JUNE 4 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
367 
year. It is a question if this is not the best 
mcde of enrichment the farmer can employ in 
case of such fields as have been described. 
Tolland (Jo., Conn. Wm. H. Yeomans. 
A Three-Horic Kvener. 
Having seen several engravings of three-horse 
eveners lately in the Rural, I send a sketch 
of one in common use in this section. While 
using it one horse walks in the furrow and the 
other two on the land. It is very convenient, 
and has the added advantage of being easily 
and quickly put together. To make it. all that 
is needed is a pair of common doubletrees, one 
singletree and a piece of timber long enough to 
reach from the center of the former to that of 
the latter. Iu this bore holes near each end, 
through which to fasten the double and singk- 
trees. Then, having measured the distance 
between these holes, bore another one-third of 
the length from the end with which the double- 
tree is to be connected ; thus the single horse 
will have twice as much leverage as the team, 
and will therefore be able to pull evenly with 
them. A, singletree; B, doubletree ; C, con¬ 
necting piece of timber; D, connection with 
plow. N. J. Shepherd. 
Miller Co., Mo, 
[Remark —The principle of construction of 
the above, it will be seen, is the same as in the 
three-horse eveners previously illustrated in 
the Rural. The long evener in tbiB case takes 
a horizontal position with reference to the 
furrow, while in the former illustrations it was 
perpendicular to the farrow line.—E ds ] 
iairj) Dttsbaniirg. 
THE DAIRY COW. NO. 33. 
HENRY STEWART. 
Selection and Care of a Bull. 
The daiiyman may make it a part of his 
business creed to believe that dairy cows must 
be bred and reared especially for the dairy. He 
cannot afford to pay a breeder to do this work 
for him. The mere milk-producer may do 
passably well by buying cows in the market 
and using them as long as they are milking 
freely, aud then fatting them and disposing of 
them to the butcher and replacing them wilh 
fresh cows. To do this with profit, however, 
requires a concurrence of favorable circum¬ 
stances, good jadgment in buying and selling, 
and a market for the fat cows in which they can 
be disposed of without loss. It is even a ques¬ 
tion for the milk dairyman to consider if the 
expense of feeding a good cow during the 
period when she Is falling off in her milk and 
approaching parturition again, may not really 
be less than the inevitable losses arising from 
the frequent sales of dry cows and the en¬ 
forced purchase of fresh ones. In general, and 
without exceptional facilities, with the advan¬ 
tage of considerable capital, and sometimes 
the profit to be derived from supplying neigh¬ 
boring dairymen with cows purchased and 
brought In with his own, the dairyman will 
flud that he can breed and raise his own cows 
and keep them over their dry period at far less 
cost than he can buy fresh cows and sell the 
dry ones. Aud this will be found true even 
without takiug into account the important ad¬ 
vantage accruing from the possession of a herd 
of extra-good cows, which milk well in their 
Uush and continue without unnecessary failure 
iu quantity for a long period. With the butter- 
maker no question of this sort arises. Be must 
breed and rear his cows, for they are not to be 
purchased at such a price as he can afford to 
pay, and it is a palpable fact that it costs no 
more to rear a good cow than a poor one. 
This being the case the selection and care of 
a bull for dairy purposes becomes an important 
part of the dairyman's business. This influ¬ 
ences the character of the .progeny, and, to 
some extent, the sex of it; and it goes without 
saying that it is to the dairyman’s interest to 
have as many heifer calves as possible. To se¬ 
cure tbe first effect, the bull should be taken 
from a herd of known good character, consid¬ 
eration being given not so much to the fact 
that the bull’s dam was a good milker, or a 
large producer of butter, as to the certainty 
that the line from which the bull came was 
good. A phenomenon in the dairy is apt to 
disappoint expectations. The descendants of 
some of the most noted cows have been veiy 
ordinary animals, and some have been very 
poor ones; but if the h tbits of the family,dam 
and grandam, sisters, nieces and aunts, has 
been good, without any one possessing extra¬ 
ordinary capability, the result will be more 
satisfactory. From what has boou said previ¬ 
ously on this point, the writer’s views have 
been sufficiently explained, and need no repe¬ 
tition here. 
