divideB cows into eight classes, and again, each 
of these classes into eight orders. Each class 
also has three different sizes—the high, the low, 
and the medium. Then again, each class has 
what he denominates &b “ bastards ”—that is to 
say, cows which, although hearing a perfect re¬ 
semblance to the others, do, nevertheless, differ 
from them in their yield. 
If we accept Guenon’s statement, that it is 
necessary to observe all the details in this clas¬ 
sification, otherwise thero is great liability to 
error, then it is evident wo shall find only a few 
experts who are capable, from long and varied 
experience, to fill the place as judges; and we 
are assuming here, for the sake of argument, 
that Guenon’s system is a perfect test for se¬ 
lecting milch cows, independent of all other 
considerations. 
Largo milkers require, of course, a large 
amount of blood to be conveyed through the 
mamma? for the secretion of milk, and we find, 
therefore, that the arteries going to the udder 
are both large and numerous, ami the branches 
of each vessel freely anastomose together, so 
that no interruption to the regularity of the 
supply of blood to every part of the gland may 
It has been supposed that thero 
milking cows, that preference should be given 
to cows with small bones, fine and slender 
limbs, and tail fine at its base; the bead small, 
but longish. narrowing toward the horns, the 
horns themselves of a bright color, tapering 
finely and glistening : small neck and shoulders, 
apparently long because slender, especially near 
the head ; small eyelids, well divided, but not 
much wrinkled; prominent eye and gentle, femi¬ 
nine look. 
In almost all cows the abundance of the milk 
outlet from the New York market for a prime 
grade of State goods. 
“The obstruction of this channel has been 
apparent, for the past two years, in the reduced 
demand for State firkins, formerly so popular 
with the Southern trade, but which now have a 
very limited sale. The chief Southern markets 
are much nearer to the Western sources of sup¬ 
ply than they are to this State, and tho goods 
can be shipped more directly and with less dan¬ 
ger of injury while in transit than is possible in 
need more food; if well protected, however, 
there will be a saving in the amount required, so 
that shelter is economy. No cattle, horses, sheep 
or other animals should be suffered to remain in 
the fields without proper shelter. 
It is believed that the owners of horses will 
serve tbeir own interests by attending to the 
following suggestions: 
1. 8hoes.— If horses are sharp-shod in icy 
weather, they can pull large loads to greater ad¬ 
vantage : it is poor economy to neglect the 
proper shoeing of horses, which may by such 
neglect be seriously injured. 
2. Blankets, etc.—Horses should be protected 
by blankets or water-proof covers from rain or 
snow, while standing. The cost of a blanket 
is very small, and its use would repay the outlay 
very many times. 
Any woolen or other protection placed under 
the pad or saddle, and extending back over the 
hipB, will be found very useful, us protecting a 
weak part of the animal. 
3. —Clipping.— Tho clipping of horses at this 
season is considered to be kt least imprudent, 
and by this society, inhuman ; owners are re¬ 
spectfully urged to allow the animals to retain 
the covering which Nature has provided. 
4. — Check Reins.—W ork horses, if at all, 
shouldriw checked very low ; they can thus pull 
to greater advantage, protect their eyes from 
rain or snow, and are less liable to stumble or 
injure themselves. It will be noticed that the 
city railway companies have largely abandoned 
the use of check reins. 
5. Bits.—I t is prudent to warm with the 
hands, or otherwise, bits before placing them in 
the horses’ mouths. 
In conclusion, tho committee take this oppor¬ 
tunity to acknowledge the very great improve¬ 
ment that has taken place in a few years in the 
care of animals, and also their appreciation of 
the kindly spirit in which tho appeals and sug¬ 
gestions of this society are received. 
take place. 
was a connection between this supply of blood 
and tho “ milk mirror.” causing the hail - to grow 
in different directions, more or less, according 
to the larger or smaller supply of blood to tho 
parts, thus accounting for the marked difference 
in the escutcheon of different cows. 
