334 
TUI 
NEW-YORKER. 
MAY 21 
|hral ^rdtitcctinrc. 
A SMALL, CONVENIENT HOUSE. 
The accompanying plan of a neat and con¬ 
venient house suitable for a small family, was 
eent us l y A. B. T., whose address Ins, unfor¬ 
tunately. been mislaid. The plan i‘> so clear and 
simple that it can be readily understood and 
followed by any one without, much explana¬ 
tion. The parlor, P, is 14x10 feet, with one 
door opening Into Lhe porch, F, and another, 
into the sitting room, 8, which is 14x16 feet. 
Off it is a large bed-room, B, 8tlG feet, which 
has a closet under lhe stairs. Biek of the sit¬ 
ting-room is the kitchen, K, 10x14 feet, to the 
rear of which is the pantry, C, 5x10 feet, from 
which stairs descend to the cellar, and behind 
all is the wood-room, W, 7x14 feet. 
On the second (Inor there are two bed-rooms 
—B. 10x16 and D, 8x14 feet; the chamber, C, 
14x16; the closets. A and A, and the hall, H. 
-- 
AN OHIO CREAMtRY. 
The admirable dairy articles furnished to 
the Rural by Henry Stewart, find in me an 
interested reader, aud having written an ar¬ 
ticle or two myself for the press upon similar 
topics, I ask for permission to lurulsb my 
model creamery plan, a creamery, in fact, in 
operation, and, so far as I know, the largest in 
lhe world, coifeoruing, as it does, over 36 000 
pounds of milk per day, when it can be ob¬ 
tained. Originally the creamery was a full 
stock cheese factory, but three years ago it 
was turned into a creamery, though flat, white 
cheeses of vety superior quality ure made from 
the “ denuded ” milk. 
By reference to the accompanying plan, an 
idea can be readily obtained of its character¬ 
istics and the handiness and dispatch with 
which the labor can be performed. The water 
is very abundant, thatfrom three large Springs 
being conveyed into the buildings, while the 
butter house, F., has a Spring of very cold 
water within the building. l'be curing bouse 
and milk house are 30x40, and 30x90 respect¬ 
ively, the curing house being two stones in 
bight. The Hours of the milk house are built 
crowning upon an independent foundation, so 
as to allow an inch gutter to be cut in the floor 
entirely around the room, rendering slops upon 
the floor impossible. 
The manner of making both butler and cheese 
does not differ probably from that, followed 
in any well regulated creamery. Tlj,e cream, 
when removed, is put in ten-gallon cans, and 
set in the the tuiik, h, which Is supplied with 
its own spring, the water being at a tempera¬ 
ture of 51*. The chum is of the barrel de¬ 
scription, revolving end-over-end. The butter- 
room is a doable walled building, the inner 
wall of stone, plastered upon the iuside; the 
onter wall of battened boarding. The proprie¬ 
tor, Mr. Frank Hurd, is a veteran iu the busi¬ 
ness, having, in 1864, erected the first factoiy 
in Ohio, that irotu the first purchased the 
milk—a plan he has always adhered to, and 
now his example Is followed by a great num¬ 
ber of the largest creameries aud cheese facto¬ 
ries in the State. 
Ground Bi,an.— A, milk-room; B, press¬ 
room ; 0, cream-room ; I), curing-house ; E, 
engine-house; F, butter-house ; G, ice-house : 
h, cream-tank ; i, churn; 1c, engine for churn¬ 
ing ; l, platform for receiving and weighing 
milk ; m, covered drive-way lor dump ; n, milk 
vats; p, presses. J. o. 
Aurora, Ohio. 
JielU Crops. 
TOBACCO CULTURE.-NO. 10. 
G. A. GOFF, JR. 
Packing the Tobacco. 