To secure a preponderance of heifer calves 
it is advisable to use a young bull—one 
not older than five years. For a small 
herd an annual 18 months old may be used to 
begin with, aud if he is kept until he is five 
years old he may make two crosses on bis 
own heifers, and be the 6ire of his own grand¬ 
daughters, which will be far enough to go in 
line breeding even with the most satisfactory 
materials. The effect of using a young bull 
upon aged females has been conspicuously 
noted in sheep breeding. An instance out of 
many may be given as follows A flock of 
ewes, serv(d by rams nnder 18 months old. 
$ ontological, 
FRUITS FOR SOUTH CAROLINA. 
I was visited a few days since by a nursery 
drummer or tree peddler, representing the 
YARD FOR BULL. — FIO. 279. 
produced from two-year-old ewes 14 male aDd 
26 femalelambs ; from three-year-olds, 16 males 
and 29 females ; from four-year-olds, 5 males 
and 2L females. There were several twin 
births. Another flock, served by rams over 
four years cld, produced from twc-yeat-ild 
ewes 7 males and 8 females ; from threc-year- 
old°, 15 males and 14 females, aud from four- 
year-olds, 82 males and 14 females. There 
were no twin birihs in this flock In thefoi- 
mer flock there were in all 35 male and 76 fe¬ 
male lambs, and in the latter 55 males and 
three females. This remarkable result has 
been verified by other instances, and although 
it may not serve as a basis for a speciai rule, 
yet it points very strongly towards the exist¬ 
ence of a physiological law of which we have 
evidence in the highest race of animals, as well 
as among tbe lower ones. 
It is advisable to keep thg bull in active work 
and only moderately well fed. A luxurious, idle 
life is highly objectionable. Work may always 
be found for a bull on a dairy farm. He may be 
traiued to work in a horse-power aud do the 
churning and the fodder cutting. He may be 
harnessed to a cart and haul feed from the 
fields, or do considerable light work in many 
ways. This will keep him docile and add 
'■ Fairmount Narseries” of Troy. Ohio, George 
Peters & 8 jus, P.optietors. The drummer 
exhibited colored plates of fruits aud flowers, 
aud also samples of fruits in alcohol. His 
tongue worked as if it had beeu hung amid¬ 
ships and flapped both ways; but as I have 
been a constant reader of agricultural papers, 
I was a little sby of the gent, and while appar¬ 
ently taking all he said for truth, I determined 
to have some better evidence of the suitability 
of his wares to our climate before I made any 
purchase—hence this letter, f give herewith a 
list of his varieties that suited my fancy : 
Peaches —Alexander, Diwuing, Foster, 
Reine de Vergers, Crawford’s Late, Salway 
and Hopkins. He avers that they import the 
stockB of wild Canadian peaches, set them 
out and bud upon them with native varieties, 
which causes the peach so produced to bloom 
some three weeks later than the UBnal kinds, 
and makes it especially adapted to the South. 
The Hopkins, he claims, is the largest peach iu 
existence, and he declares it reproduces itself 
from the seed. 
Pears —Souvenir du Congres—fruit weighs 
two to two and a half pounds—Brock worth 
Park, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Beurre Clair- 
geau, President, and Doyenne d’Ete. I have 
^2iS 
fl __ 
TROCHAR AND CANULA.—FIO 280. 
much to the Bareness of his services. The bull 
should be provided with a ring in the nose. 
This should never be neglected, even with the 
most docile and well-traiued animal. Perfect 
safety is thus cheaply purchased. The ring 
should be of copper, and is to be inserted in 
the cartilage between tbe nostrils. It is easily 
inserted when tbe animal is young by means 
of an instrument known as a trochar and ca- 
nula. The trochar is provided with a sharp, 
three-edged point, which pierces the cartilage, 
and the canula, which is a tube fitting over the 
trochar, passes with it through the hole made 
by it. As the trochar is drawn out the canula 
is left in the hole, when one end of the open- 
jointed ring is inserted, and this is drawn 
through with the end of the canula. The ring 
is then closed and fastened wilh a screw rivet¬ 
ed at the end, to prevent it from comlug out. 
