THE RURAL WIW-YORKER. 
JUNE 41 
earthen ware. They lack porosity, the plant- 
roots contained are liable to Injury through the 
action of the sun and they are more costly than 
earthen pots. 
IF. jV., Selina, Ohio, wishes to know whether 
potatoes are roots or tubers. 
Ans.—" Irish ” potatoes, so called, are tubers, 
but sweet potatoes are simply roots. A tuber is 
an underground branch or thickened root-stock. 
The eyes of potatoes are tn reality buds. 
E. A.H, Chacn'ln Falls, Ohio, wishes to know 
how to propagate Winter-blooming carnations. 
Ans,—F rom seed sown In early spring The 
best strains, so Introduced, may be maintained by 
cuttings the same as the geranium or coieus. The 
cuttings are placed In boxes of sand kept moist 
and warm. 
O. IF., Akron, Ohio, wishes to know the botani¬ 
cal names or the common daisy and China Aster. 
Ans.—T he former Is called BelU'a perennls; the 
latter Calllstephus Ohlnensls. 
F. M, a n , Madison, T Vis , wishes the address 
of “ Hawal Nel.” 
Ans.—H onolulu, Sandwich Islands. 
- 4 -» ♦- 
That Invalid wife, mother, sister or child can be 
made the picture of health with Hop Bitters.—Adr 
fairing for t|f Umwg. 
jrmpUmftttsi Rttfl pafhinm}. 
The only Viinor Cook Slove that ha* stood 
the test ot years, and xlven entire and 
perfect aniisiacttoti. 
a 
Now in up.c, and growing Iu favor wherever used. 
For Summer Use they are Indispensable. 
Our “ Patent Automatic HafVty Can " renders the 
use of our stoves •• perfectly safo” m the hands of the 
mostcareleds or inexperienced. , . 
Bond for full descriptive circular and price list. 
8l>eeittl inducements to agents in unoccupied teralory. 
Address HULL VAPOR STOVE CO., 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
THREE CAP1TAL B00KS1 
Longfellow Birthday Book. 
A beautiful little volume, au excellent combination of 
gift-book and album. On the left-hand pages are. 
choice extracts from Longfellow's writings; outlie 
right hand pages, the names of famous i ergons horn 
on the; days given, and blauk spaces tor the auto¬ 
graphs of one's relative* and friends. With a tine 
portrait of Longfellow and 12 beautiful illustrations. 
Price in cloth. $1; morocco, calf, or seal, $2.60, 
Emerson Birthday Book. 
A charming little book, similar to the Lougfellow 
Birthday Book, containing choice selections from the 
writings of Ralph Waldo Emebson, with a full por¬ 
trait and 12 excellent illustrations. Price in eloth, $1; 
morocco, oalf, or seal, $?.50. 
On the Threshold. 
By T. T. Monger. $1.00. A peculiarly readable and 
interes ting boob for boyB just becoming young men. 
"Itis not a volume of Bage dullness, hut full of stir¬ 
ring liltand vigor. It is a book that should go isv 
THOOSANXis INTO THE HANDS Ok THE YOUNG,"— leUth- 
eran Quarterly, 
F»r sale by all Bookseller*; ur sent, postpaid, on re¬ 
ceipt o f price by the. Publishers, 
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., 
• BOSTON, MASS. 
Trade 
LONDON PURPLE. 
Mark. 
The beat insecticide ever used for tbe destruction or the Potato Bug, Cotton Worm, ana Canker worm 
sold by all wholesale druggists and stores throughout the Utuied States. Jf not obUUHKble of nearest dealer 
Bend direct tb sole manufacturers, 11 EM I NO \V A \ \S I,ONI JON PII It 1’L K LO.» (L'liilicd.) 
