THE BUBAL 
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cause sickness. Neglect of timely precautions 
may in such eases bring on serious disease of 
the blood and a general inflammatory condi¬ 
tion which will subject the animal to danger 
of infection by means of germs of disease 
which are always present in the atmosphere, 
waiting for a favorable opportunity of becom¬ 
ing sown, in a suitable soil, so to speak, where 
all the requisite conditions for their immediate 
growth may be presented. The first ap¬ 
proaches of disease are usually silent and in¬ 
conspicuous. Some little changes may be 
noted, but these seem so insignificant that 
they aro passed over without any serious 
thought, and are forgotten. Here is the 
greatest mistake that, is made. It is far easier to 
prevent mischief than to cure or avert it when 
it has arrived. The lower animals, with dull 
nervous systems, patient, and uncomplaining, 
exhibit no signals of distress until the strength 
fails and disease has taken a strong hold upon 
them. Too often remedies are then too late, 
which at the outset might have successfully 
prevented a serious attack. 
Wlmn cows are kept uuder good sanitary 
regulations, in clean, well-ventilated stables, 
they rarely suffer from any other disorders 
than those of the digestive organs, and there 
are no diseases more easily remedied, or that 
at the same time, if neglected, more effectually 
poison the blood and result disastrously, than 
these, so that immediate measures should be 
taken to remedy the trouble. These are fortu¬ 
nately very simple. A dose of a pint, or a 
quart, of linseed oil, or even melted lard, will 
usually restore the functions of the stomach 
and remove the difficulty; or 12 to 10 ounces 
of Epsom salts may Ik- substituted, dissolved 
in a quart of warm water, and followed by 
copious draughts of warm linseed gruel or bran 
slop. Even the common and popular remedy 
of a salt mackerel freed from bone and 
crushed in the hands and put down the throat, 
is a reasonably effective one, because the 
mackerel contains considerable oil and fat, 
and the salt excites the stomach, both together 
having the desired effect. 
When these simple remedies with a concur¬ 
rent change of food and the use of soft, nutri¬ 
tious mashes or gruels, fail to arrest the disor¬ 
der, a very complete and patient examination 
should be made, and the peculiar symptoms 
noticed written down, that they may be more 
accurately considered. A labored respiration 
with short, hasty, catching breathings, or 
heavings of the sides, redness of the eyes, 
cough or rustling of the breath, indicates dis¬ 
order of the lungs. Dark, discolored and fetid 
dung, streaked with blood and mucous; dark- 
colored, hot urine which smells strongly; 
arched back, and head stretched out low, are 
indications of blood disorders or intestinal 
disturbances; or both, for the latter is a usual 
effect of the former, and the eontnarv even 
happens at times. General weakness, with 
tumors, swellings, lameness and eruptions on 
the skin signifies constitutional disorders, such 
as tuberculosis, and other similar hereditary 
diseases of the blood, which are not inflamma¬ 
tory in type, but show in their action an ef¬ 
fort of nature to throw out the offensive mat¬ 
ter. Usually other diseases than these, local 
in their character, indicate themselves so 
clearly that it is unnecessary to specify par¬ 
ticularly in regard to them. When the most 
conspicuous symptoms have been noted and 
written down, reference should then be made ( 
to the list of symptoms to be given hereafter, 
which will greatly help to fix the nature of the ] 
disease; and, when that is known, to choose , 
the treatment proper for each special case 
will not be difficult for any person of common , 
intelligence. 
things generally push us. Therefore I conclude 
that it is wise to begin to cut out the old canes 
from the raspberries and blackberries immedi¬ 
ately after the fruit has been picked, and to 
continue it f ill the work is done. 
It may not generally be known that the sig¬ 
nalled fancy caladimns (Chantinil, argyrites, 
etc.) can l>e easily grown in pans or tubs of wa¬ 
ter, and it greatly lessens the labor of taking 
care of them, while it is in accorilnnee with their 
natural habits. I sa w them doing finely in the 
basin of a fountain at Mr. Brooks s, a trifle 
shaded. The pots were plunged in the basin, 
and only the blades of the leaves, with a 
short length of stem, appeared above the sur¬ 
face of the water. When the pots are placed 
in pans, the latter should be deep enough to 
hold an inch or two of water. The caladhun 
is one of the comparatively few plants which 
may be safely grown with the plants standing in 
saucers. Water, and an abundance of it, is a 
necessity with these, and without it they soon 
lose their freshness and beauty. Even a single 
wilting, in the early stages of growth, will 
often mar a plant for the season, and sc me- 
times kill it. Too large a percentage of these 
charming plants die within a few weeks after 
being bought, and there is no doubt in my 
mind that this is simply because beginners (and 
even some “old hands” )are not familiar with 
the craving of these plants for water. It will 
be safe, therefore, for beginners to set their 
pots of caladiums in saucers, and keep the 
saucers well suppbed with water. Where 
there is a gardener about to water regularly 
the necessity for this may not exist; still, all 
plants will do best when their natural wants 
are freely supplied. 