The anterior portion of the momma? receives 
its blood chiefiy from the internal pectoral ar¬ 
teries, which, quitting the chest, run in a back¬ 
ward course to reach tho glands. Tne posterior 
parts arc supplied principally by branches called 
the mammary arteries, which come off from tho 
epigastric artery. Tn addition to these, the cir¬ 
cumflex artery of tho ileum sends numerous 
branches to the glands, which anastomose with 
the other vessels. Tho several vessels which 
come off from those trunks penetrate into tho 
Bubstance of the manurue, within which they 
freely ramify by numerous divisions and subdi¬ 
visions. 
If, as has boon supposed by M. Magnis, there 
is a connection between this supply of blood to 
the mamma and the peculiar growth of hair 
forming the escutcheon, then wo Bhould natu¬ 
rally suppose that tho escutcheon would extend 
also to tho front of the udder; and, indeed, it 
has been claimed by some that this part oIbo 
must be taken into account in arriving at a 
proper estimate of the quality and goodness of 
cows for milk. Now, if this bo true, Guenon 
has not sufficiently elaborated hie descriptions of 
tho parts iu questions. 
Prof. Tannu, in enumerating the points indi¬ 
cating a good milking character in milk cows, 
says tho most prominent of these arc tho vessels 
which co-operate in the production of milk. 
“Those," ho says, “consist of the vessels which 
bring the blood, the glands which separate the 
milk, and the veins which carry away the blood 
when thus acted on. 
Description of Ground Plan. 
A, Platform for receiving milk, half outside of building and four feet above basement floor. B, Millar vat 
and heater (J, Fire-room. 1), I), D, D, Millar vat, tjuO Fallons. E, \\ hoy spout, level with basement floor, 
r.r. I, Fifteen presses, d, Drop below main floor. H, Conduit for slop water; floor descending each way 
thirty Inchon from main floor. J, Cellar for family use. J, Cistern. K, Main floor, 22x50 feet, L, Sinks on 
castors. M, M, M, Doors. W, \V, \V. Windows. 
is in proportion to the size of tho mammals. 
The marks indicating that these glands are con¬ 
stituted so as to produce much milk arc: —A 
very large development of the hind-quarters, a 
wide and strong lumbar region, a long rump, 
haunches and hind legs wide apart, a largo spaco 
for lodging tho udder, milky glands well devel¬ 
oped and causing the udder to be of considerable 
Rize. In good cows the gland constitutes a 
large part of the udder, and accordingly, after 
milking, it shrinks much and becomes soft, 
flabby, and very wrinkled. 
Wo havo enumerated some of the characteris¬ 
tics by which good miloh cows arc indicated, in 
addition to tho marks forming the escutcheon ; 
and highly ns we appreciate tho leading features 
of M. Guenon’b system for determining tho 
milk-giving properties of cows from the es¬ 
cutcheon, wo think it ought not to bo taken 
alone, independent and exclusive of alt other 
evidence; and especially ought it not to bo 
made tho standard for judges at fairs, exclusive 
of all other testimony or evidence , because by so 
doing there would bo liability to error, even 
were there no difficulty in selecting judges woll 
up iu the escutcheon theory. As previously re¬ 
marked, wo know of no Society that has adopted 
it as an exclusive test at Fairs, though it could 
with propriety he made a leading feature with 
judges in guiding them in their selections, etc. 
the case of goods sent to New Itork, and reshipped 
from there by the usual steamer routes. 
All that has boon wanting to give the WcBt 
tho lead in tho Southern markets has been in 
the quality. Until within the past three or four 
years the surplus Western butter was very infe¬ 
rior, and it came in competition with no grade of 
tho Eastern product. There was a limited quan¬ 
tity of good butter made at the West, but it was 
all required for local consumption, and the anr- 
plua was sent chiefly to New York, its outlet 
thero being to bakers, packers and exporters. 
Tho introduction of the factory system first gave 
uniformity to this class of goods, which had pre¬ 
viously been marketed in a most unmerchantable 
condition, as regards color, texture, and style of 
package; and while reworking the butter proved 
detrimental to its keeping qualities in warm 
weather, the improved appearance of tho goods 
was more than an offset, and their sale began to 
steadily increase. 
“Following quiddy upon this improvement, 
havo come long strides of advancement, on the 
part of the Western dairyman, toward the per¬ 
fection of his product, until ho stands to-day as 
a butter maker, the peer of any dairyman in the 
State of New York.” 