(IO Unfit Lane, London. England. OO Mnicr*!., N. V . I*. O. Box OOO- 
Professor O. V. Riley says: •* It can he more effectually sprinkled or sprayed on to the plant than Pans green 
ftQ Hark Ij title* London. J'njulund. OO Water N. Y. I . O. Box OOO* 
Professor O. V. Kiley *aye: '* it can bet more effectually sprinkled or sprayed on to the plant than Paris Kreen 
by virtue of its greater finen ess ” .... . ... „ ... , r . „ 
Professor O. E. Bessey says: “ It quickly kills both the Larva; and the V inged Insects." 
Professor A. J. Cook says: “ With this cheap poison we have no longer reason to fear such enemies as the 
canker worm etc ^ 
Prof eesor J. L. Buddsoys: A single application placed every one of the pests on their backs over the 
ground, either dead or in a dying condition, in less than six hours. 
Tenth Census of the United States. 
FORESTRYReport on the Forest Wealth of the Uni¬ 
ted States, and Catalogue of the Forest Trees of 
North America. 
NOTICE. 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE 
for July 2,1881, will contain a 
PAGE PLATE OP PORTRAITS 
Prof. S ARGENT, of the Arnold Arhoretum; 
Prof. (i. ENG ELM ANN, of St. Louis; and 
Dr. PARKY, of Davenport, Iowa. 
Price 15 ets., post free to America. 
Agent for America;—C. H. MAIiOT. 811 Chestnut 
Street. Philadelphia, U. 8. A., to whom American or¬ 
ders should be sent. 
W. RICHARDS. 41 Wellington Street, Strand. Lon¬ 
don, England, 
"I have been a subscriber to the Gardeners' Chroni¬ 
cle from the beginning; it has been constantly im¬ 
proving, and is now one of the best and most import¬ 
ant publications of the age."—H on. Marshall P, 
Wilder. 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE 
(The Times of Horticulture), 
A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL, 
(Established 1841), 
DEVOTED TO ALL BRANCHES OF GARDENING 
AND RURAL PURSUITS GENERALLY. 
Every Friday, Frier FivkvkNor; post-free Sixpence 
to the United States. 
The Gardener*' Chronicle is the leading Horticul¬ 
tural Journal, and enjoys a rapidly Increasing circuit:- 
tion at Horae, in the Colonies, and Abroad. 
The Gardener*' Chronicle is written l>y Gentlemen. 
Men of Science. Professional Gardeners, and Special 
Reporter*. Its Contributors include almost all the 
leading British Gardener*, and most or the leading 
Botanists and Naturalists of this oouDtry, the, Conti¬ 
nent, the Colonies, and America. 
All Subscription* Payable in Advance. 
Foreign Subscriptions (excepting India nr China), 
Including Postage, 86 38 lor Twelve Monthr ; 
India and Chiua. $1.10. 
Agent for America—0. H. MAUOT, 814 chestnut 
Street. Philadelphia, U. 8. A ,tO whom American Or¬ 
ders should lie sold. 
W. Kl" HARDS, 41 Wellington Street, Strand. Lon¬ 
don, England. 
C HEAPEST "HOOKS IN THE TITQRLD 
Maeanlav’g Hla-1 J Talne’8 History of Ilf Sullde- 
terv ol Euglaud. flEng. Lltoroture, I l’go HM teriylive 
IV« laoiovols. I IlSmo rol. b.in<lnoitiely If catalogue 
doth; onlvM. ,l,, “^ botmrt, for only SO cl,. »* Tree. 
MANHATTAN HOOK CO., 1# W. 14th St., N.Y. P.O. Box 4580. 
KIO. 299. 
chew the cud. The stomach or the ruminating 
animal consists of lour divisions, as shown at Figs. 
