six wellmade books wlU be found a very 
large number of voluntaries, some classical some now 
and light, but all good. Organists will be glad to 'me 
the longer ones intact, and to adopt the shorter Tin- 
positions as theme* from which to vary. 
Blllee Taylor, price reduced to dicents. 
Olivette, price reduced to 50 cents. 
Johnson’s New Method for Harmony. 
<$l.tw.) By A. N. JOHNSON. "The be-i hook in the 
world” (for its object), was the commendation be¬ 
stowed by an enthusiastic pupil on a former book by 
the saiuo uuUior. However that may lie, this is hisuew- 
e«t treatise, and can hardly be excelled for plainness 
of explanation, ease aud thoroughness. It does not 
attempt Conn ter point, or any of the higher problems 
of composition; but routines Itself to those things 
that, every organist, every good player, and every com¬ 
poser of ” the people’s music,” ought to know. 
OLIVER DITSUN As CO., Hutton. 
O. H. DIT80N & OO. .T. E. DITSOR & GO. 
843 Broadway, Now York. 1228 Chestnut Sc., Pliila. 
HENDERSON’S 
HiNDBOOK OF PUNTS. 
BY 
PETER HENDERSON. 
This new work is a concise vet comprehen¬ 
sive Dictionary of Plants—embracing the bo¬ 
tanical name, derivation, and the Linnaean and 
natural orders of all the leading genera of 
ornamental and useful plants up to the present 
time, together with all important Mreciesand 
varieties, with brief Instructions tor propa¬ 
gation and culture ; and on nearly all impor¬ 
tant plants, suck as the Rose in Flowers, Straw¬ 
berry in 1* mils, and Mushroom in Vegetables, 
Instructions have been given at length, 
which area plain relation of the methods in 
use in our own extensive business. 
Henderson's Handbook of Plants is 
a large volume <>f 400 pages, handsomely 
bound in cloth, and will be mailed on receipt 
of *3.00. 
PETER HENDERSON & CO. 
35 Cortlandt St. New York. 
GL 
'o every farmer wauling ua fits name, — ■_ 
r e will send Tree The Clover Ixof, a 4 page, 28 column 
mnere’ paper, full of valuable information on the 
Store and harvesting of clover for Bead, when 
s&rS&s. i 
