DEC. 3 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
possible the sills should rest on a brick or 
stone foundation, and should incline towards 
a drain to secure dryness. The floor should be 
of cement, aud upon this, when the ice is to be 
stored, poles, covered with straw, should be 
laid, so that all the water from melting ice 
may be carried away. For packing between 
the inner aud outer walls, straw, saw-dust, 
chaff or shavings may be used. If the ice¬ 
house is to bo of very large dimensions, it is 
much more convenient to have, say, three 
doors, one above the other. As to proper ven¬ 
tilation, various modes will suggest themselves 
to the builder, such as small ventilators upon 
the ridge of the roof, holes bored in the peaks, 
etc., etc., but ventilation in some way is 
necessary. j. w. d. 
Rotten Bagasse for Manure. 
I am trying well-rotted bagasse this year as 
a manure. A neighbor who had run a sor¬ 
ghum mill for several years had al¬ 
lowed the bagasse to accumulate until the 
rotting mass had spoilt his well of water 
near-by. He gave it all to me on con¬ 
dition that I would haul it away, as he did not 
believe it would pay to haul it out. I at once 
determined to test it, and hauled and spread a 
heavy dressing over my potato patch, which I 
intended to plant with potatoes again next 
yoar. On a part of this I shall apply no ma¬ 
nure; on a part fresh stable manure, and on 
the balance nothing but bagasse, turning it all 
over this Fall and letting it lie until Spring. 
One thing I mu satisfied of, and that is, that 
the bagasse is splendid for mulching, in haul¬ 
ing it in August, when the weather was hot¬ 
test and when we had an extreme drought, 1 
accidentally threw a pile near a citron vine 
that had nearly perished from the heat and 
dry weather and in a very short time it com¬ 
menced growing, and although all the rest 
of the vines yielded nothing, this kept on 
growing and gave us- a dozen line citrons, and 
was full of blossoms when the heavy frost of 
November 3rd killed it. n. j. s. 
Miller Co., Mo. 
eljc St^iariatr. 
FACTS ABOUT BEES AND HONEY. 
There are a few facts about bees and honey 
that ought to bo generally Utiown, and yet 
about which many people are ignorant. One 
fact is that bees inside of a building seldom 
sting. Among other apiarian implements and 
products that 1 once exhibited at our county 
fair, was a honey extractor. There were a few 
colonies of bees kept within a short distance 
of the fair grounds, and a few of the bees 
were not long hi discovering tbat my extractor 
was not perfectly clean, that is, it was slightly 
“sticky” inside with honey, and soon a score 
or more of them were doing their very best 
in starting a “land office business.” Every 
time a boe left the extractor there would be a 
dozeu “Oh mys 1” and a general stampede 
among the inspecting crowd ; some of them, 
perhaps, getting their toes trodden upon, and 
others uncomfortably jostled. Whenever a 
man stood his ground ami did not “dodge," I 
knew in a moment that he was a bee-keeper. 
There was not the least danger of any one’s 
getting stung, but to prevent so much unnec¬ 
essary alarm aud annoyance I gave the ex¬ 
tractor a thorough washing, and theu there 
were fewer bees. 
When a person is stung, the sting should be 
removed as quickly as possible; not, however, 
by taking hold of it and pulling it out, for, 
by so doing the poison sack is compressed 
and more poison is thus forced into the wound; 
but it should be scraped out, either with the 
finger nail or some instrument having a some¬ 
what sharp edge. I have yet to find a better 
remedy for beestings than alcohol; it should 
be freely applied immediately after removing 
the sting. 
“Let’s see—the drones are the ones that 
lay the eggs, are they not ?” I could not be¬ 
gin to tell how many times the above question 
has been put to me by persons who were not 
bee-keepers. First, 1 suppress a smile, and 
then say: “Oh no, they' are the male bees; 
it is the queen that lays the eggs. She is the 
only perfectly developed female in a colony of 
bees, while the workers are undeveloped fe¬ 
males.” 
But if there is any one subject pertaining 
to bees and honey upon which the masses in 
general are ignorant, and upon which we bee¬ 
keepers have talked and written a great deal 
and upon which we shall probably have to 
talk and write a great deal more before it is 
fully understood, it is that of the difference 
between strained honey' and extracted honey. 
I have no idea how many people at the fair 
asked me if my extractor was a patent churn. 
