TUF RURAL NEW-YORKEft 
405 
Cost, [ter 
INTERNAL PARA8ITES OF THE BOVINE 
SPECIES. 
It may perhaps be a surprise to those per¬ 
sons who affect a dislike to pork on account of 
the numerous disagreeable parasites and the 
many diseases the pig is heir to, to learn that 
the ox is as subject to these troubles and ail¬ 
ments as the pig. The ox, in fact, becomes 
the host, to numerous internal parasites, some 
of which are exceedingly iniurioua to the 
health of mankind, and otheis are destructive 
fig 308. 
to its own existence, wl lie it has its share of 
external parasites which annoy it and cause 
trouble to its keepers. Of these parasites 
some are vegetable but the most serious of 
them are animal. To describe all of these 
would occupv more space than could be here 
spared, bnt an enumeration of the most im¬ 
portant of them and a description of some of 
thorn may be useful aud Interesting. 
To begin with the moat minute of these, we 
may mention the microscopic parasitic or¬ 
ganisms which have beeu called “ catllc-plagne 
bodies,” aud which, infesting and disorgan¬ 
izing the blood, produce those specific febrile 
diseases which devastate our herds. Each of 
these dieeuses seemB to be caused by a distinct 
organism, but all of them have a generic like¬ 
ness. They belong to the class of unicellular 
vegetation which has the power of a most 
wonderfully rapid increase by the bisection 
female measures three inches in length, and 
the male half as much. Both sexes infest the 
bronchial tubes of young cattle and cause 
death by blocking up the air-passages, as 
they gather in knots and masses surrounded 
with frothy mucus. Various unsuccessful 
remedies have been proposed for this pest, 
but the only truly effective one seems to be 
the inhalation of chlorine e&s made by dis¬ 
solving salt in sulphuric acid in a close room. 
Four other species of strongle infest the ox. 
S. ventrlco6iis occupies the small intestines; 
S. infl itus is found in the large intestine; S. 
radialua infests the gall duets; and 8. gigas is 
found in the kldueys. These parasites are 
also found in other animals, notably in the 
sheep, deer, rabbit, mink and pig ; and are 
therefore plentifully distributed through the 
eggs which are scattered over the pastures or 
are washed Into the waters and thence find 
their way into the stomach. 
The lungs, the heart and the flesh are occa¬ 
sionally infested with the immature forms of 
several tape-worms, as well as with the well 
known spiral flesh worm, Trichina spiralis. 
The tape-worm larvae appear in the so-called 
measle which has been found in the flesh of 
the calf as well as in that of the ox, and which 
is very similar to the pork measle. A beef 
measle is shown at Fig. 303 magnified to nine 
diameters, and the appearauce of the flesh of 
an Infested calf aud of infested beef is shown 
at Fig. 304, AB These parasites enter through 
the stomach, being taken up with the berhage in 
pasturing, or in the water, in the form of eggs 
or sections of the mature worm. The mature 
U,W-v.~ 
fig. 304. 
so to speak—of the cell and the production 
from it of two separate cells, which, in their 
turn, bisect and again separate ad infinitum. 
Anthrax fever, the well knowu Texan or 
splenic fever, rinderpest or the popularly 
know “ dry murrain," the cattle plague of Eu¬ 
rope as well as of our own plains, apthus fever, 
the frequent foot-and-mouth disease, happily 
very little, if at all, known here, and not in¬ 
digenous in its virulent form ; contagious pleu¬ 
ropneumonia ; cow-pox ; malignant anthrax, 
the too common “black leg," “black quar¬ 
ter,” or carbuncular erysipelas which destroys 
so many calves and young cattle ; tuberculosis 
or scrofula, and, lastly, epizootic abortion; 
all these are the effects of these minute but 
disastrous germs which arc almost Indestructi¬ 
ble by time or chemical agents, and whose germs 
float in the air and are carried ou the wings 
of every wind, washed to the earth by every 
shower, floated on every stream, and are even 
carried through the very earth iteolf by the 
waters of the springs. Ever-present, they 
are a constant threatening aud danger to our 
cattle, and at times, when circumstances favor 
their development, they become enormously 
destructive, slaying hundreds of thousands 
of cattle, and ruining thousands of persons 
at one fell Bwoop. 
fig. 305. 
No less destructive if unchecked, but more 
fig. 300. 
worms, of which several species are concerned, 
inhabit the intestines of mankind, the sheep, 
the dog, cat, rabbit and several other animals. 
