THE BUBAL HEW- 
OCT. 
obtainable, except when the same grasses and 
clovers are preserved in silo. 
GRAIN A SUBSTITUTE FOR PASTURE. 
But when the farmer has not cut these early 
crops of clover and meadow glasses, and has 
only common hay, then it is profitable for 
him to use grain in some form to feed with 
common hay as a substitute for pasture. The 
farmers of our Eastern and Middle States are 
quite accustomed to regard grain as a compar¬ 
atively expensive food; but this is a misappre¬ 
hension of the facts. Hay throughout the 
Eastern States will at present averiure about 
$30 per ton, and is not much less in any of the 
Middle States. Let us, therefore, make a com¬ 
parison between hay and grain, including by¬ 
products of grain and manufactures of oil¬ 
bearing seeds. The painstaking Germans have 
endeavored to find the feeding value of differ¬ 
ent grains and forage plants from actual feed¬ 
ing trials assisted by chemical analyses. They 
have taken meadow liny as the standard of 
value and compared these other foods with 
it. The foltewing table will show the di¬ 
gestible constituents of hay, grain and by¬ 
products used as cattle food, and also the 
value of each compared w ith hay T . This table 
w.ll be convenient for reference for the reader 
who wishes to know the comparative prices 
he can afford to pay for different foods:— 
several tons of hay in the barn, which may 
be carried to the field in a large box as wanted. 
This cut hay, put into the troughs, may be 
mixed with grain or ground feed. If mid¬ 
dlings or any fine feed is used, it may be 
mixed «ith the cut hay in the bam and car¬ 
ried to the field ready mixed; or the hay may 
be placed in the trough and the ground feed 
or grain spread on top in due proportion and 
mixed in slightly. Long hay may be used in 
the same way. The cattle will then, necessar¬ 
ily, eat the hay and grain together—a matter 
duce from 30 to 25 cents’ worth of butter per 
day; besides, it assists to put her in good con¬ 
dition for wintering. In feeding for milk, vari¬ 
ety of food should always be considered. I 
will give suggestions for Winter feeding of 
stock in another article. 
received from Chas. A. Green, May 9th. Both 
have made a sturdy growth, the canes of the 
former being purple; those of the latter green. 
Mr. Green says that he is propagating the 
largest raspberry in the world—Shaffer’s Co¬ 
lossal. The canes are colossal also, other va¬ 
rieties appearing like dwarfs in comparison. 
It throws out strong branching roots like a 
sapling. He challenges the world to show- a 
raspberry averaging so largo. We presume 
that Shaffer and Shaffer’s Colossal are the 
same. 
From a personal correspondence between 
two noted swine breeders we copy the follow¬ 
ing: “Iua recent agricultural journal the in¬ 
quiry is made as to the relation of dished faces 
and heavy jowls to well marbled meat in Berk- 
shires. My impression is that heavy jowls in¬ 
dicate a isposition to lay on fat apart from 
the lean meat. Am I right; 1 ' He is answered 
as follows: “Ithn.k you are right in regard 
to heavy jowls, Those Beekshires with thin¬ 
ner jowls make the best hams, shoulders and 
bacon—lean, tender, juicy meats mostly—very 
little fat. Henvy-jowled swine make fatter 
pork, etc. I list'd to breed the lighter jowls in 
preference to the heavy, and from them have 
had hams weighing 20 pounds or more, very 
sweet, tender, and juicy with a rim of fat 
round them not over half an inch thick. Such 
are the most profitable for consumers, and 
they aie most readily sold in market at an 
extra price. % . 
The Rural has received many favorable 
reports of the Washington Oats atul many un¬ 
favorable ones. They seem to have smutted 
more than other kinds. Summing up the evi¬ 
dence of these reports and adding our own, 
we should say that the Washington Oats are 
■no very decided improvement upon old, well- 
tried kinds. 
Owing to the drought our potato tests are 
not worth reporting—those, we mean, madeat 
the Rural Farm. Those at the Rural Grounds 
(New Jersey) were satisfactory and will be re¬ 
ported in due time. Six kinds of new seed¬ 
lings from Mr. E. S. Brownell; four from Mr. 