298 and 299. The former engraving represents the 
outward appearance ot the stomach of a ruminant; 
the latter, the appearance ot the inside; at a Is 
the end ot the gullet, and at Fig. 299 la seen the 
opening by which the food passes into the tlr3t 
division of the stomach, b b, andjRso into the 
second division c. The food eaten by a cow or 
sheep Is forced In small portions at a time by a 
contraction ot the stomach b, into the small pouch 
a, between the flret and second stomachs, as these 
are called. It Is here molded Into a long ball, or 
cud which the animal brings up Into the mouth, 
where It Is slowly chewed over again. It Is then 
brought Into a tbln pulp or paste and when It is 
again swallowed, It passes through tills pas¬ 
sage and enters the third stomach which lies di¬ 
rectly behind the second one, so that It cannot be 
here shown. This third stomach Is provided with 
a number ot leaves or folds something like the 
leaves ot a. book; and the rood being caught be¬ 
tween these is rubbed and ground until it is 
reduced to a condition of extreme fineness, when 
It passes on to a fourth or real digestive stomach, e. 
Here it is mixed with the gastric Juice and Is 
slowly digested. This four-told stomach performs 
no more work tn the end than the single stomach 
of a horse or a pig; nor can we define Its purpose 
or explain why an ox or a sheep should require so 
peculiar an apparatus to perform the work which 
the simpler Btomach of a horse performs equally 
well. But in Investigating the works of nature we 
Hud rnauy thlogs which we cannot explain, but 
nothing which is not extremely well adapted for 
Its special purpose and which does not evince a 
remarkable wisdom of design, or wonderful fitness 
and effectiveness. A further study of the diges¬ 
tive process of an animal and of the intricate ma¬ 
chinery and material which are provided for this 
purpose, will be found a mo3t Instructive and 
entertaining pursuit and one that win be of the 
greatest interest and value to every young farmer. 
THE YOUNG QUERIST. 
j. if, Felicity, Ohio, asks what we think of glass 
flower-pots. 
Ans.—W e don’t think they are as good as 
200 CAR-LOADS 
HARD-WOOD 
Leached Ashes 
FOR SA LE, delivered in Buffalo in car-load, of 13 
ton* (about 420 bu»licb») at 84.00 l^r ton ; Buffalo and 
intrnucdiatn to itocb enter and Caledonia, 
$4.50; from Rochester trail all stations to Syracuse and 
Auburn, Schenectady. Qnlirxig, Troy, Albany, and at 
stations on H. K. K. to N Y., Phlla., Fa., Baltimore. Md. 
#5 per ton ; Newburgh, Ktmlr*. N. V., Trenton,Pater, 
non.Fa8Saic.Blennotit, Ridgeway ,Nrwark, Jersey City, 
N. J . t85.au. Ashes in good shinning order. Orders 
promptly filled. JAMES HART NESS, Detroit, Mich. 
gtew? g*uMic«tioh.$. 
1) IT MON & CO. arc the sole agents fortbe United 
8tates for the magnificent Novelio I.ist of Oratorios, 
Operas, Glees, Dart-Songs, Ac. The separate Anthems, 
Choruses, or Glees, cost hut 6cte to tdets. each, and are 
very largely used for occasional singing. The follow¬ 
ing are excellent and practical instructive works, and 
are called " Frliner*.” hut arc really a great deal more ; 
1. Rudiment* of Mittde. By Cummings. .$.60 
2 . Aiiol Flnno Ptnylng. liyPauer. , . . 1.00 
3. The Organ. By Mamcr.1.00 
4. Singing By KandcRKer.3.00 
5. Musica. Point*. By Pauer.1.00 
fi. Ilnrninur, By Htalner. . ..1.00 
7. Instrumentation. By Prout.J uO 
8. Violin. By Tours. - L00 
9. Musical Terms. By Stainer..50 
lu. Composition. Bi Stainer.1.00 
LIGHT AND LIFE. 
A new Sunday School Song Book. By R. M. McIN- 
TOSH. Price 85 cents. Liberal reduction for quantities. 
" Light and life to all he brings, 
Risen with healing on his wings. 
Hail, thou beaten born Prince of Peace ! 
Hail, thou Son of Righteousness!" 
From the attraoti ve title to the last page, outside and 
inside, (he whole book is full of Life,ami Full of Light. 
