JULY © 
455 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
making butter, $75 a year can be made from 
each cow, which will perhaps be as great an 
l'J.04 
fig. 330. 
income as can possibly be produced from any 
other method of farming a small tract, with 
the same amount of labor. 
Yellow or Orange Runt on Raspberries and 
Blackberries. 
A. 8. M., New York City, sends some speci¬ 
mens of diseased leaves. The malady has de¬ 
stroyed a great deal of bis blackberry and 
raspberry viires, and 6ome of his neighbors 
have lost all of theirs, and he asks for the 
cause and a remedy. 
Ans. —The leaf inclosed was very badly af¬ 
fected with fungi, commonly known as the 
yellow or orange rust, which frequently at¬ 
tacks Black Cap Raspberries as well as black¬ 
berries. Mr. E Williams submitted specimens 
of this fungus, last year, to Mr. J. B. Ellis, of 
New field, N J., (who is reputed to be an author¬ 
ity on these matters) and he named it “ Creoma 
(g-Ecidivim) luminatmu (8chw. 8yn. Am. Bor, 
No. 2,887), the Uredo luminatum of Curtis’s 
catalogue. It is not properly an H5cidium.” 
The only remedy we know of is cremation. 
Every infected plant should be dug out and 
burned as soon aB observed. If allowed to 
ripen, the dust, or spores, will be earned by 
the air to other plants, thus Increasing the 
trouble. In some sections blackberry culture 
has had to be abandoned on account of this 
disease. If some of our Experiment Stations 
were to employ compettnt fungologists to 
make a special study of the fungi that infest 
our strawberry, raspberry and blackberry 
plants with a view to find a remedy for these 
troubles, and if they found it, they would con¬ 
fer a great benefit on the fruit-growing inter¬ 
ests of the whole country. Unless science 
comes to our aid with its dose and cartful 
investigation, we shall remain as now, at the 
mercy of these insidious and destructive 
diseases. 
How to "Soil ’’ Sheep. 
W. FI. C-, Wayandolle, Kansas, intending to 
“ soil” his cows, asks whether a small flock of 
sheep can also be kept in the same way. 
Ans. —The method of soiling sheep is fre¬ 
quently practiced In England and sometimes 
in this country. It consists in growing such 
crops as oats, rape, millet, grass, clover, mus- 
JL 
TE 
I 
1_1 
II IT T 
PI 
n 
^ K.N-Y. 
1 
1 
fig, 33L. 
tard and corn, and either feeding these from 
the ground or in racks in small folds or pad- 
docks feuced in by hurdles or movable fences. 
The fences are made of light panels put to¬ 
gether with wrought uails, clinched, and fast¬ 
ened to stakes, which are driven in the ground, 
us shown at Fig. 831. The ends of the hurdles 
may overlap and be tied with a piece of tarred 
twine or fence wiru; or the panels may be tied 
to separate stakes, which are driven into the 
ground at each end, the ends of two panels 
being tied to each 
stake. In laying the 
fence the plot is di¬ 
vided first by fencing 
one corner ae shown 
at a. Fig. 332. When 
this plot is eaten off, 
the cross fence a is 
moved to the line b, 
and when the second 
quarter is eaten down, 
the fence is moved to c, which serves to con¬ 
fine the sheep on both the other quarters. 
The. fence may then be moved to another 
paddock, which is fed off while the first is 
either growing up again or is planted to an¬ 
other crop. 
Apparatus for Raining Cream In a Cheese 
Factory. 
W, L. L., Palermo, N. Y., asks what appa- 
6 
\ 
a. 
o 
fig. 332. 
ratus is best for a cheese factory for raising 
the cream on the milk to make butter. 
Ans.— The forms for raising cream In cheese 
factories and elsewhere which are good and 
efficient, are numerous, but they differ some¬ 
what in cost and convenience. The plan which 
is as cheap and convenientand efficient as any¬ 
thing in nse consists of two plain tin vats so 
narrow as to allow the milk to cool through 
pretty readily—say 10 to 14 inches wide, with 
the ordinary depth and length of vats for 
cheese making—set side by side a few inches 
apart in a wooden vat resembling the wooden 
envelope for a common make-vat. By filling 
the wooden vat with water the two tin vats 
containing the milk will be surrounded with 
water, and, being narrow, will soon cool 
through. With these vats refrigeration is gen¬ 
erally further aided by passing water through 
a tin tube placed in the milk jaBt under the 
cream line. Where vats thus constructed can 
be elevated enough to allow of spouting the 
milk from them to the make-vat, they work 
most satisfactorily. When the milk in them 
has become reduced to the temperature of the 
surrounding air they should be covered aB near¬ 
ly air-tight as possible to prevent fouling the 
cream by condensations from the air on its 
colder surface. Such an arrangement is very 
convenient on account of the small space it 
takes up, and on account of washing, filling, 
etc., and nothing raises the cream any better. 