Mignonette and Sweet Alyssum have long 
been among the most popular of winter-flower- 
ing annuals, and deservedly so. There are 
many amateurs, however, especially among 
the ladies, who do not seem to know that the 
seeds of these annuals may be sown at any 
time during the month of September for Win¬ 
ter flowera. The seed of the Sweet Alyssum 
may be sown in a shallow box, or pan, or pot, 
and transplanted as soon as out of the seed 
leaf. If plants have been grown in the border, 
seedlings in abimdance will be found around 
them at this season of the year, and may he 
transplanted into pots. The double and varie¬ 
gated varieties may be grown from cuttings, 
or the old plants may be cut-in close, aud then 
transferred to pots, Tom Thumb is a very 
dwarf, compact, free-flowering variety, and 
desirable for wiuter blooming. Mignonette is 
difficult to transplant, and the seed should 
therefore be sown in small pots. The proper 
way is to put four or five seeds in the middle 
of each pot, and thin out from two to three 
plants as soon as they are out of the seed leaf. 
Repot them as soon as the hall of earth has be- , 
come filled with roots. Mignonette is not a 
first-clasg room plant, but may be grown tol- , 
erably well if kept near the glass in a cool 
room, and regularly watered. Its grateful 
fragrance, however, makes it worth almost i 
any trouble. \ 
Lost Rubies appears to be a new variety, but I 
have no evidence that it is, and recommend it 
solely on the merits of hardiness, productive¬ 
ness, fine quality, beauty and vigor. I have 
fruited it six years, during which time it has 
never failed to yield large crops, and it lias 
ever been the favorite with the pickers, on ac¬ 
count of the rapidity with which it fills their 
unite at once in the good work of removing 
this opprobrium of this latter day from our 
horticultural escutcheon ? Think of it—fifty 
million live Americans so irremediably nui- 
sanced and damaged in their horticulture by 
this insignificant aphis or green-fly ! Who 
will first discover and publish a cure ? p. 
Fig. 409. 
baskets. Last IV niter was a severe test on the 
hardiness of plants, but the canes of Lost Ru¬ 
bies, standing often six feet, high, uncovered, 
in the open fields where blackberries aud 
peach buds were ruined, were entirely unin¬ 
jured. Secretary, P. U. Reynolds, of our 
Western N. Y. Horticultural Society, says it 
is as large and handsome as the Franconia. 
Clifton, N. Y. Ciias. A. Green. 
[Mr. Green states, in a private note, that the 
cut of “ Lost Rubies ” exaggerates thy size of 
the berry, though it is naturally large.— Eds.] 
I very much incline to the opinion that the 
practice of letting the old wood remain in 
raspberries and blackberries till Spring 
is much too common. The reasons given 
for it do not seem to me to be alto¬ 
gether well founded. It is said by those 
who practice it that the old wood affords a 
good Winter protection for the new. I have 
not been able to convince myself that this is 
really so; on the contrary, there is good reason 
to believe that it makes the new wood more 
tender, and hence more liable to be winter- 
killed. Wood that is grown fully exposed to 
the sun and weather ripens more thoroughly 
and becomes tougher than wood that is 
shaded, and is consequently better prepared to 
endure the rigor of Winter. Besides, we usu¬ 
ally have more time to cut out now than we 
do in the Spring, when it is too commonly 
the case L that, instead of “pushing things,” I 
The early part of September is a good time 
to prepare room plants generally for their 
Winter work, the production of flowers, The 
abutilon is an excellent plant for room cul¬ 
ture, being easy to grow, generous in bloom, 
and adapting itself very well to the changeable 
conditions always to be found in the best of 
rooms. There is often, however, too much 
beat for this class of plants. The best and 
most satisfactory of the abut.ilons for room 
culture is the Abutilon Mesopotninieum (Meg- 
aponticum, Mauritaniemn, etc.), and the va¬ 
riegated form is much the most striking, aud 
blooms abundantly. Old plants I cut in freely, 
and either shift into a larger pot, or, if already 
in a large pot, pare off an inch or so of the 
roots and soil, anil return to the same pot. In 
this case manure water must be used occasion¬ 
ally during the Winter. I prefer to grow the 
abutilon as a standard for the room. Cuttings 
will strike readily if put in now, aud make 
good little winter-blooming plants, coming in, 
however, a little late. The best yellow I have 
grown is William Fowler, and the best dwarf 
white, Snowstorm. Of the dark-colored kinds, 
Santana is the best for rooms. I must say 
here, however, that the abutilon does not en¬ 
joy an immunity from insects, though it has 
been so stated. The scale and the green fly 
are the principal enemies to contend with, and 
will make trouble unless watched. 