When honey is strained, the combs, with 
whatever they may contain, are mashed up, 
and the contents allowed to drain out. As 
the combs contain bee-bread or pollen, and 
brood, and sometimes dead and living bees 
and other rubbish get mixed in, the honey 
that drips, yes, and sometimes is squeezed 
from them, is, to say the least, pretty highly 
flavored. No wonder tiiat it makes some folks 
sick when they eat it. In throwing honey 
from the combs with a honey extractor, 
nothing leaves the combs besides the pure 
liquid honey. As honey-comb is indigestible, 
extracted honey is more healthful than comb 
honey; and many who could not eat comb 
honey, because of the bad effects that followed, 
have found, upon trial, that they could eat 
extracted honey with impunity. 
Every one should kuow that nearly all 
liquid honey will candy or crystallize upon the 
approach of cool weather ; and that it can be 
again reduced to a liquid state by the appli¬ 
cation of a gentle heat, Let no one ever think 
that honey is adulterated or made from sugar 
because it is candied, as there is, perhaps, no 
better proof of its purity than this same crys¬ 
tallization. W. Z. Hutchinson. 
Genesee Co., Mich. 
HENRY- STEWART. 
Treatment of Diseases of the Udder. 
An attack of garget requires instant treat¬ 
ment; neglect may cause serious results, 
while immediate care may soon overcome the 
trouble. The treatment varies somewhat ac¬ 
cording to the peculiar character of the at¬ 
tack; and this differs greatly as the causes 
differ. The causes of garget, in which may be 
included all the forms of the disease, are con¬ 
stitutional tendency to inflammatory disease; 
overfeeding with stimulating food, such as 
cotton-seed meal, which readily provokes it; 
inflammation resulting from cold, us exposure 
to cold rains soon after calving, or by lying 
upon damp, cold ground; excessive muscular 
strain as by chasing around when the udler is 
filled; retention of milk, either purposely 
done by the owner, or by the cow withhold¬ 
ing the milk; and lastly by a sort of reflex ac¬ 
tion upon the milk glands produced by a 
generally diseased condition of the cow which 
disturbs the circulation aud forces it exces¬ 
sively in this direction, or which produces a 
diseased and irritant condition of the blood. 
It is readily seen that each of these con¬ 
ditions may call for a different treatment, and 
that it would not be dilllcuit for the owner of 
a cow to do mischief by udopting the advice 
of a neighbor or friend, who might have at 
one time, procured reliof in a case having an 
entirely different origin, by the use of some 
particular treatment or remedial agent. In 
some cases it is very clear that medicine 
might lie required; such as for instance, when 
the trouble is caused by some disease of the 
blood when this is removed the secondary 
effects may disappear. In some cases mechani¬ 
cal treatment only may be needed, as when 
the vessels axul ducts have become engorged 
aud the milk has clotted iu them, aud an 
alkaline injection would dissolve the solid 
caseous matter and enable it to be drawn 
away. Iu some cases both this treatment and 
medicine would bo needed, as when the blood 
is in an acid condition during a feverish state 
of the system aud alkaline salts may be given 
internally and injected into the udder as well. 
Sometimes soothing outward applications 
may be requisite as when muscular strains or 
accidental blows have caused the trouble; and 
at other times when suppuration is probable 
some absorbent agent, such as iodine, may be 
applied and au antiseptic medicine given in¬ 
ternally. in this case warm fomentations 
would be useful aud it may even be advisable 
to apply hot poultices aud tp support the ud¬ 
der by a broad bandage carried under it and 
over the loins. When it is necessary to draw 
the milk from a disordered udder, a silver 
milkiug tube may be used, which is inserted 
in the teat and through which the milk flows 
by its own gravity. This would overcome 
any obstinate interference by the cow with 
the flow of milk, aud bring u down in spite of 
her objections. When the milk is too ropy 
and clotted to be drawn in this way, an injec¬ 
tion of one toaspoonful of carbonate of soda 
(common baking soda) or saleratus dissolved in 
a pint or half a pint of warm water may be 
injected into the udder through the teats. 
This will dissolve the thickened milk and en¬ 
able it to bo drawn cither by the milkiug tube 
or by the bauds or lingers. These methods 
will be applicable whenever the udder re¬ 
quires to be relieved of its contents, unduly 
retained from whatever cause. 
When the cow is in a fevered condition, or 
the udder is greatly inflamed, tender and hot, 
a cooling saline medicine will tie useful; this 
may be a pound of Epsom or Glauber suits, 
and if the fever is very considerable one ounce 
of saltjteter may be added. A saline diuretic, 
such as saltpeter, will always relieve an in¬ 
flamed udder, as it increases the action of the 
kidneys and so reduces the activity!of the 
milk-secreting glands. 