If the tobacco is in good condition when it 
is assorted, that is, if it is neither too dry nor 
too damp, and the butts of the leaves are dry, 
it may be packed immediately. If this is not 
the case, tlni first step is to put it In the re¬ 
quired condition. If the butt, or stem, ends 
are soft and clammy, as they frequently are, 
the “hands " should be packed up iu an open 
“ rank ” with the butts exposed to the air, and 
there left until they are sufficiently dry to go 
into the ease. Ibis condition is best brought 
about by placing guide boards against which the 
butts ol the “hands "are placed wnile they are 
being packed ; or, in olher words, pack tbe 
tobacco temporarily in a box with movable 
sides as far apart as those of the case in which 
it is to be finally packed, and—in arranging the 
tobacco iu it—set the butts against tbe sides, 
wbieh must be removed when the box is full, 
leaving the butts or the leaves exposed to the 
dry air. The top and ends of the rank should, 
ol course, be well covered. Care should be 
exercised in this work to keep the leaves 
straight, for, if once doubled up, it is difficult to 
suaigbteti them again, espcclu ly alter they 
have lemuiutd lor a length of time In the rank. 
When the tobacco is in good condition for 
casing—which will require some judgment on 
the part of lhe grower to determine—it is 
packed in boxes, each kind by itself. To pre¬ 
vent danger from the rotting of the butts 
“head boards” should be placed at the ends of 
the cases. These “ head boards " are simply 
short boards one inch thick placed vertically 
between the corner pieces of the cases. Against 
these the butts of the “hands" are placed 
while packing. When the case iB filled the 
boards are removed, which leaves a space one 
inch wide between tbe tobacco and lhe CDds of 
the case. This allows some circulation of air 
and prevents the accumulation of moisture, 
which sometimes causes the rotting of the 
butts. 
In casing tobacco, the “hands” are placed 
in pairs about the case in layers, commencing 
at one corner aud passing across the case to 
the other corner, and the same at the other 
end of the case. Great care should be taken 
not to injure (be leaves Vy heavy, coarse boots 
or by any hi judicious handling. The "hands," 
as (bey are laid in the case, are “ kneed in," 
that is. the packer, who stays within the case, 
presses down each i air of “hands" with his 
kuees as he lays them in place. The number 
of pounds to he packed in a case should vary 
somewhat with conditions. A fine leaf will 
not bear as tight packing as a coarse leaf, nor 
will damp tobacco stand as tight packing as 
dry. Therefore. I recommend that for fine 
wrappers, sufficiently damp to handle nicely, 
850 pounds be considered sufficient. If the 
leaf be heavy or coarse, so that it will stand 
a heavy “sweat.” 375 or 400 pounds will 
The destruction of cabbage and cauliflower 
plante last Summer by the maggot of a fly, 
whose name at tbiB moment I cannot recall, 
was very great. This is a visitor from the 
West. I found, as the result of some experi¬ 
ments, that a large percentage of the plants 
could be saved by dipping the roots, before 
planting, in a puddle made of lime, Boot and 
earth ; and I think that lime and earth would 
answer nearly as well. The lime should pre¬ 
dominate. It involves some trouble on a large 
scale, hut the experiment is worth repeating. 
To knoio whether it is worth anything, a portion 
of the plants should be pul in without recourse 
to the puddle. Iu some localities near New 
York, hut more especially west of it, the cab¬ 
bage, radish, turnip, and allied plants were a 
complete failure, the roots being eaten off of 
many of the plants while still in the seed-bed. 
One market gardener assured me that he had 
lost over five thousand plants from this cause. 
P 
B 
p 
p 
1 /( 
The maggot seemed to be par¬ 
ticularly fond of the delicious 
yellow turnip. I did not suc¬ 
ceed in raising a Bingle root. 
Where this maggot abounds, 
a heavy application of ehell 
lime before sowing the seed, 
would probably have the effect 
of checking its ravages. 
! 1JL 
• > 
V--—------1 
GROUND PLAN OF CREAMERT.—FIG. 
not be too much. This applies to the usual 
size of cases, which will be noted farther on. 
With binders and fillers, which are usually 
drier than wrappers, I consider 400 pounds to 
the case about right. In all instances, unless 
the tobacco is too wet, some kind of a tobacco 
packer will be necessary. The packing or 
pressing is done by lever power. Various pat¬ 
terns of presses are in use, which space will 
not permit me to describe here, but which may 
be invented and made by any person of ordin¬ 
ary ingenuity. Cases should be placed on 
their sides when stowed away, and they should 
be up out of the water ami wet. Tobacco should 
be packed lengthwise of the case in every in¬ 
stance. 
Tobacco Cases. 