Four species are known to infest cattle, the 
flesh measle. Fig. 80S. Cysttcerous bovis; the 
bladder worm fouud in the lungs, Echinococ¬ 
cus veterinorum : another found in the lungs 
Figp. 305, 307, Uysticercus tonni-collis. and one 
found in the brain Fig. 300, Cmimrus cerebrals, 
the same which causes the gid or sturdy in 
sheep, a disease marked by a conspicuous 
symptom viz, that of a peculiar rotuiy motion, 
staggering, »Dd a sidewise stiffening of the 
neck. The Inng bladder worm, shown at Fig. 
307, usually has the bead and neck /A 
drawn within the bladder and 
then appeare as in Fig. 805 Tbe g | 
brain bladder worms congregate 
in the bludder, as shown at Fig. £ 
300, whieh represents a portion / 
of the bladder with several of | 
the larvie attached to the mem- 
brane, highly magnified- The 
fluke infests the gall bladder fig. 307. 
and ducts and tbe substance of the liver. 
A mature fluke, Dlstoma hepatlca, is shown 
at Fig. 308 its natural size. This pest Is very 
common among sheep, and Is found 
in the deer, antelope and rabbit as 
well as in the ox. 
Unfortunately the remedies against 
Iflose pests are ineffective; preven- 
Evv\V/MI lion alone avails anything. The 
lo l ) '^ re9s i ni < pastures with sheep 
^$3 and hog manure is the chief source 
the evil, which fortunately is 
not nearly so prevalent in our 
country as in Europe and more 
M especially in India where few cattle 
fh«. SOS, are exempt from one or several of 
them. It is well to be forewarned, how¬ 
ever, for we have these parasites in too 
great plenty already, and it needs only 
a more common manuring of pasture and 
a more intensive system of cattle feeding to 
encourage the spread of them from oar flocks 
to oar herds. The effects of these para¬ 
sites are two-fold. They are Injurious to, 
aud frequently destroy, cattle in an nnsus- 
peeted manner; aud the bladder worms aud 
measle infect the flesh and convey them¬ 
selves to the human stomach and intestines in 
which they mature as tape-wortus. This re¬ 
sult, however, is avoided by tbe thorough cook¬ 
ing of the meat aud abandoning tbe prevalent 
habit of eating it “ rare” or half cooked. For¬ 
tunately we as a peoplu are not given to ealiug 
raw flesh, and so long as we avoid passing 
these disagreeable creatures through our own 
systems they cannot make much trouble 
in our cattle. Smoked beef, sometimes eaten 
raw, Is dangerous and should be as well and 
thoroughly cooked as fresh meat. 
niated Superphosphate. No. 590. should be 1.23 
per cent, instead of 7 23 per cent. 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPER¬ 
IMENT STATION. 
BULLETIN NO. 59, MAT 5, 1881. 
Fertilizer Analyses. 
POTASH SALTS. 
571. German potash salts. Imported by 
Rafferty & Williams, New York, sold by F. 
Ellswor'b, Hartford. 
595. Muriate of Potasb, imported and sold 
by Mapes F. and P. G Co., Hartford. 
671 696. 
Potash.............12 51 61.21 
Chlorine . 27 23 
Emily, sulphate potash.23.20 
Euuiv. muriate potash.- 31.II 
Selliuflr price .82 per 2(H) lbs. $42 per ton. 
Cost lufl lbs. potash..$8.U<> $4.10 
The “ potash salts ” contain a good deal of 
sulphate of magnesia and common salt and 
may, now and then, have a fertilizing value 
beyond supplying potasb. This grade of pot¬ 
ash salts wholesales now at $7.25 per ton. 
BONE. 
582. Bone, No. 1. 
583. Bone, No. 2 Manufactured and sent 
by G. II. Harris & Son, E tgleville, Ct. 
584. Strictly Pure Ground Bone, made by G. 
B. Forrester, 188 Pearl St., New York, Bold by 
S. B. Wakeman, Saugatuek. 
585. Peter Cooper's Pare Bone, sold by Si¬ 
mon Banks, Southport, Ct. 
The last two samples were taken and sent to 
Station by G. P. Jennings, Greens Farms, Ct. 
Mechanical Analysis. 
Fine, 
Fine medium. 
Medium. 
Coarse-medium, 
Coarse, 
Chemical Analysis and Valuation. 
The ton of 575 and 574 equals about 230 gal¬ 
lons or 7 1-3 barrels. 
8. W. Johnson. Director. 
The above Bulletin should have appeared 
last week but the manuscript was lost in the 
mail. 
-s » » 
BULLETIN NO 01. MAY 20, 1881. 
Special Manures and Superphosphates. 
594. Mapes complete manure (tor light soil). 
590 M apes corn manure. 
597- Mapes potato manure. 
The above made and Bold by the Mapes F. <fc 
P. G. Co. 
005. Stockbridge potato manure. 
606. Stockbridge grain manure. 
Both the above made by H. Bowker & 
Co . Boston, New York and R Chester, and sold 
by R B. Bradley & Co , New Htveu. 
