adapted to districts where hogs rango, and are 
extensively grown. 
Poland-Chinas are spotted black-and-white, 
and are also specially adapted to sections 
wdiere corn is cheap and large quantities of 
pork are produced. They are freer from skin 
disease or trouble than white breeds and are 
prolific, of largo weight, hardy and, with 
plenty of feed, rapid growers. 
The Yorkshires aro divided into several fam¬ 
ilies with English names indicating where they 
originated. The Large Yorkshircs make heavy 
hogs, with flesh of finer grain than other large 
breeds. They are quiet; in habit, which unfits 
them for field ranging, and they also have thin 
hair which is unsuited to exposure. They are 
compact in form and have less offal than other 
large hogs. Tho smaller families of Yorkshires 
are easy to keep, and fatten at any age, the flesh 
being tender and fine. They are very docile, 
with only a sma ll per cent, of ofi'al, as the noses 
aro exceedingly short, the cars small and bones 
very fine. They, with the Suffolk, are the 
most refined pigs bred, and reach perfection 
in tho proportion of food and growth, as very 
little food will keep them fat and ready for 
slaughter. The flesh is fine and tender with 
an excess of fat. 
Victorias are medium between the small 
Yorkshires and the large, with more hair and 
activity, which better fits them to take care of 
themselves. 
Cheshires, another white American breed, 
are not so chunky as the Yorkshires of 
which they are a cross. These hogs, for a 
number of years in some parts of tho country, 
led the Yorkshires in popular favor. Their 
meat is of fine quality. 
Neapolitan hogs are rare in tliis country. 
They are black, come from Italy and have little 
hail 1 , but are compact, wit h line flesh and bone, 
and they have been used in England to im¬ 
prove both the Berkshire and Essex. Our 
native hogs arc crosses of all breeds. 
—- ♦♦♦- 
BLACK BEAUTY. 
W hoever keeps a pig, whether for pleasure 
or profit, should remember that ono of the 
most important considerations in selecting a 
breed is contentment. The quiet pig is al¬ 
ways a fat pig, and however healthy the pig, 
and however good its appetite, if it is restless 
and uneasy it will always bo a hard keeper. 
Look into any pen of fattening pigs and you 
will always find tlio restless, squealing pig the 
poorest of tho lot, Tho restless pig is ul.:o a 
great rooter, and as most Eastern farmers are 
fruit growers as well, they do not want their 
orchards torn up and 
the roots broken and 
destroyed. The fruit 
grower lias two objects 
in view’ in keeping jugs ; 
of these tho most im¬ 
portant is, the eating of 
all wormy and prema¬ 
turely fallen fruit, and 
the destruction of all in¬ 
sects contained in them ; 
tho other is the making 
of a reasonable profit on 
(he growing and fatten¬ 
ing of the pig for mar¬ 
ket, and to him the quiet, 
peaceable, non-rooting 
pig is indispensable. 
Pigs of no other breed 
so entirely and fully meet 
these requirements as do 
the Essex. They arc very 
peaceable and quiet; 
scarcely ever attempt to 
root ; are very fond of a 
grass and vegetable diet, - — ■ _ 
and on a full supply of 
fallen fruit and grass 
they w T ill always bo fat 
and growing and at any 
time fit for the butcher, 
whether they are old or 
young. Their skin is 
thin, ears small and faces short, and they have 
a very 11 proportion of waste when 
Slaughtered. Their flesh is fine-grained, with 
a large proportion of ham and shoulder. 
Some may object to then* color, but then ele.m, 
plum-colored skin covers a healthy carcass and 
the color is only scurf-deep, for they dress as 
white as the -whitest breeds. They aro pro¬ 
lific breeders, and good mothers. In fact 
there are no amiable traits possessed by the 
swine furoily, that aro lac kin g hi the Essex. 
Black Beauty, whoso portrait wo give, “ is 
of royal blood.” She w’us farrowed October 
20th, 1877 ; sire, “ Young Negro ” ; ho by old 
‘'Negro” imported. Dam, “Miss Dinah.” grand- 
dam," Destor” by “Black Prince,” import¬ 
ed, by Stockwell; great-grand-dam imported 
« Queen May.” This sow is a perfect beauty 
with fine limbs and oars, and short face. .She 
has taken first premium wherever shown in 
Canada or New York. Sho is ono of tho 
quietest sows over seen, always fat and brings 
fine stock, S. Woodward. 
ESSEX HOGS. 
Less than half a century ago the native 
hogs of Essex County, England, were coarse 
and of no particular character or color. Sub¬ 
sequently Lord Western improved them by di¬ 
rect crossing with tho Neapolitan, a small black 
breed, imported from tho Peninsula of Italy. 
Fisher Hobbs, of Essex, afterwards continued 
the breeding of these cross-bred pigs and es¬ 
tablished tho breed of “ Improved Essex.” 
