doubt the same kind of pleuro-pneumonia af¬ 
fected the young calves from the East which 
have created such a rumpus in Illinois; that is, 
if any at all were really found sick, of which 
no sufficient evidence has yet been given. 
In the “Great West,” where everything is so 
lavishly supplied by nature, one is apt to scorn 
ideas of economy. It does not pay to stand 
there over trifles; one has not time to stoop 
to pick up a corn ear, for while he is stoop¬ 
ing a whole shock of com may be gathered 
in the arms and cast into the crib. This is 
the popular Western faith. But the Great 
West, that was, a few years ago, the “ Great 
West,” has come down to ideas of economy 
and feeds corn in troughs and fodder in racks, 
and no longer turns the steers into the fields 
to do the harvesting and husking for them¬ 
selves; while the present “Great West” is going 
through the old experience. 
Every one sympathizes with this lavish 
style of management. It is like the great, 
generous heart of the West, where tho latch 
string is always on the outside, and the un¬ 
bidden but always welcome stranger is never 
questioned as to whence he conies or whither 
he is going. But it is not business; and 
E. W. S., in his article on “ Winter Stock 
Feeding,” touches the very point when he 
writes (page 790) of the waste of out-door 
feeding and the cheapness of comfortable 
shelter. But stables are not required, nor 
need the wild, u .tamed Western steer be re¬ 
duced to the ignoble necessity of going under 
shelter of a roof. 
Some years ago, during the life of the Jate 
Mr. George Grant, I suggested to him to put 
up for the protection of his large herds and 
flocks in Western Kansas, some cheap and 
easily made, open shelters after the manner 
of the Scotch mountain graziers, in which 
the rough, hardy Highland cattle take com¬ 
fort in the worst of those fearful storms 
which sweep over their exposed pastures. 
These “stells,” as they are called, are mere 
circular or curved walls of rocks and turf, 
or even heather or brush interlaced among 
stakes driven into the ground, with the hol¬ 
low side turned from the direction of the 
storms. Protection for a thousand head of 
cattle may easily be put up at a cost of 25 
cents a head, or even less where the materi¬ 
als are so plentiful as on the great prairies; 
for nothing is better than sods turned up by 
a breaking plow. Even a quantity of corn¬ 
stalks packed in between a double row of 
stakes would serve the purpose exceedingly 
well. 
A story with a moral comes anent a bull 
taken out to water after dark by the light 
of a lantern. The hull attacked its attend¬ 
ant, broke the lantern and set fire to the 
barn which was consumed. There are, in¬ 
deed, several morals attached to this sad 
story. No bull should ever be let loose when 
a lantern is about. The glare makes the quiet¬ 
est auimal furious, and he will rush upon it, 
not seeing the person who is holding the 
jight. No person should be watering his 
stock by lamp-light. That argues careless¬ 
ness, neglect uud irregularity, and when one 
commits these sins, his sin always finds him 
out. _ 
Regularity in feeding and watering stock 
of all kiuds is indispensable to economy and 
success. Animals worry when tho time passes 
at which they should have been attended to. 
“At what hours do you feed i” I once asked a 
farmer who had a fine flock of fat sheep 
nearly ready for the market. “Five in the 
morning, ten, three in the afternoon and eight 
in the evening; and I have not missed a meal 
at these hours one day this Winter,” he re¬ 
plied. And his fine sheep showed that his 
attention had been well rewarded. 