603. Pine Island guano. Made by Quinni- 
pi <c Fertilizer Co.. New London, and sold by 
R. B Bradley & Co., New Haven. 
Analyses. 
682 
683 
584 
685 
smaller 1-60 in 
2 
3 
16 
51 
“ 1-26 in 
2 
8 
14 
15 
“ 1-12 in 
8 
17 
36 
13 
“ 1-6 in 
34 
27 
34 
15 
larger 1-6 in 
64 
45 
0 
6 
100 loo 
100 
100 
Phosphoric acid . 21.88 7.74 21.30 9.92 
Cost in market, tOD.. 2 *.oo 23.00 34.60 35.00* 
Estimated value. ...$28.33 $24.83 $33.04 $36.48 
* lu Southport ou trial, $33 lu New York. 
Sample 583 was rather moist (12 per cent, 
water) which reduces its value somewhat. 
585 has had a good share of the gelatme ex¬ 
tracted, hence Is poorer in nitrogen and richer 
in phosphoric acid than raw bone. 
COTTON AND CASTOR SEED. 
579. Cotton Seed Meal, made by B. G. Stan- 
toD, New London, sold by Coles & Weeks, 
Middletown. Sampled and sent by J. M. Hub¬ 
bard. 
580. Castor Pomace, sold by Wilson & Burr, 
Middletown. Sampled by J. M. Hubbard. 
Analyse*. 
679 
680 
. 3.66 
6.0t 
. 1.70 
1.70 
1.20 
Selling price . 
Estimated value. 
.$14.84 
$21.fiO 
$22 33 
Soluble phos. acid. 
K«verteu *' '* .... 
Insoluble '* ** .... 
Chlorine 
Estimated value per ton. 
Nltiogen. 
Soluble phos 
lie verted *• 
Insoluble " 
Potash 
Chlorine 
Estimated vn 
Cost per ton. 
SOAP boiler’s refuse. 
657 
677 
653 
3.23 
8.38 
8.54 
7,87 
4,67 
3 90 
7.92 
888 
9.90 
8.11 
4.73 
2.18 
0.15 
0.63 
.$50.71 
$46.61 
$44 92 
.*40.00 
$10.00 
$40.00 
676 
681 
678 
3.24 
2.93 
1.68 
4.88 
13.18 
9.66 
7.07 
1,30 
2.64 
2.73 
0.90 
.$37.59 
$39.91 
$36.37 
. $40.00 
$36.00 
$33.00 
594 
696 
697 
Nitrogen as nitrates. 
•• •• ammonia.. 
1 27 
0 62 
T l 32 
.. 2 99 
2 21 
1 50 
*' organic matter.. 
.. 1 10 
0 80 
0 59 
Soluble phos. acid. 
Reverted “ “ . 
.. 1 44 
2 30 
4 63 
.. 4 38 
7 14 
6 64 
Insoluble" “ ... 
.. 2 Ul 
2 60 
1 22 
Potash ... 
.. 6 68 
5 67 
5 00 
Chlorine.».. 
.. 7 64 
6 14 
4 72 
Estimated value per ton. 
..$44 36 
$43 19 
$48 63 
Cost per ton. 
..$33 00 
$50 00 
$ 70 00 
605 
6U6 
603 
Nitrogen as ammonia. 
.. 0 29 
0 28 
" ‘ organic matter... 
.. 2 73 
2 92 
4 58 
Soluble Phos acid . 
Reverted” ” .. 
.. 6 26 
.. 0 54 
6 04 
V 4 -3 
3 04 
3 31 
Insoluble “ M . 
.. 0 43 
0 13 
1 07 
Potash.... 
... 4 93 
6 89 
2 83 
Chlorioo.. 
.. 5 60 
6 33 
0 96 
Estimated value per ton. 
..$33 76 
$ 6 06 
$37 41 
Cost per ton.... 
. .$50 (10 
$50 00 
*45 00 
682 
583 
584 
586 
4.05 
3.66 
4.18 
1.40 
21.88 
7.74 
21.80 
9.92 
28.00 
23.00 
34.50 
35.00* 
000. Dry ground fish. Made by Qiinnipiac 
Fertilizer Co . New London, and sold by R. B. 
Bradley & Co., New Haven. 
007. Celebrated ground bone. Made by Lis¬ 
ter Bros., Newark, N. J., and sold by R. B. 
Bradley & Co., New Haven, Conn. 
Mechanical Analysis of 607. 
Per cent. 