Frank Searle; several from B. K. Bliss & Sons, 
fifteen or twenty single potatoes from various 
subscribers were all cut to single eyes, carefully 
planted and staked. But the results need not 
be reported. 
We may now report more definitely as to 
the “ Cuban Queen ” Watermelon extensively 
advertised and sold by W. Atlee Burpee & 
Co., of Philadelphia. We planted two hills 
April 39, using one shovelful of muck, wood- 
ashes and hen manure mixed together. The 
first and largest melon ripened Sept. 6, and 
measured 20 inches in length, 11 inches in 
thickness, and weighed, as wo have stated, 2~}£ 
pounds. The flesh is a bright red in color, 
sugary, tender and excellent, extending to 
within three-quarters of an inch of the skin. 
The skin is irregularly and broadly streaked 
with whitish and dark green similar to the 
citron watermelon. The seeds are a dark 
brown. Each vine bore three melons varying 
greatly in size and shape, some being as round 
as an apple. But all were sweet and “thin- 
skinned,” as is said when the colored or edible 
flesh extends to within an inch of the rind.... 
The immense benefits gained by humanity 
at large from the improvements of all sorts in 
modern agriculture, are due chiefly to two 
grand sources. One, the establishment of free¬ 
dom and equal rights on this brood continent 
of unoccupied soil, which has attracted people 
from ull nations and provinces, who, by their 
intercourse and observation of each others’ 
ways and procedures, have gradually rubbed 
off the blinding superstitious and false preju¬ 
dices which had fettered ull more or less. This 
has opened the way to belief in the possibili¬ 
ties of better ways than those trodden of old. 
The other is the modern press and Post Of¬ 
fice which not only enlarge the village inter¬ 
change of opinions and experience to the limits 
of the nation, hut take into weekly considera¬ 
tion the discoveries, and new sources of ad¬ 
vantage developed in any and every civilized 
country of the whole wide world..... 
Some topics will for a time take the lead in 
arresting attention and exciting discussion in 
this universal arena of agricultural inquiry. 
Some, again, of extreme importance, will seem 
to be for a time neglected. Such is, perhaps, 
the great interest of sheep husbandry. It is 
easy to prove, in presence of a thriving flock 
of sheep that there is no sort of stock so profit¬ 
able upon a farm. But in spite of extreme 
hardiness, there am many flocks that do not 
thrive but the reverse. One of our English 
exchanges, “The Live Stock Journal,” com¬ 
mends Mr. A. M. Garland’s remarks at a re¬ 
cent convention of sheep breeders at Philadel¬ 
phia, as touching u point vital to this interest. 
He said: “ Many errors creep in to prin t th rough 
theuttempt of empirics to supply the demand 
coming from every section of the country for 
practical information relating to sheep hus¬ 
bandry. The ill effects of these can often be 
traced in fields whence better results would 
have ensued if those best qualified to teach had 
done what they might have done in that direc- 
ancoviB 
There is no better time than the present 
for planting blackberries, raspberries and cur¬ 
rants. Cut the first two back nearly to the 
roots, leaving only two or three inches of 
stem; set them in mellow soil; pack the earth 
firmly over the roots and cover with fitter or 
straw as soon as freezing weather arrives. 
All straight steins of the currant plants of this 
year’s growth may be left. Grape-vines may 
also be planted now. Unless the ground is 
rich and in every way suitable, trenches 
should be dug not less t,hau five feet either 
way by two in depth. Fill in with sandy loam 
and manure of any kind. Then set the vine 
firmly, having spread out all of 
the roots, and cover with hay 
or straw after cold weather 
\ hns fairly set in—not before. It 
is always better to provide stakes 
or trellises before the vines are 
planted. We would also remind 
our readers that if they intend to 
make new plantations of small 
fruits of any land in the Spring, 
there is no better time than now 
to prepare the plots. The days 
are pleasant; work is a pleasure, 
\ and farm work is no longer press¬ 
ing. 
y A few weeks ago, one of Dr. J. 
B. Lawe-s’s articles, written for 
this journal, appeared in the Maas. 