Cross-breeds and grades are the butchers’ 
animals—necessarily so in one sense because 
pure breeding ani m als are too valuable for 
beef. But yet when one never secs or hears 
of a pure-bred steer, ox or heifer being fat¬ 
tened for beef, it tends to show that breeders 
are not careful enough in the selection of 
their breeding animals. There are always 
some beasts, even among the pure-bred ani¬ 
mals, that would do better service on the block 
than in the pens, and breeders ought to show 
what is the intrinsic value of their stock by 
exhibiting a fatted steer or hoifer now and 
then. A leading Western paper, reporting on 
the Chicago Fat Stock Show, remarked that 
Short-horn breeders had not made any ad¬ 
vance in the quulity of their stock since 1817, 
for the best Short-horns at the show traced 
back to the “ seventeens.” The statement is 
scarcely worthy of consideration, although 
some of the descendants of the “seventeens” 
may be hard to beat. But breeders of mod¬ 
ern strains should prevent these criticisms by 
showing what they have to offer, and the ex¬ 
cuse that their stock is too valuable is not jus¬ 
tified for the reason above stated. ~~~ 
Among sheep at Chicago it should be noted 
that some of the prize animals were Cotswold 
and Oxford Down, Cotswold and Shropshire, 
and Cotswold-Merino crosses. The last kind, 
which was recently illustrated and described 
in the Rural, is one of our best crosses, if not 
the best, for lambs and mutton, and wool also. 
It is one of the most convenient, too, and 
should become a popular sheep. 
Meril, of Deville, near Rouen. It was first 
observed in 1878, and again in 1880; on the 
latter occasion, by a mower who was cutting 
the grass, and who, having stopped under the 
tree, was surprised to see on it fruits so dis- 
' inet in form. 
The diverse fruits were found intermingled 
on the branches in the proportion of four or 
five apples of normal form to one of those re¬ 
calling a pear. The origin of this singular 
variety seems to be unknown. It is, how¬ 
ever, only the shape of the fruit which is 
affected, for its character and flavor are those 
of an apple, and do not resemble those of the 
W hat is the cost of a colt ? Mr. Hardin’s 
figures are excessive. Let us put the service 
at $50, for which a first-rate horse can be en¬ 
gaged. The first year, the colt can be well 
HETEROMORPHOUS APPLE.—AFTER THE REVUE HORTICOLE, 
kept for about $15 or $20, all expenses told. [pear. This seems to 
The second year the cost of a Summer’s run in r 0 f fertilization by a p 
a pasture will hardly be worth estimating, [would adopt; probabl; 
and the Winter’s feed may cost $30. The next | a natural seed, and h 
year the colt will earn its feed, and the fourth thus differing in fora 
year will do better, and in fact pay by its work hitherto overlooked, 
foi the fii st and second years feeding. If the borne these curious c 
owner gets then $150 or $200 for the colt he forty years old 
has done much better than any dairyman can ~ _ 
do with a cow, although it may be a high-bred 
Jersey with a long pedigree. ? -X* 
The most profitable horses that are raised 
are those used in the cities and towns for 
light hauling and for street cars, and in the 
country' for general work and for the road. 
These will sell readily when four years old for 
$150 to $250 or $300. A large number of them 
are raised in Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, 
Indiana, Michigan and Canada, and I aver 
that they make more money for the farmers 
who breed them than any cow in the world 
would do. And they have paid for every dol¬ 
lar of their cost by their work before the deal¬ 
er picks them up. These are the progeny, too, 
of cross-bred stallions, for whose service only 
$10 or $20 are paid, the former price being 
most usual. 
NOTES FROM THE ATLANTA COTTON 
EXHIBTION. 
[Rtau. 1 . Special Report.) 