W hen the udder is in a suppurative condi¬ 
tion and the matter drawn from the teats is 
mixed with pus, hyposulphite of soda will be 
beneficial; this is an effective antiseptic and 
prevents danger from the absorption of pus 
into the blood. This salt is given in one-ounce 
doses daily and should be continued until all 
danger is removed. A mixture of four ounces 
of glycerine, with one dram of iodide of 
potassium, dissolved iu as little water as is 
necessary to make the solution, will be useful 
to disperse a threatened abscess, or to soften 
the udder when it is very hard from au obstin¬ 
ately congested condition. The iodine is an 
active absorbent and ha< been used in such 
cases with the best effect. W hen a portion of 
the udder becomes tumefied, fomentations of 
hot water, or a hot poultice of linseed meal 
applied to the part by means of a broad band¬ 
age covering tlxq udder aud brought up uver 
the back and securely fastened there aud be¬ 
hind the buttocks will be a lvisabie. Tnese 
remedies are only suggested for the use of the 
owners of suclr cows as may be affected with 
garget. It is impossible to mention particular¬ 
ly the right treatment for every special case. 
Ordinary judgment and reason must be used 
to meet each particular case when treatment 
is found necessary. 
In general it is easy to avoid the trouble 
by forethought and preventive precautions. 
These will do more good then a great quantify 
of remedies. To w atch the cow, to use the 
best system of management, to be ahead of 
any difficulty, and should it come to be prompt 
to treat it, will usually be sidiicient to avoid 
most of the troubles which afflict the careless, 
thoughtless, reckless and procrastinating 
dairyman. 
Salt Marsh Grass for Dairy Cows. 
I have seen it stated that this is not good 
food for daily cows. Of course, it is not 
equal to upland grass, but if the cows are fed 
a quart or two of oil or cotton seed meal jier 
day, or a few quarts of wheat bran or shorts, it 
answers very well, and so also does fresh 
marsh grass. 1 know herds of Jersey cows 
that are pastured alone on such grasses all 
Summer, aud they do well on them. Com¬ 
mon cows will thrive in the same way. I cut 
such grass for hay, and during Winter my 
cow's have no other fodder except a Binall 
quantity of corn-stalks per day. In addition 
to thus, I give them a moderate ration of 
Indian meal and wheat bran, mixed half and 
half, also a pint each night of oil meal or cot¬ 
ton-seed meal. Be careful and get them 
pure, for dealers now' adulterate them badly 
with plnster-of-Paris, or some other cheap, in¬ 
jurious stuff. If roots are on hand, they will 
answer very well instead of the meals and 
bran above. Sugar beets, parsnips and car¬ 
rots are best, though maugel-wurzels do 
pretty well. Turnips give a bud taste to the 
milk. Fed as above, my cows average live to 
six pounds of first-rate butter per w'eek per 
head. C. 
1)01*5 cman. 
EASTERN MARKETS FOR WESTERN 
HORSES. No. 2. 
L. S. HARDIN. 
I have gone somewhat over the ground of 
Eastern horse-breeding and pointed out 
wherein it does not keep pace with the market 
demand of the Eastern cities. There seems to 
be no doubt that the chief evil lies in the de¬ 
sire of farmers to raise small, fast horses in¬ 
stead of large draft horses. It is a question 
whether you will raise a horse to sell to a 
street-car company at #100 or one to sell to an 
express company or a merchunt at #200 or 
§300. It needs but a short experience to prove 
to any man of average intelligence that the 
profit in raising fast horses depends far mote 
upon chance than it docs upon superlative 
judgment. It would therefore as a business 
be classed by insurance men as 1 ‘ extra-hazard¬ 
ous.” I do not consider it a fair field for hard 
work and honest rewards. 
When we come to the question of raising 
draft horses ns a business we have altogether 
another matter to deal with. Hero undoubt¬ 
edly honest and intelligent work will meet 
with an appropriate and satisfactory reward. 
Iu order to tell how best to accomplish that 
end, we must first study well the market de¬ 
mands, and then the easiest and most profitable 
methods of supplying those demands. In re¬ 
lation to the market, I have studied the New 
York market particularly, and presume it to 
be a fair sample of what the demands are for 
draft and carriage horses in all the large cities 
of the East. Prices may vary somew hat os the 
city lies contiguous to, or far away from, the 
grazing sections of the country where horses 
are bred in the greatest numbers. The horses 
that I consider the most profitable to raise 
may be classified in accordance with the pur- 
pose> to which they are put. They are car¬ 
nage, street-car and express, or heavy draft 
horses. The first class of horses, or such as 
are used in omnibuses, street-cars and hacks, 
are of various weights from 1200 pounds down 
to the ruut of u pony, and tell in the New 
York market ail the way from §130 down to a 
song, the price depending more upon sound¬ 
ness and style than on auy other feature. 