Ploughman without credit. We 
alluded to the oversight in a letter 
to the editor, whereupon the 
Ploughman publishes the follow¬ 
ing explanation: 
1ST The very valuable article written by Dr. J. P. 
Lawes, which appeared in the Ploughman of Sept. H 
should have been credited to the Rural New-Yorickh 
whore It originally appeared. The article was copied 
into the Ploughman from one of our exchanges where 
it did not appear as original, accordingly due credit 
could not be given. 
In the course of every year, we see many 
Rural articles appropriated by other journals; 
and always with regret, not alone because 
we lit.vc been defrauded of what belonged to 
us just as much its the very name of our jour¬ 
nal; but because ostensibly respectable papers 
setting themselves up as moral teachers and 
condemning right freely the shortcomings of 
others, should themselves lie guilty of this 
lowest species of pilfering. 
Oversights do occur among the most 
conscientious journals, as in the case of our 
respected contemporary the Mass. Ploughman; 
for the managing editor cannot always give 
personal attention to every department. But 
he is always ready to make a correction or 
to give due credit as soon as he ascertains to 
whom it belongs...... 
Four or five years ago, as we remember, 
we raised half a dozen plants from seed of the 
Eucalyptus globulus which was then first 
talked of as the great Australian Fever Gum 
Digestible Z go 
nutrients. £ «2 
Meadow hay medium ... 
Red clover hay “ 
Alfalfa “ “ 
Swedish clover. 
Timothy hay. 
Upland grasses, average 
Indian corn. 
Oats. 
Barley. 
Rye.. 
Millet. 
Buckwheat. 
Peas. 
Flax seed. .. .. 
Cotton seed. 
Wheat bran. 
Wheat middlings. 
Rye bran . 
Buckwheat bran. 
Pea-meal bran. 
Millet brau. 
Barley brau. 
Corn bran..... 
Corn .starch meat. 
Brewers' grains. 
THE SEW MARSHALL REAR.— FROM LIFE.—SEE FACE 6IIS. 
FIG. 491. 
of a good deal of importance in the digestion 
of corn especially. 
Among many other rations the following 
may be fed. "For one to two-year-olds: 2 lbs. 
middlings,, 2 lbs. new-process linseed meal, 4 
lbs. hay; or 3 lbs. of oats and 2 lbs. of corn; 2 
lbs. of decorticated cotton-seed meal, 2 lbs. of 
wheat bran; or 2 lbs. of wheat middlings and 
2 lbs. of malt sprouts soaked for a few hours 
—the hay being used with each ration. 
For cattle of 1,200 lbs.: 3 lbs. of com or 
corn-mcal, 4 lbs. of linseed cuke, or now-pro¬ 
cess meal, or cotton seed men), with 4 IIis. of 
hay'. If the cattle are to be sold for beef early 
then double or treble the arm tint of corn oY 
com meal; or, probably the best ration in Full 
on poor pasture, for cattle of this weight 
would lie, 3 lbs. middlings, 3 lbs. corn or meal, 
4 lbs. new-process linseed meal and 4 lbs, bay. 
This is not a heating ration, blit well adapted 
to lay on flesh or fat, and the variety would 
make it palatable—a matter of importance in 
fattening. The feeder can combine a large 
number of rations from the above table, 
choosing those most easily and cheaply ob¬ 
tainable. 
MILK RATION ON POOR PASTURE. 
With the dairymen this extra feeding must 
not l»e delayed' on such sun and dronght- 
biirned pastures. No profitable milk produc¬ 
tion is possible without full rations. And 
the dairyman is in a situation, with butter at 
35 cents'a pound, to look with complacency 
upon this extra feeding, for the milch cow re- 
Malt sprouts.Y 
Linseeil cake. 2 
Linseed meal (extracted).2 
Cotton seed meaUdecortlcated. is 
Cotton seed me<U(undecortlcated i 
The above table is based upon 100 pounds' 
weight of each article. Meadow hay means 
the miscellaneous grasses grown in old mead¬ 
ows, and this represents the unit of value, 1; 
and when the other articles of food have a 
higher value, the figures show the fraction 
above, or if less, below; as, for instance, Swed¬ 
ish or Alsike clover is 1.19: corn, 1.72; that is, 
coni is worth 73-100 more than good common 
hay. Thus, if 100 lbs. of bay are worth $1, then 
100 lbs of coin are worth $1.73, or 97 cents per 
bushel; wheat middlings worth $1.56,and oats 
$1.53 per 100 lbs., or 49 cents per bushel. 