Every department of the cotton industry' is 
fully shown at t his exposition and none attracts 
more attention thun that of the spool cotton 
manufacturers. The Willimantic, O. N. T,, 
and Coates Companies have gone to great 
expense in showing up their different methods 
for making the fine, linen-finish cottons— 
bleached, unbleached and in all colors, show¬ 
ing up, in fact, in the main building every 
thing except the dy'eing processes. The rapid¬ 
ity with which the cotton is taken from the 
field aud put through the several processes is 
fully and thoroughly illustrated. The Willi- 
mantic Company has the largest and finest 
exhibit of cottons and machinery on the 
grounds. Here we see the Sea Island, or long- 
staple cotton, which is the only' material used 
iu their goods, first placed on the knife cot¬ 
ton gin which grasps the fiber, draws it easily 
until the seeds reach the edge of a polished 
pressure bar, where a light blow knocks off 
the seed, thereby not breaking or straining 
the fiber. Then the cotton goes to the picker, 
where after being weighed and distributed 
upon the feeding apron of the picker to a 
certain uniform depth to make the required 
weight, it is rapidly wound into laps which 
resemble a huge roll of batting. Now the 
cotton is ready for the cards. Those used by 
this company are the lurgest size of uny in 
this country, are of great capacity and con¬ 
tain the latest improvements. From the cards 
the cotton is delivered to the ** railway,” and 
fromthisit passes to the “railway head,” where 
the band'of cotton is reduced in size to the form 
known as the railway' drawing. Next it goes 
to the comber doubler where several of these 
drawings are combined together and brought 
out in the shape of a lap known as the comber 
lap. Then it is fed into the comber, and though 
the cotton at this point looks at its best, about 
25 per cent of it is taken out as waste, leaving 
the remainder drawn out in lung, fine, strong 
and perfectly' clean fiber. All the short 
fiber is eliminated as waste and goes off to 
be sold as clean short-staple cotton. Next 
the prepared cotton goes to the first draw 
ing frame where the comber strands are drawn 
eight into one and this finishes whut is called 
the first drawing. 
At the second drawing frame, which comes 
next, the fiber is still further drawn, eight 
strands into one, each drawing lengthening 
the strand about in that proportion and con. 
densing the fiber. Then it goes, two strands 
into one, to what is known as the slubbing 
frame where it receives its first twist, is still 
further lengthened, and is wound on a bob- 
Purk blood is very good and excellent, in 
fact, and its use is to be encouraged. But the 
stream is too small to be tapped at every 
farm, and although I may be committing a 
grand heresy in saying it, I declare that the 
fanner cannot afford to have much to do with 
it on account of its cost. A few may who 
have means to turn the expenditure to good 
account. 
There are exceptions—with sheep, for in¬ 
stance, and with pigs—because this class of 
stock comes to profit so quickly. A pure-bred 
Hampshire Down ram, in a flock of 50 ewes, 
will return a cost of $50 iu a year, and for 
several years after that will return the same 
amount from the lambs only'. The same with 
a pure Merino ram on a flock of light “lantern- 
skinned” Western ewes; aud the same with a 
Berkshire or Polaud-China boar. 
attorns 
So, too, it has paid handsomely to improve 
the Texan, Cherokee and Colorado cattle by 
the use of Short-horn and Hereford bulls; but 
it should be observed that it is not the fancy 
stock, high-priced bulls, that are used in these 
herds. Some drops, or “ dashes,” of the best 
blood may flow in the bulls used, but it is the 
working, every-day herds that supply the 
stock which does the improvement. 
Mr. J. J. Thomas decides that l.ost Rubies, 
though about the size of Franconia, is unlike 
it in character. Franconia and Naomi are 
generally thought to be the same, so that Mr 
Thomas's decision is that Lost Rubies and 
Naonu are different varieties, Mr. Purdy, we 
believe, does not deem Franconia and Naomi 
identical, however: so that he may still insist 
upon the identity of Lost Rubies aud Naomi.. 
Last Winter a writer in the London Agri¬ 
cultural Gazette had 25 lambs out of 140 taken 
with what shepherds call the white scour 
which is very' fatal. What comes from the 
lamb Ls about tho color of soapsuds, and of 
about tho same consistency. He gave each one 
a tablespoonfui of dry coinmou table salt. The 
next morning all but one were dry; to that 
one he gave a second dose, and it recovered. 
He did not lose one. He has used dry salt 
with calves in scour with the same success. 
We can hardly say that we have got down 
to that point yet in some other branches of 
breeding stock for profit. 
01110 L0f 
TWO FORMS OF APPLE UPON THE 
SAME TREE. 
In the Revue Horticole we find an account 
of a beteromorphous apple-tree, with an illus¬ 
tration which we huve thought worthy of 
having re-engraved for our columns. The 
tree grows in an orchard belonging to M. 