Horticola. 
LOST RUBIES RASPBERRY. 
I send the Rural a cut of this berry, plants 
of which were sent to it last Spring for testing. 
It appears to have some foreign blood, yet en¬ 
dures from 10° to 20° below zero without in¬ 
jury, unprotected, in various parts of the 
country. With me it has proved more vig¬ 
orous and productive than the Outhbert, and 
it is also larger aud firmer, I have found 
no red raspberry equally productive if planted 
near some other variety; if planted in an iso¬ 
lated position the fruit is apt to be imperfect. 
Rural and other Seeds. 
I give results of some experiments with 
“ Rural” aiul other seeds. 
Branching Sorghum: ouly a few seeds vege¬ 
tated; after getting a start the plants grew 
well, but the drought damaged them ser¬ 
iously. It certainly branches freely. 
White Elephant Potato: yield of fine pota¬ 
toes only some 2Q or 30-fold I think. The 
plants were injured much by fowls. 
Dianthus: quite a number of plants giving 
exquisitely beautiful double and single flowers. 
Washington Oats: I received, I suppose, 
about one ounce; drilled them in fairly good 
land and gathered about half a peck: hand¬ 
some grains. 
Asparagus: I have plants of both varieties 
sent, but of course cannot yet judge of their 
value. So much for the “ Rural” seeds. I 
will now give results with some procured from 
other sources. 
Blount’s Prolific Corn—(from Peter Hen¬ 
derson): I planted about an acre and a half. 
It is not yet gathered, but I estimate the 
yield at about 40 bushels per acre, though 
the season has been bad and the corn stands 
too thick. I think the crop at least 25 per 
cent, greater than it would have been if our 
native corn bad been planted. My neighbors 
are asking me to reserve seeds for them. 
Of muskmelons of half a dozen kinds, Bay 
View (seeds from the Agricultural Depart¬ 
ment, U. S. Government) proved best and is 
the only sort of which I saved seed. 
Perfect Gem Squash—(seed bought of Thor- 
bum & Co.), I had several flourishing vines 
and many blossoms, but not a single specimen 
of fruit, I cannot imagine why, 
Beans: Of the Black Wax. Golden Wax and 
Ivoiy Pod—ull snap beans—the first appears 
to me still the best. 
Sugar Corn: Stowell’s Evergreen and Egyp¬ 
tian are both very line—better than any others 
that I planted. w. r. g. 
A Very Pertinent Inquiry and Good Sugges¬ 
tion, 
Why does not some peraon (or persons) 
tackle and solve the question how best to de¬ 
stroy the aphis or plant louse pest { The only 
cures I have ever heard of are, 1, a strong to¬ 
bacco decoction, or, 2, one from quassia chips 
into which aphis-infested shoots are to be 
dijiped. Those, more especially the quassia de¬ 
coction, will kill the liee without injury to the 
foliage. But we want something cheaper anil 
more easily applied. Is it the bitter of the 
quassia that kills the aphis i Might not the 
weeds boneset (thorough wort) or burdock or 
tans}' or wormwood, poplar or willow-bark in 
decoction also kill them—or, better still, is 
there not some dust as effectual and practical 
as Paris-green with plaster for the potato bug? 
Will not lime, salt or soda or some other cheap 
mineral combination do it? For one, 1 am 
heartily ashamed that I have not more widely 
experimented on this wretched pest. Anti, for 
one, I mean to do better in the future, begin¬ 
ning if possible to-morrow as to-day is Sun¬ 
day. Will not many of your noble army of 
correspondents, agricultural college profes¬ 
sors and amateur horticulturists as well as 
professional nurserymen and fruit growers 
THE CREVELING GRAPE. 