Starling a Greenhouse. 
J. 0. M., Mt, Kden, Cal., asks, 1, what would 
be the probable cost of glazing a greenhouse 
10x10 feet; 2, the size, number and probable 
cost per 100 of the pots required for 6uch a 
house; 3, would a house of this size be too 
large for an amateur wishing to grow camellias, 
bzaleas, calceolarias, ferns, etc, 
Ans.— 1, The cost of glazing here is from 
one to three cents a light, according to style 
and quality of work, size of glass, etc. This 
is for the glazing exclusive of the glass. The 
price varies a little with the extent of the job. 
The glass should be bedded. You can thus 
form an estimate of the cost from the price of 
labor, glass, etc., at Mt. Eden, which we do 
not know. You, of course, understand that 
the glazing is only a single item in the cost of 
a greenhouse, which many seem to forget. 3 
You will need pots varying in size from two to 
twelve inches in diameter, which will cost 
from 50 cents to $50 dollars or more a hundred 
at the East. A hundred each of two, four and 
six, and fifty each of eight, ten and twelve 
inches in diameter, will leave you a margin 
for breakage. You should send to your near¬ 
est potter for a catalogue of prices. 3 The 
size of your house is not too large for an ama¬ 
teur : on the contrary, in a few years you will 
find it quite too small. It is better, however, 
to begin in a small way, till you have "learn¬ 
ed.” All the plants you name are well adapted 
for a low temperature, except the etc.’s. which 
may or may not be so. 
Mlsrellanaoua. 
R. M. 1)., Holt's Corners , III, says that his 
farm, which he bought a couple of years ago, 
is, like many others in that neighborhoood, so 
run down by constant wheal cropping for a 
number of successive years, that now it does 
not yield more than from 50 to 100 per cent, of 
what it should yield If fairly rich; and he 
wishes to know what fertilizer would be likely 
to return the highest profit for the outlay. 
A neighboring salt-making establishment is 
selling the refuse salt for agricultural purposes 
for a low figure, calling it gypsum, and he 
asks, I, whether gypsum is not a species of rock; 
and, 2, whether this refuse salt would be 
good for wheat; 3, if so, what is its relative 
valne for wheat as compared with bone dust 
or land plaster; 4, how much gypsum or salt 
should be used per acre; 5, if neither is desir¬ 
able what would be good for the next crop. 
Ans —I. Gypsum is sulphate of lime—salt is 
chloride of sodium. 3. It might prove of some 
mechauic&l benefit. Salt as a manure does 
not amount to anything ; but it aids in render¬ 
ing the plant food in the soil available. 
Probably yes. Salt, where needed, strengthens 
and brightens the straw and increases the yield. 
3. We should uot advise plaster except experi¬ 
mentally. The three cannot be compared. 
It should be sown before the laud is seeded the 
same as fertilizers. 4. Six bushels of salt per 
acre may be sown. 5. It may be that bone flour 
would suffice. It may be that potash alone 
would produce a good crop. The safest way 
would be, in the absence of experiments to test 
what special fertilizer is needed, supposing 
you have no farm manure, to purchase 
"wheat fertilizers” or those specially pre¬ 
pared for wheat by commercial fertilizer es¬ 
tablishments. These should be sown in the 
Fall when the land is prepared for wheat at 
the rate of from 300 to 700 pounds per acre. 
If it is desired to seed down, more would be 
neceesai y. 
W. H. P., Mt. Eaton, Ohio, says; "Last 
Spring I sent to a New York seedsman for a 
bushel of Russian White Spring Wheat, which 
came in due time. I was surprised at the 
quality, as I expected (according to the cir¬ 
cular) to see a nice quality of wheat: but, in¬ 
stead, a poor, shriveled-up, small-grained sort 
that would not make decent screenings came to 
hand. I sowed it on good, strong ground, and 
it came up nicely and looked well until of 
late, when it stopped growing, and now it 
looks as though it would never head. I 
would like you to tell me what is the cause— 
if it is the climate or the poor quality of seed. 
2. What is the best method of selecting and 
keeping seed corn." 
Ans.— 1. We have sown shriveled grain on 
several occaeioDs. We find that the grain 
from such seed is smaller than the natural 
size of the variety; but that the heads are 
longer We should hardly account for the 
behavior of your wheat as owing to poor or 
shriveled seed. 2. We are very careful to 
cure our seed corn thoroughly and to preserve 
it in a dry room. 