Thesehoisesa.ro mostly raised in New York 
and the contiguous (States and probably, as a 
rule, cost the larmer from §20 to §50 a head 
more to raise aud market than they sell for. 
The rulmg prices for this class of horses are 
from §100 to §110, the figure depending mostly 
upon the degree of soundness the horse pos¬ 
sesses. Horses are bringing on an average, 
§10 more than mares; for there is always dan¬ 
ger of mal es proving to be iu foal when pur¬ 
chased, aud a inure m foal is a source of great 
loss aud annoyance to city owners. They 
have no pastures to turn her on, and keeping 
dam aud tool in a city stable and on grain is 
almost too expensive a rueihod of colt raising. 
There is a hunted but high-priced demand 
for line carriage or park horses. The pi ices 
range from §ro0 all the way up to oue or 
moio thousand iluilars, depending more upon 
style, carnage aud color than speed or size, 
though the w eight must be upward of 1400 
pounds. To meet this demand the horse 
should carry a high head w ithout a check rain, 
aud the higher he lifts his front feet when 
trotting, the more money he will bring. W hy 
this style of horse is not specifically bred for, 
is a mystery in the history of horse breeding. 
1 have known as high as § 0,000 to be paid lor 
just such an animal. The market for this 
sty le of horse being limited, it might not pay 
for large numbers of breeders, but at present 
it looks like a most inviting field for special 
bleeding. 
1 now come to the most interesting branch of 
this subject; that is, furnishing the large cities 
of the country with first-class draft horses. 
To determine the best method for accomplish¬ 
ing this end, we should first find out what is 
wanted. I have interviewed several managers 
of the horse departments of largo firms that 
use heavy draft horses. The horse that seems 
iu most demand is heavy, chunky, pony-built, 
with rather short legs in proportion to his 
w eight, and to meet these requirements the 
half-bred Peroheron is most decidedly the fa¬ 
vorite. The Clydesdale seems a little too 
k’ggy to meet the general demand. On all 
the favorites that were pointed out to the 
writer, the inevitable long hairs on the fet¬ 
locks were to be seen, as also the short neck 
and rounded ham of the Perche horse. These 
horses rarely stand over sixteen hands high, 
though they weigh over 1000 pounds. The 
favorite colors were dark bay and brown, 
which is a point the breeder should never 
overlook. The prices paid for this class of 
horses range all the way from §500 to §800 
apiece. There has always been a lurking sus¬ 
picion abroad that the Percherous hud tender 
feet that w ould not stand our hard pavements. 
One of the managers with whom I talked had 
55 large, splendid draft horses under his 
charge, and I looked them carefully over with 
him. He said he had had trouble enough with 
the feet of pure-bred Pereherons, but the feet 
of half-breds were as sound as :hose of any 
other horses in his care. This statement was 
supported by my ow n close observation among 
his horses. Fully one-half of these 55 horses 
at work ilia wholesale grocery showed decided 
signs of Percheron blood. 
€i)f ijcrfemiitt. 
PURE-BRED DAIRY STOCK IN 
MISSISSIPPI. 
One day' lust week, occurred one of the 
most notuble indications of the great revolu¬ 
tion the industries of the Southwest are under" 
going. The event was the sale of thorough¬ 
bred acclimate! Jerseys, Short-horns, Gallo¬ 
ways, etc. Thfestock w as from the herds of A la- 
bama and Mississippi stock raisers. It marks a 
great epoch, as it is the first sale of acclimated 
thoroughbreds ever made in the Southwest. 
Its results surpassed (he most sanguine ex¬ 
pectations of the promoters of the scheme ; 
and prices were eminently satisfactory. I 
predict that Meridian will bo the great mait 
for the annual sale of thoroughbreds here¬ 
after; at least, it is in the power of the inter¬ 
ested parties to so make it. Thither w ill resort 
all the foremost men to buy their stock, from 
Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, 
Georgia and Florida. East Mississippi is cer¬ 
tainly the most prominent center for accli¬ 
mated thoroughbred Jerseys in the Southw est. 
This is said iu no spirit of derogation of Ala¬ 
bama or any other point. Certainly there are 
notable Jersey breeders in Alabama; and 
Mobile possesses as ambitious and discrimina- 