Importations of these pigs were made to 
America, from which tho Essex hogs of this 
country have descended. They are not 
numerous, as they are overshadowed by the 
Borlcshires which they closely resemble, and to 
which they are closely related, as both breeds 
have been improved by crossing with the 
Neapolitan. Unlike the Berkshires, tho Essex 
aro pure black in color, but both sorts are quite 
similar in tho quality of their flesh. They are 
finer in the bone and smaller in size. They 
have the same tendency to lean meat; will 
fatten at any ago, and are very easy keepere. 
They are excellent to cross on coarser breeds, 
such crosses making grades profitable to 
fatten. F. d. c. 
ijorseman. 
THE CLYDESDALE HORSE. 
The origin of this noble breed of horses is 
not definitely established, but the fact that 
for more than 200 years it has been favorably 
known and highly prized along tho valley of 
tho Clyde, in Scotland, is well understood. 
Tradition asserts that more than two centu¬ 
ries ago one of the Dukes of Hamilton brought 
to his estate in Lanarkshire, Scotland, from 
Flanders, six fine black stallions, which were 
kept at Stratharen Castle. Tho enterprising 
and sagacious Scotch tenants and farmers of 
that district readily saw tho rare oppor¬ 
tunity within their reach, and improved it. 
By selecting and crossing their best native 
mares with theso large, fine stallions, a class 
or family of horses was produced far superior 
to their ancestors. 
About 1715 or 1720 one John Patterson went 
to England and brought to Scotland a Flem¬ 
ish stallion, and from this date tho Clydesdale 
breed of horses has a distinct history. The in¬ 
troduction of tins horse into Scotland seems to 
have had almost as marked an effect upon the 
draft horses of that country as the importation 
of tho renowned Messenger did upon tho road 
horses of America. Each of these noted 
For many generations these horses have 
been bred with unusual care, depending, not 
so much upon carefully studied pedigrees, as 
upon tho selection of perfect specimens for both 
sire and dam, tracing to those families of ances¬ 
tors which have been the great prize-winners, 
not only of Scotland but of the United King¬ 
dom. They have also been reared in the great 
ship-building districts of the Clyde where im¬ 
mense loads aro constantly being hauled, 
and where only horses of unusual power can 
do the work required. 
The Rev. David Uro, in 1792, in writing con¬ 
cerning this breed of horses and the care ex¬ 
ercised by the Scotch breeders, says: “ They 
pay strict attention to every circumstance 
respecting the color, the softness aud hardness 
of the hair, the length of the body, breast and 
shoulders of tho breeders, both sire and dam. 
No inducement whatever can lead them to en¬ 
courage the breed of a horse that is not pos¬ 
sessed of the best qualities.” It has been by 
careful breeding, by judicious selections, by 
good feeding, by intellegeut, watchful care in 
every detail for centuries that the Scotch peo¬ 
ple have produced a breed of draft horses that 
has scarcely an equal, and which has been a 
source of national -wealth aud an object of 
national pride. 
Tho course pursued by the various agricul¬ 
tural societies and stock fairs of Scotland has 
done much to encourage the improvement of 
draft horses in that country. For at least the 
last hundred years tho exhibition of draft 
horses has been one of the prominent features 
of all such shows which are held in almost 
every district of Scotland. Tho Highland 
Agricultural Society has become one of the 
notable institutions of tho country, and to win 
tho first prize, or challenge cup, offered by 
this society for tho best draft horses, corres¬ 
ponds to winning tho “ Derby” in England or 
making tho best record on the trotting course 
of America. 
The ideal Clydesdale is the ono combining 
the greatest number of strong points, with no 
weak ones; the one that lias the least, waste 
material and the best stylo and action. He 
should be low aud stocky, with a pleasant 
countenance; a mild, cheerful eye; a broad, 
deep chest; good shoulders ; short, broad back 
well coupled ; a long, broad rump ; heavy 
stifles and round in the barrel. His limbs, 
which are of tho utmost importance, should 
be short., broad, flat, hard aud eordy, and with 
plenty of silky hair from tho knee and gam¬ 
brel to the hoof—this being considered an in¬ 
dication of superior quality of bone and good 
breeding. It also affords a protection to the 
BLACK BEAUTY. — FROM LIFE. — FIG. 429. 
horses proved a source of immense wealth to 
the country of his adoption. In the descend¬ 
ants of tho Patterson horse we find mention of 
the same marks and characteristics which aro 
indications of purity of blood in tho Clydes¬ 
dale breed of to-day; viz., a white mark in the 
face, white feet, gray hair in the tail and fre¬ 
quently gray hair ou the body. 
It may not be extravagant to say that for 
200 years there is no ono subject tbat has so 
completely occupied tho attention of tho 
Scotch funner, in which he has taken such a 
deop interest as in the improvement of this 
favorite brood of horses. lie never fails to 
see that his horse lias the best of caro and at¬ 
tention, and although usually taught to work 
when two to threo years of age, thus develop¬ 
ing his muscle with his growth, it is done with 
such caro and judgment that ho is very seldom 
injured. So intimately associated aro tho mas¬ 
ter and his horse thst they seem to have in¬ 
herited similar qualities and characteristics— 
on© being as decidedly Scotch us the other. 
limbs in inclement, changeable weather and 
a shield against chafes and bruises while at 
work. Tho feet should lie solid, of good size, 
deep and broader than on a road horse, but 
not flat. 