Tobacco cases should be made of pine, 
dressed on both sides with corner pieces of 
hemlock or spruce so that they will hold the 
nails well. Oar present cases are three feet 
six inches long, by two feet six inches high 
and wide, the measures being computed from 
outside to outside. Inch boards aroused. The 
comer pieces should l»e two iuehes square; 
eight-penny nails should be used for nailing 
the sides and ends and ten-penny uails for the 
top and bottom where they are driven into the 
edges of the boards. About 50 feel of lumber 
are required for making a case of the above 
dimensions, excluding corner pieces. They 
are usually pul together by men who make it 
a business, and they are sold for from 80 cents 
to #1 each, according to quality and price of 
materials. It is important that they should be 
dry when tobacco is packed in them, other¬ 
wise the moisture iu them will become ab¬ 
sorbed by the outside leaves and these will 
be stained. 
Moreover, they must he weighed before the 
tobacco is packed in them, and in order that 
their right weight may be ascertained they 
must be dry. Right here is a point where dis¬ 
honest growers have been found to resort to 
knavery, some weighing cases that are wet, 
and others adding three or four pounds to the 
actual weight of dry cases. The cases should 
be weighed correctly and the weights marked 
plainly on the ends with ted chalk or a blue 
pencil. Sometimes when unusually long to¬ 
bacco is had, a larger size of case is made and 
the length is increased from three feet six 
lncheB to three feet eight or ten iucheB. In the 
same way very short tobacco may be packed 
in shorter cases than usual, with good j udgment. 
That excellent and usually 
reliable evening daily, tbe New 
York Commercial Advertiser, 
a few days eince said, “The 
fir6t producer cf the Lawton 
Blackberry was burled yester¬ 
day,” alluding to the death 
of Mr. Lawton, formerly a 
member of tbe New York bar." 
Mr. Lawtou, however, was not 
the “first producer" of the 
Blackberry alluded to, though 
it has been so stated many times, i have had 
occasion to correct this and similar errors 
before. As tbe New Rochelle Blackberry 
may be said to have been the pioneer of 
improved blackberry culture, a few words in 
regard to its early history may be interesting 
to the readers of the Rural. Mr. Secor, of 
New Rochelle, first saw it growing wild; and 
being struck with its remarkable size, pro¬ 
ductiveness, and floe quality, removed the plant 
to his garden, where It foon multiplied. He 
gave it freely to such of his neighbors as would 
accept of it, Mr. Lawton being one of them, 
and one of the vety few, In fact, who thought 
it worth a place iu the garden. 1 will state, 
as an interesting fact connected with this fa¬ 
mous blackberry, that Mr. S. P. Carpenter 
told me that for about nine years he could 
scarcely find a man who would accept a plant 
as a gift. To cultivate the blackberry seemed 
at that time preposterous. Times have changed 
since then. 
To Mr. Lawton belongs the chief merit of 
having changed all this. With characteristic 
Bhrewdness, he saw money in this floe fruit. 
Having first propagated it largely, he took a 
liberal supply of the ripe berries to a meeting 
of the Farmers’ Club iu New York, where its 
large size, handsome appearance, and real ex¬ 
cellence created a sensation ; nothing like it 
had ever before been seen. Mr. Lawton asked 
for a committee to visit his farm and see the 
plants iu fruit. Acommittee aceeordingly made 
the visit. I being one of them. They made a 
report which increased the sensation, led to 
much talk, and iu this way secured the success 
aud popularity of the blackberry, and a nice 
little sum to Mr. Lawton for his perseverance. 
The change was remarkable. In a few weeks, 
instead of being unable to fiud a man who 
would accept a plaut as a gift, the difficulty 
was to find plants enough to supply the de¬ 
mand at ulmost any price. It was planted by 
the acre, aud thuB led the way to the cultiva¬ 
tion of the blackberry as a profitable crop for 
the market. 
A discussion speedily arose as to the name 
of the plant. Some thought it should be 
called the Lawton, in recognition of that 
gentleman’s labors in bringing it to public no¬ 
tice ; others thought it should be called tbe 
Secor, as Mr. Secor had originally discovered 
it, and it was locally known by his name; 
still others, and much the greater number, 
n 
71 
71 
71 
71. 
71 
to 
c 
E 
G 
1 
l 
; r* /v 
i 
■ 
-K 
258. 
thought it should be called the New Rochelle, 
as that would settle the dispute and honor the 
place whore it originated ; and by the latter 
name it has since been generally known. 