Peas would be worth $2.25 per 100 lbs. or $1.35 
per bushel; barley, 70 cents per liusbel; rye, 
94 cents; buckwheat, 51 cents; flax-seed, $2.15 
per bushel. This comparison will show that 
grain of the various kinds is not dearer 
than hay at the market prices, except, per¬ 
haps, barley, which, on account of its large 
use for malt, bears an exceptionally high 
price. As compared with hay at $20 per ton, 
corn, oats, rye and peas are usually cheaper 
than hay. 
REFUSE OR BY-PRODUCTS. 
But we shall find the most economical sub¬ 
stitute for pasture in wheat middlings, bran, 
malt sprouts, linseed meal and cotton-seed 
meal. Let us figure these with hay at $15 per 
tou or 75 cents per 1U0 lbs.; then middlings 
and the different kinds of bran would be as 
cheap at $23.4U per ton or $1.17 per 100 lbs.; 
liuseed meal (extracted or new-process) would 
be as cheap at $1.93 per 100 IDs.; decorticated 
cotton-seed meal ut $3.70 per 100 lbs.; malt 
sprouts at $1.66. Now all of these can be 
bought, where on sale, at less than these fig¬ 
ures, except middlings, and some of them for 
30 to 40 per cent. less. We thus see that the 
prevalent opinion that grain is a more expen¬ 
sive food than hay, is quite erroneous. An¬ 
other important advantage hi favor of grain 
is that it is easily combined with all kinds of 
coarse fodder, so as to make it a well-bal¬ 
anced ration. This enables the farmer to feed 
everything profitably. Let us now examine 
the 
RATION FOR CATTLE ON PASTDRE. 
The object is to give all animals full rations 
for gi'owtb, fattening or milk. As we have 
seen, the farmer cannot afford to let his ani¬ 
mals go with scanty, uunourishing rations, 
and the question is—What ration is the cheap¬ 
est to fully make up for the short pasture? 
Theta*4e I have given above will offer a 
large number of foods to select from. And, 
first, if a stable is near to the pasture, then it 
is better to feed in the stable; if not, long 
troughs may be used in the pasture for young 
and fattening cattle. The farmer who is pro¬ 
vided with a cutter to run by power, may cut 
see page 710.— fig. 493. 
Tree. One plant—about five feet high—was 
exposed to frost of.three or four degrees and 
the consequence was that it died. Still the 
tree is commended as one not only suited to 
the Southern and Middle, but for the Northern 
States...,... 
Mu. A. M. Purdy writes to us that he has 
grown the Naomi Raspberry for 13 to 14 years 
and that be knows it and “ Lost Rubies ” to 
be one and the same. We have always bad 
the Naomi, but Lobt Rubies has not yet fruited, 
so that there has been no opportunity of com¬ 
paring them together. 
Lost Rubies and Shaffer Raspberries were 
pulverizing harrow.- 
pays him every night with good interest for 
all his extra rations. 
It is important to provide for the health and 
strength of a cow as well as the production of 
milk. Professor Horsfall, of England, always 
combined 2 ibs. of bean meal with the ration 
for his cows, on account of its richness in 
muscle-forming ami bone-renewing elenieuts. 
We have a substitute for lhis in new-process 
linseed meal, and it costs less to us than bean 
meal does to the English fanner. The following 
ration for dairy cows will Lie in every way sat¬ 
isfactory: 2 lbs. new-process linseed meal; 2 
lbs. wheat middlings; 3 lbs. corn-meal and 4 
to 6 lbs. of hay to be eaten with it. This will 
cost 10 cents besides the hay per day ; whilst 
any respectable cow with this ration, will pro- 