The aonexed engraving—Figure 280—shows 
the form of thesu instruments, A strong 
staff made of tough hickory, furnished with a 
spring hook at the end, is used in handling the 
bull, and the constant nse of this keeps the 
bull perfectly docile and quiet. The animal 
should never be led out without it. it is also 
advisable to provide a separate pen and yard 
adjoining thecow yard, for the bull. Ahigband 
forgotten where he imports his stocks from, 
but, nevertheless, by certain manipulation 
they have become blight-proof. 
Plums —Weaver, Washington, and German 
Prune. I think he gets his stocks from the 
Mormons in Utah, and by budding produces 
the highest type of this fruit, the bark of 
which, owing to the peculiarity of the parents, 
is impervious to the curculio. 
Apples— Early Russia, Emperor of Russia, 
Magog, Grand Sultan, Birdolf and St. Peters¬ 
burg. Stocks are all imported from Russia, 
he claims. 
Grapes— Lady Grape, Walter, Moore’s Etr- 
ly, Croton, Lindley, Rodgers’s No. 9; Etrly 
Dawn. 
Cherries— Olivet, Mammoth, Biggarreau, 
Toronto. I have forgotten where the stocks 
are imported from. 
Gooseberries— Woodward’s Whitesmith. 
Currants— White Grape and Long-branched 
Holland. 
Strawberries— Sharpless. 
Raspberries— Thwack. I simply ask that 
you examine the list, and inform me which, if 
any, are suitable to our climate, and also tell 
their qualities. My soil is mostly a clay loam 
AUBAl NEW'FDEKFH, 
ARRANGEMENT FOR USING THREE HORSES ABREAST.—FIG. 281. 
tight board fence, nailed on the inside of the 
posts, should be built arouud the yard, and a 
convenient door made in it, through which a 
cow may be led into the yard. The plan, Fig. 
279, shows the arrangement in the writer’s 
yard, which has been found convenient. The 
pen is furnished with a feed trough, supplied 
from the passage iu the front, and a strong riug- 
bolt is fixed near the feed trough for tying the 
bull wheu required. But it is never found nec¬ 
essary, as he is always quiet, secure, and 
asily managed in this safe confinement. 
with a red clav subsoil, but a part of the plan¬ 
tation is sandy with a clay subsoil, w. f. c. 
Mar's Bluff, 8 C- 
Remarks.— Alexander and Dawning resem¬ 
ble each other. Both are early and of good 
quality. We have no information as to whether 
they will succeed with you. Foster is late and 
good: succeeds well in S C. Reine de Ver¬ 
gers is an old French peach, but little known 
in this country. Crawford’s Late is large, yel¬ 
low, juicy and good; succeeds well In S. C. 
Salway is yellow, of fair quality; medium late. 
We do not know that it has any record in 8 C- 
We know nothing about Hopkins. Many 
peaches reproduce themselves quite nearly 
from seed. We should doubt the statement as 
to the wild Canadian peach. Souvenir du 
Congres is a very large pear of fair qaality ( 
One pear was raised by Ellwanger & Barry 
weighing 21J ounces. It. was figured and de¬ 
scribed in the Rural New Yorker June 5, 
1875, and again in the Issue of March 80 1880. 
It is of too recent introduction to have much 
of a record anywhere. Brockworth Park re¬ 
sembles tbe Bartlett, and is of good quality. It 
often cracks badly. Louise Bonne de Jersey 
ripens in mid-Autumn here. It is very pro¬ 
ductive. It is one of the few sorts that suc¬ 
ceed well on quince stock, that is, as a dwarf. 