This, briefly, is the early history of the New 
Rochelle Blackberry. 
I learn by inquiry among commercial flor¬ 
ists around New York that more than one- 
third of all tbe plants they ship go west of the 
State of New York, and that many more would 
go in the same direction were it not for the 
heavy express charges. This fact, in connec¬ 
tion with what I learn from private corres¬ 
pondence, leads me to believe that many of our 
Western friends are not one whit behind us in 
plant culture; and it is very pleasant to know 
that thiB is so, for a real love of flowers not 
ouy exercises a very soothing influence over 
the cares and sorrows of life, but goes a great 
way in developing and fostering that home 
feeling which, as yet, is one of our greatest 
wants as a people. 
What ha* become of Cercis Sillquastrura, the 
European Judas-Tree ? I miss it latterly from 
the catalogues. It is a form intermediate in 
size between C. Japonica and C. Canadensis. 
It can hardly be that it is omitted for want of 
hardiness, as I know it to be perfectly hardy 
in New York and in some of the New England 
States, as trees some 30 years old abundantly 
testify. I have ofteu found that Cercis Sili- 
quastrura could be effectually introduced on 
moderate-sized lawns better than the larger C, 
Canadensis (American Red-bud or Judas-Tree), 
and have several times recommended it this 
8pring, but it could not be found. It is too 
handsome ana useful a tree to be lost. A suit¬ 
able place caa always be found for C. J tpon- 
ica, even on a city lot, and it is pretty enough 
to command a place anywhere. Let me say to 
the readers of the Ruhal, however, that it is 
not a bedding plant, neither is the peach. 1 
mention this because I have just seen both 
msed in that way on the lawn of a wealthy 
gentleman ; that is to say, in an oval bed. eight 
by fourteen feet I found two Cercis Japonica, 
one Purple-leaved Peach, two Double-flowering 
Peaches, one lilac, three spiraeas, oue Cydonia 
Japonica. two upright honeysuckles, two syrin- 
gas (Philadelphus), and two deutzlas. This 
bed bad been recently planted by a man who 
calls himself a gardener, and it does infinite 
credit to his ability to make little oat of mneh. 
The C. Japonica is much like a shrub in size, 
but it should always be planted by itself as a 
smgle specimen. 
^rboriiultural. 
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR FORESTS. 
“CLINTON.” 
Trees may be considered as marking the 
highest point of the vegetable growth. I claim 
that from the first they were essential to the 
perfection of many others of the creations con¬ 
nected with our earth ; essential to its prepara¬ 
tion for tbe habitation of the human race; es- 
eenilal In furnishing food and protection to the 
animals which were to become subservieut to 
man’s will and use; essentialin their shelter¬ 
ing and modifying influences for the protection 
of the smaller vegetatiou so importaut for 
man’s comfort, both directly and indirectly; 
and essential, also, in furnishing him with the 
three most importatat requisites for his contin¬ 
uous existence on earth, viz., food, fuel and 
shelter. True, after man’s scemiDgly perma¬ 
nent establishment by tbe aid of these, substi¬ 
tutes might bo devised for a portion or all of 
them, but that militates not in the least against 
the positions I have taken. 
In a former article 1 attempted to show that 
our supply of timber was being rapidly dimin¬ 
ished, and that the original forests of our coun¬ 
try are being swept off with alarming and wan¬ 
ton recklessness. It is not from the people of 
our older-9ettled States alone that the cry of 
alarm comes up. Michigan and Minnesota, as 
well as Maine, are each sounding the note of 
alarm, in view of their now devastated forest* 
but so recently their pride and their pro¬ 
tection. Even our neighbors on our northern 
borders respond to, or unite In, that cry of 
alarm, and through their public journals 
are calling upon their Provincial Government 
to check the evil. The Quebec Chronicle of 
recent date say*:—“The valuable forests 
which cover large portions of our territory are 
being so rapidly swept away that the supply In 
the course of a few years must be entirely ex¬ 
hausted ” The Toronto and Ottawa papers 
express similar apprehension. 
In view of this condition of things the ques¬ 
tion naturally arises, what remedies can be 
devised to check or retard the evil that seems 
to threaten as ? The first and most obvious 
one would seem to he the conservative policy. 
This, if I understand aright, is what the late 
President and the Secretary of the Interior en¬ 
deavored with such earnestness to recommend 