Somebody has blundered in the botanical 
classification of this grape. The books place 
it in our Labrusca class; but it is really a 
hybrid between Vitis Labrusca, and Vitis 
Cordifolia. The proof of this is demonstrated 
in growing-seedlings from it. Some three 01 - 
four years ago I fertilized a cluster of Gravel¬ 
ing with pollen from Iona, and have now 
grown 20 or 30 seedlings from the cluster. 
Most of them are strongly marked Labrusca 
grapes: others seem like hybrids; but several 
of them are dearly, and unmistakably of Cor¬ 
difolia origin. Where did these Cordifolia 
vines come from ? Surely not from Iona, for 
I have often grown Iona seedlings, and have 
never seen any evidence of a cross in that 
grape. Some of them look exactly like Cataw¬ 
ba, showing clearly Iona origin. I think 
growing seedlings the surest test of classifica¬ 
tion. I have always thought the Creveling 
a hybrid; but supposed from the appearance 
of t he panicles, that it was between Labrusca 
and iEstivulis, but I was mistaken. If some 
of our botanists would revise the botanical 
classification of our native grapes, it would 
be a genuine and much-needed contribution 
to our horticulture. D. S. Marvin. 
senummm 
Espaliers. 
The figures of these as trained and exh ibited 
at the Paris Exposition of 1878, aud copied in¬ 
to the Rural of Aug. 0th, are very pretty to 
look at, and in the northern elimuto of 
Europe—particularly in the moist, cloudy and 
rainy districts—the trees grow well and pro¬ 
duce abundantly. In Great Britiau some 
kinds of fruit cannot be ripened in open 
ground except by training the trees espalier- 
fashion against a wall or plunk fence. But in 
the United States, even as far north as Mas¬ 
sachusetts, I have rarely seen good results from 
espalier- trained trees. The trunks of the trees 
being left bare of any shading by the branch¬ 
es, seem to suffer from our hot suns, produce 
inferior fruit, aiul soon die. In the American 
hotter and drier Bummer climate, the shade 
and moisture of t he branches drooping over 
the stem of the tree, seem necessary for its 
healthy growth and a good production of fruit. 
Standards therefore are much to be preferred. 
A. 
CATALOGUES, ETC. 
J. Churchman, Burlington, N. J. Circular 
of the new raspberry, the “Superb.” 
Geo. S. Jossklyn, Fredonia, N. Y. A Col¬ 
ored plate of “ Fay’s New Prolific Red Cur¬ 
rant,” life size. 
H. E. Hooker. Rochester, N. Y. Whole¬ 
sale price list of fruit and ornamental trees, 
grape-vines, roses aud clematis. 
Gould Brothers, Rochester, N. Y. Whole¬ 
sale catalogue or trade list of the Monroe Co. 
Nurseries, 
Transactions of the Massachusetts Horti¬ 
cultural Society for 1880. Part II, Robert 
Manning, Sec’y., Salem, Mass. 
Catalogue of Jardine Herd of Ayrs- 
hires— Vine Vale Farm, Hamilton P. O., Can¬ 
ada. 
T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia. N. Y. Whole¬ 
sale price-list of grape-vines, small fruits for 
the Autumn of ’81. The noted Prentiss Grape 
a specialty. 
James M. Thorburn & Co., 15 John St., 
New York. Descriptive Catalogue of Bulbs 
and other flowering roots—with simple and 
full directions for their culture and manage¬ 
ment. Sent to applicants without charge. 
William Rennie, Toronto, Out., Canada, 
Circular of seed wheat. 
We have received from the Kansas State 
Board of Agriculture its Second Biennial Re¬ 
port for 1879-80. lti.su volume of 640pages; 
is full of agricultural information, anil re¬ 
flects much credit upon its compilers. The 
first 108 pages are devoted to colored outline 
maps showing the railroads, water-courses, 
post offices aud school houses in each county, 
and at the eml is a map of the State. A sta¬ 
tistical table, or summary by counties, show¬ 
ing number of acres, product iu aud value of 
the several crops for 1879, occupies pages 109to 
220, “ Kansas Topography, her timber, coal 
and building stone resources,” “ Taxable pro- 