It is not of the first quality, but really ranks 
among the first for many merits. Beurre 
Clairgeau succeeds well in S. C. It is late, 
large, very handsome, sometimes good, bnt 
notably variable. The President is a very large 
pear, roundish-obovate ; flesh yellowish-white, 
rather coarse, jaiey, slightly vinous. The tree 
was raised by Dr. Shurtltff, of Brookline, Mass. 
We have no record of it in S. G. Djyentie d’ 
E e is a very good Summer pear, Buccceeding 
well In 8. C. The claim that it is blight-proof 
is absurd. The Washington Plum is 1 irge and 
very good. We doubt if it will succeed iu S C 
J ust the same may be said of the German 
Prune. The statement as to the curculio is not 
true. We know nothing about the appleB 
named, except the Magog, which we suppose 
is the same as tbe Magog Red Streak, a Russian 
apple figured and described in the Rural of 
January 24, 1880. The others also, judging 
from their names, seem to be Russian, and 
these kinds were imported, not for the temper¬ 
ate or warm climate of the South, but for the 
cold Winters of the extreme North. The Wal¬ 
ter Grape has the reputation of thriving nicely 
in S. C. The Lady (white), Moore's Etrly 
(black), and Early Dawn are comparatively 
new. They are all very good kinds where they 
thrive. There are many kinds of Biggareau 
Cherries. We know nothing of the others 
named. Late Dake, May Duke and Mirello 
would suit your climate best for cookiDg kinds. 
Woodward's Whitesmith is a large, green for¬ 
eign kind. It will not thrive in 8. C. White 
Grape and Red Dutch are good kinds of cm- 
rants. The Sharpless has done well in several 
parts of S. C- that we know of. In one place, 
however, it did not thrive at all. The Thwack 
Raspberry we have been trying to drive out of 
the market since it was tested by us several 
years ago. before it was offered for sale. The 
berry is nearly tasteless; bush not fruitful. It 
suckers frightfully. Turner, Caroline, Cuth- 
bert are good kinds. 
ISttslianiirg, 
DOGS AND SHEEP. 
Some years ago I accompanied a drover who 
took a flock of 100 Leicester and Cots wold 
sheep to one of the richest and best settled 
parts of Indiana. They were a flue lot, and it 
was expected they would be readily bought by 
the farmers in that section, But we were told 
It was almost useless to attempt to keep sheep 
on account of the dogs from the villages. Upon 
a close investigation, however, I came to the 
conclusion that the farmers' dogs, in all proba¬ 
bility, were just as bad as the village curs, and 
that they had themselves to blame, In part at 
least, for their losses in sheep. Throughout 
that whole section I did not see a single canine 
that had either the appearance or the action 
of a good farmer’s dog. There were hounds t f 
all sorts, setters, spaniels, pointers, build* gs, 
Newfoundlands, crosses of the above sorts and 
mongrels of every description ; but not a soli- 
taiy shepherd or collie. In the sweeping 
denunciations generally written against dogs, 
the whole lot are declared to be unmitigated 
nuisances that should not be tolerated on the 
face of the earth; but with our utilitarian 
views why not mike exceptions. Tue Scotch 
collie is a valuable and faithful assistant on 
the farm, and during varied and somewhat ex¬ 
tended observations on this class of dogs, I 
have never heard of a single instance where 
loss has resulted by ravages on flicks, com¬ 
mitted by them. It cannot be denied, how¬ 
ever, that a cross between this breed and the 
sporting dog or Newfouudlaud, is very apt to 
become a sheep-killer. The true collie has 
been Inured from generation to generation to 
the tending of flocks and herds and has ac¬ 
quired the habits proper to this service. It is 
as natural for him to watch and attend gener¬ 
ally to the care of cattle or sheep, as it is for 
the hound to chase the fox, or for the bulldog 
to hold on when he has once firmly fixed his 
teeth. As a companion, the collie is taithful 
and affectionate, and with his intelligent look 
and symmetrical form, his beauty is surpassed 
by none. With proper care in training he be¬ 
comes a most valuable assistant in the manage¬ 
ment of stock on the farm. Farmer. 