Send stumps for specimen copy. Specimen pages free. 
(I |,IT IfU'DlTMON Sc CO., IS4i*toti. 
0. H. D1TSON & OO. 
, in .4 n.., . . Yn.al VrtuW 
J. E. BITS' 
FARMING FOR BOYS AND GIRLS-NO. 24. 
HBNRY STEWART. 
FBI. 29S. 
pig has 44. The funcHons of the teeth are Impor¬ 
tant, as the complete mastication ot the food Is 
absolutely necessary to perfect digestion. As the 
food Is ground between the teeth, It Is mixed with 
a fluid called saliva, secreted from glands in the 
mouth, known as the salivary glands. This food 
possesses some solvent or digestible qualities and 
partly dissolves the food and assists the stomach 
In Its fuller solution. 
After the fool la masticated and mixed with 
saliva, it passes down the gullet into the stomach 
The stomach Is lined with a membrane which is 
furnished with a vast number of very small tubes, 
from each of wlileb Is conveyed a fluid known as 
tbe gastric juice which dissolves the food. When 
the food enters the stotnaoh, these tubes begin to 
pour out this fluid, which la mixed with the food 
by an alternate muscular contraction and expan¬ 
sion of the stomach. At the bottom ot each tube 
Is a gland, which Is called the peptic gland; this 
gland 1 b the actual source ot the gastric juice. 
The cow, sheep, goat, deer and some others are 
known as ruminating animals, or animals which 
o /J 
The Digestion ol Food. 
Tub alimentary canal is of great length. In the 
sheep it Is 28 times as long as the body; In tbe 
cow It Is 22 times as long; In the pig It Is IS times 
as long; In the horse 10 times. In maDklnd nearly 
seven times as long, This extreme length is re¬ 
quired to give effect to the slow process of diges¬ 
tion of the food and to retain It In the Intestines 
long enough to extract all the nutriment from It. 
The whole process of digestion Is as follows: The 
oed taken into the mouth is broken up and ground 
between the teeth. There are three kinds or 
teeth; the front or cutting teeth, sometimesct lied 
nippers; the canine teeth or tushes, and the molars 
or grinding teeth. A htrse has 40 teeth; a man 
has 32; a mare has but 36. the 4 canine teeth be¬ 
ing wan ting in mares; an ox or cow has 32, but 
has no cutting teeth or nippers on the upper J iw ; 
a sheep has 32 teeth arranged as in the ox, and a 
Get These Good Books 
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are in demand far beyond our resources for manufacturing them. We must manufac¬ 
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tbe low prices, and umga ■■ \m that we may trans¬ 
fer our capital to f I I A AB I l -21 tlie manufacture 
rind sale of still ■ ■ I I ■ I I Vi WI I other standard 
other standard 
books for which we are having most urgent demands. If. therefore, you want any of 
the books named below, order them promptly, as we shall after a few days cease 
to manufacture these editions, and they will then not be obtainable in the market. 
Books 2 Gents. 
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Gospel of Matthew, Revised Version. 
The Gospel Of Matthew, Revised Version. 
“ L “ Mark, 
“ * Luke, “ “ 
“ “ John, “ “ 
Books 3 Cents. 
Handy form, paper covers. Formerly sold at $'.25 
each. 
Carlyle’s Life of Robert Burns. 
Macaulay’s Life of Frederick the Great. 
Shakespeare’s Hamlet. 
" Merchant of Venice. 
■' 14 other principal Plays, each. 
Lamartlue’s Life of Mary Queen of Scots. 
Thomas Hughes's The Mauliness of Christ. 
Books 5 Cents. 
Handy form, paper covers. 
The Choice of (looks, by Charles F. Richardson. 
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Robinson Oruaoe, by Daniel De Foe. 
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A Cyclopaedia War. 
CHAMBERS’S ENCVCT.OP.EDI \ REDUCED FROM $5(1 TO $fl. The Library of Universal Knowledge, 10 
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