W. Y. M., Richmond, Va., asks, 1, whether 
rye can be sown in corn at the last working— 
say about July 15—for late Fall pasturing 
after the corn is harvested, and then to be 
turned under next Spring—would it be too 
late. 2, He sends a specimen of a daisy that 
infests 40 acres of white-oak grove land vyhose 
soil is in fair heart, and which has been pas¬ 
tured since the war, when it was fertilized by 
having been used as a cavalry encampment, 
and he asks whether Orchard Grass would be 
likely to overcome the daisies; and, if not, 
what grass suitable for a permanent pasture 
would do better; 3, which would be the bet¬ 
ter means of getting rid of the pest, plowing 
the land, or thoroughly scarifying the surface 
without plowing. 
Ans.— 1. It would not be too early, we should 
say—we have no great faith in the plan. 2. We 
should hardly think Orchard Grass would pre¬ 
vail over the Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum 
vnlgare) of which you semi a specimen. The 
Couch or Quitch Gras6—sometimes called Rye 
Grass and Creeping Triticum (Triticum repens) t 
would best answer your purpose, though many 
olject to introducing it upon their farms. It 
is, however, in dry seasons, easily extermina¬ 
ted by cultivation. The field upon which our 
134 bushels of Blount's Corn were raised last 
year was filled with this grass. There is none 
in the field now, except along the fences. 
3. Decidedly plowing. If this daisy is plowed 
under when nearly in full bloom, during a hot, 
dry spell, that is the last of it. 
C. A. F., Harwich, N. T., wishing to get 
some poultry in which beauty and usefulness 
are combined, asks which breed would we 
recommend, and at what price would we fur¬ 
nish a setting of eggs. 
Ans.— For your general purpose we recom¬ 
mend the Plymouth Rock. We do not sell any¬ 
thing, and must refer to those who do. The 
price is from $1.50 to $3 for 13 eggB. 
L. E. L-, Lee Center, TIL, asks how to man¬ 
ufacture "plug" and "smoking” tobacco 
without the aid of machinery. 
Ans—A good quality of "plug” tobacco 
cannot be made from the leaf without the aid 
of costly machinery, as an immense pressure 
is required in its manufacture. In order to 
make salable " smoking ” tobacco one should 
study the process practically in a factory. 
No name, Hoosick Falls, N Y., asks, 1, sev¬ 
eral questions about cauliflowers, and, 2 what is 
the best tomaio for early forcing. 
Ans. —1. We cannot give any information as 
to this question. 3. Conqueror, Hathaway’s 
Excelsior, Canada Victor are among the best 
early. 
H, B , White Co., Ark., sends diseased leaves 
and asks the cause of the disease. 
Ans.—T hey are punctured by many Bmall 
insects, but we cannot ascertain what they 
are. 
P. M., Bridgeport Center, Mich., sends a sam¬ 
ple of grass for name. 
Ans —Dactylis glomerata—Orchard Grass— 
one of the best of grasses. 
W. P. D., Mossing Ford, Va , sends two 
specimens of grass for name. 
Ans —Both are Blue Grass—Poa pratensis. 
Address Wanted.— Will A. B. T.. whose 
plan for a house appeared in the Rural of 
May 21, please send us his address, as a sub¬ 
scriber wishes to consult with h im concerning 
the house and plan ? 
-» ♦ ♦- 
Communications received fob the week end¬ 
ing Saturday, July 2. 
It. C.—W. H. B.—P. F.—G. F. D.-J. J. B.—J. 
W. A.—C. B.—W. R. G.-J. N. W.-C. M. 8.—W. 
M, C.—W. M. R —W. F. J., we don’t much care 
for poetry.—J. L D.—E. A.—H. P., Archer Fla. 
Thanks for the seed. We fear it is roo late for 
this season —K. D. T., thanks.—P. B. M.—S. B.— 
A. I. B.—S. P.—I. J. B.—G. A. G.—A. J. B.—A. P,— 
G. W.—(Rock Falls. 111.) Thanks -J. M.—A. B. 
A.—W. U. P .—L H.—G. S. H.—T. C. G —W. F.- 
C. A. F.—G. R. Q—A. W.-K. D. T —E. M. S.— 
A. E —W. H. It—A. W.—C. E. P.-0. W. S.-A. 
A. B.—A. L. O.—J. K.— L. E. M,—N. R.—H. Lamb., 
thanks for seed.—Airs. J. M. At.— e. N. P.. thanks 
or corn—It ts now too late for us.—L. Af. 8.—H. T 
atttJ ^0«ltY». 
POWELL BRO S, 
Springboro, Crawford County, Pa. 
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Catalogues sent free. Address as above, and 
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BERKSHIRES 
AND 
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THE HK*T. BEND FOR CATALOGUE, contain- 
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UTICA, I>ff. Y. 
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