Fine smaller than 1-60 in. 8L 
Pine medium “ “ 1-26 in.19 
Medium “ “ 1-12 in....14 
Coarse medium “ " 1-6 in. 17 
Coarse larger •* 1-6 in. 19 
Chemical Analysis. 
Nitrogen. 6 17 8 02 
Phos. acid... 5 32 9 64 
Matters soluble in cold water (salt- cake, 
etc J. . 24 02 
Estimated value per ton.$31 06 $17 80 
Cost per ton.$45 00 $30 00 
Owing to present advanced prices the Sta¬ 
tion valuations are, in most cases, too low, as 
respects nitrogen and potash, by about the 
difference between the wholesale cost of raw 
materials aod a fair retail price for manufac¬ 
tured fertilizers. 8. W. Johnson, Director. 
579 is evidently cotton seed ground with the 
almost worthless hulls. Decorticated cotton 
seed meal contains nearly twice as much nitro¬ 
gen, etc., and is worth about twice as much. 
SUPERPHOSPHATES. 
557. “ Bone Phosphate,” made and sent to 
Station by David Dickinson, Middle Haddam. 
577. The same. Sent by H. L. Stewart. 
Middle Haddam. 
558. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate,” made 
and sent to Station by David Dickinson, Middle 
Haddam. 
576. The same. Sent by H. L. Stewart, 
Middle Haddam. 
581. *■ Phosphate made and sent to Station 
by Geo. H-Harris & Son, Eagleville. 
578. “ English Pnosphate,” imported by H. 
J. Baker & Bro., New York, and sold by Wil¬ 
son & Burr, Middletown, Ct. Sent to Station 
by J. M. Hubbard, Middletown. 
Analyse*. 
isrfllatieotts. 
BOOKS, CATALOGUES, ETC., 
The Twenty eighth Agricultural Re¬ 
port of the Massachusetts State Board 
of Agriculture makes a book of 400 pages. 
The Secretary briefly reviews the agricul¬ 
tural profit and progress of the last year, 
and says the farmers' institutes have increased 
greatly in number and value. The value of the 
hay and fodder interest makes ensilage a highly 
Important issue, aud the Secretary is evidently 
almost persuaded. He say*: “The evidence 
of the persons using the ensilage is strongly in 
its favor. The success 60 far has met no check, 
and if half that is claimed for the system is 
realized lu practice, there will be a great 
change In our methods of fanning. It is 
proved that silos can be easily and cheaply 
constructed; that any green crop can be pre¬ 
served by a simple process; that cattle readily 
eat it aud large quantities may be fed without 
injurious effect; that cattle so fed require bat 
a small quantity of water.” He adds, however, 
that corn meal or cotton-seed meal mu6t be fed 
with ensilage, and It is an important question 
how much value should be attributed to the 
former and how much to the latter. More time 
also is necessary to show the effect of such food 
on the health of cattle and the vigor of the 
race. The dairy product of Massachusetts is 
second only to hay in value and of great Im¬ 
portance. An increase in the number of cows 
goes along with an improvement of the breeds. 
Co-operation is desirable between consumers 
and producers of tnilk at Boston and other 
amenable to treatment, are the animal para¬ 
sites which infest the lungs and air-passages, 
the kidneys, the heart, the liver, and the flesh 
of the ox. The 60 -called thread-worm— 
Scientific anil Useful. 
573. Scraps from rendering vat. 
575. Liquid from rendering vat. 
574. Lye from condenser. 
The above sent to Station by A. A. Hills, 
cities to secure good milk from well-fed stock 
at the lowest price. The daily consumption of 
milk at Boston is now less tliau half a gill per 
inhabitaut. No doubt that a consumption of a 
Slrongylus micrurus —or small-tailed strongle, Correction. —lu Bulletiu No. 60 the Nitro- 
iB chiefly destructive to calves, causing the dis- gen in K. Frank Coe’s Superphosphate, No. 
ease known as hnsk, hoose or “ worms in the 580, should be 2 34 per cent., and the valuation 
throat and lungs.” This worm Is prevalent $35 12. Cost, $36. 
In all parts of the country, and causes much In the same Bulletin, the Reverted Phos- 
loss among calves and yearlings. The mature phoric Acid in Ra fferty & Williams’ Ammo- 
Greenville. 
Analyse*. 
673 
676 
674 
N itrogen. 
.... 2.26 
1.07 
Phos. acid.. 
... 0.61 
0.22 
Potash. 
2.40 
Estimated value per ton.... 
,...$7.81 
$4.83 
$2.16 
pint each would vastly improve the general 
health, as well as profit the dairy luterest. In 
ecu, the next most important interest, the re¬ 
port says that 40 years ago It cost $18 to culti¬ 
vate an acre of corn, the equivalent in labor of 
$30 now, but the introduction of the horse-hoe 