The disposition of these horses is ono of their 
most valuable characteristics. They aro al¬ 
most always kind, gentle and true; never 
fractious, seldom fretful, but free, cheerful 
and Seeming to work almost f roi n instinct. Us¬ 
ually’ but a single day is required, when a oolt 
is taken from the pasture, to break him to the 
harness SO that he can be driven with safety, 
and bo put to almost any work. Tho value 
of such a. disposition in a business horse is sel¬ 
dom fully appreciated. Tho constantly in¬ 
creasing demands for these horses anil tho 
high prices which they command, denote tho 
estimation in which they are held by those 
most familiar w ith their good qual ities. They 
aro exported to almost every civilized coun¬ 
try on tho globe, and it may bo said that 
the demand far exceeds the supply. 
It is only a few years since this breed of 
horses lias been generally known and intro¬ 
duced into this country; but they seem to bo 
received with almost universal favor. Im¬ 
porters find it impossible to procure a suffi¬ 
cient supply in Scotland to meet t he demand. 
There is a call for them from almost every 
State and Territory, Until recently wo have 
had, strictly sp icikiny, no breed of draft 
horses in this country. Our marvelous suc¬ 
cess in developing the “ American Trotter” 
has caused us to run wild over tho develop¬ 
ment of speed, greatly to the detriment of 
our agricultural and business interests. Wo 
have bred for speed until our horses have be¬ 
come so reduced iu size as to be almost worthless 
excepting for light weight upon tho road, and 
for that purpose the supply far exeoeds tho de¬ 
mand. How often do we see farmers merely 
skimming over the soil, doing half a day's work 
in a day, obtaining only half a crop merely 
because their horses aro too light and too deli¬ 
cate to perform tho labor required. 
We fully understand and appreciate the 
fascination, the pleasure anil enthusiasm con¬ 
nected with breeding fast horses. Wo cannot, 
we would not, dispense with tho “American 
Trotter.” The people and the times demand 
speed—fast trains, fast mails, fast I’oadsters ; 
but let us not neglect business for pleasure. 
We have carried such brooding to too great 
an extent, greatly to tho detriment of tho 
business interests and the wealth of our comv 
try. The interests of both agriculture and 
commerce require an improvement in our 
general business and draft horses. Every 
business-man knows how difficult it is to pro¬ 
cure a good draft team, a span of horses 
weighing, 2,800 to 3,200, pounds that can with 
ease draw a load of three to four tons. The 
Western States aro far in advance of tho 
Eastern in this respect. With a keen eye to 
the profits of breeding what tlvo public de¬ 
mands, they have at immense cost introduced 
large numbers of draft stallions to cross on 
their native mares. It has been a success, 
and tho value of the horses of many sections 
has thus been at least doubled. The Eastern 
States should profit by -their example and ex- 
perien -e. A change must be made boforo 
the breeding of horses in tho Eastern 
States will bo generally profitable. A few 
skillful breeders are meeting with marked suc¬ 
cess in rearing light horses for speed *, but a 
largo majority of our farmers find it decid¬ 
edly unprofitable. To effect tho change, no 
method is so practical and so economical es 
the introduction of superior draft stallions, 
and probably no breed is better calculated to 
cross upon our Eastern, 
light-boned, spirited 
dams, than tho Clydes¬ 
dale. Tho produce is a 
horse of largo size, fine 
style, excellent carriage, 
with good head, fhio 
neck, long in tho body, 
rouud in tho barrel, with 
broad, flat, cordy limbs 
and good foot. Ho is 
a good roadster and 
adapted to the farm, ex¬ 
press, coach, coupe, om¬ 
nibus; and many of them 
aro superior for tho car¬ 
riage, while all aro de¬ 
cidedly business horses, 
and will command good 
prices and ready sale. 
From large dams tho 
first cross will usually 
produce horses suitable 
for the heaviest draft; 
while almost invariably 
too second cross will 
produce such a result. 
The prevailing color, 
- g* - both in tho pure bloods 
‘ and their crosses, is 
bay or brown, which 
is a matter of great im¬ 
portance in business hor¬ 
ses. Animals of these colors uro durable, 
always popular, always salable aud require 
less caro than any other. 
Ho important did tho Highland Agricultural 
Society of Scotland consider the matter of color 
that at ono time, when they found tho grays be¬ 
coming too prevalent, they made a rule that 
all horses entered for competition should bo 
either ‘ black bays or brown bays.” Such 
horses have at all times a ready sale at high 
figures and pay a handsome profit to the 
breeder. They require but little attention 
and care, and are seldom blemished. At three 
years of ago they can, without injury, bo put 
to regular farm work, and at four years to 
tho heaviest labor. They cause no loss of 
time in breaking and fitting, which usually 
consumes \ h: t otherwise might bo profit, in 
brooding other classes o: homes. 
'i..j Liyu.sda:o A_ociatiou of America, an 
organization composed of tho loading im¬ 
porters and brooders of tho Clydesdales in this 
c j untry, is now preparing and will soon pub 