Again he says: “ Tim fine creamery butter 
from the West always sells at the highest market 
price, and 1 have known the time, within the 
past year, when it has exceeded the highest fig¬ 
ures from Orange Co. creamery pails. But the 
finest goodB do not come largely to our market. 
They are mostly used up in local consumption, 
or are shipped direct to other points where State 
butter was formerly used. It is a very strong 
competition, gentlemen, and it ia coming nearer 
home to you every year.” 
We have always Insisted that the proper way 
for Western dairymen to get satisfactory prices 
in New York, was in the improved quality of their 
goods, and not by dropping the name of the lo¬ 
cality where the goods were made. The word 
“Western," it would appear, is likely to be a 
distinctive title to butter, which the dairymen 
of the West will bo glad to retain in the classifi¬ 
cation of Eastern markets. 
But if Western butter has made such advances 
toward perfection, it behooves the butter dairy¬ 
men of the East, and especially of New York, to 
make renewed efforts in improving' their pro¬ 
duct. They can no longer flatter themselves 
that they are without a rival in the art. It will 
not do to lie back on what they have accom¬ 
plished in the past. They must be up and do¬ 
ing, or the time may be soon at hand when the 
prestige for fine butler will slip from their grasp 
and be transferred to the West. 
DRAFT AND GENERAL-PURPOSE HORSES, 
A correspondent who signs himEcIf “ Farm¬ 
er " in writing to the National Live Stock Jour¬ 
nal, explains why he thinks it is almost useless 
to try raising horses suitable for all purposes, 
ne says: 
Iu looking over your valuable Journal, I notice 
iu the October number a passage on tho dissatis¬ 
faction growing out of the practice of exhibiting 
the French and Scotch draft horses in the same 
ring. You claim that the difficulty arises from 
getting judges who are prejudiced towards one 
or the other ; and to avoid this dissatisfaction, 
yon propose to abolish the sweepstakes ring. 
Now, I wish to ask for some information on tho 
draft horse—that is, at our county fairs. There 
does not seem to be any established rule by 
which j udges are to he governed. In most cases, 
where I have noticed it, the premium has been 
awarded to the heaviest horse, without regard 
to form or action. 
Now, 1 think it ia just as necessary for the 
draft horse, to he well-proportioned as any other. 
You will also please give me your views'on tLe 
general-purpose norse. I used to think that was 
the ring in which to enter the agricultural horse, 
or tho farm horse ; but at our county fairs, nine 
times out of ten, tho premium is given to the 
trotting horse that will weigh from nine to 
eleven hundred pounds. There certainly is not 
a farmer in Central Illinois who would select 
such a horse to draw the plow, wagon, or even 
carriage through our deep, heavy soil; und 
when we take into consideration that all business 
depends on tho success of the fanner, it seems 
strange to me that, while there is a class in 
which to enter all other kinds of horses, there is 
none for the farm horse; for, certainly, he can¬ 
not be entered in the general-purpose ring and 
expect to get justice. For, while the farmer 
has to work his horse hard five days in the week, 
he cannot expect to suoceed with his light, fancy 
horse. I have tried tho Morgan, theSilverhfels, 
tho Messenger, and the Hambletonian—that is’ 
a cross of them with our common mares, but I 
have invariably found them too light and too 
ambitious for good corn raisers; and, as it is 
generally termed a horse for all purposes, I, for 
one, am ready to say, that a man might just as 
well go to buying lottery tickets, with the ex¬ 
pectation of making a living, as to go to breeding 
for a horse of all purposes—that is, if he expects 
to get a fast horse, a good saddle horse, a road¬ 
ster, and a farm horse, all in one. 
Again, I have looked upon the French and 
Sootch horses with great pride, thinking a cross 
between them and our best mares would give 
the farmer just what he has needed so long ; 
hut there U no place to class them, especially at 
our county fair*; for, while they are not heavy 
enough to compete with the full bloods, they 
are too heavy to enter the speed ring. 
Yet, if such a cross proves to be a failure, as 
some of our fairs seem to treat them, where is 
the farmer to find his horse ? For I claim the 
horse that weighs from eighteen hundred to two 
Of tho former may be 
named those veins which show themselves be¬ 
tween the bearing (vulva) and the udder. These 
are often buriod so that they cannot be seen, 
and although on pressure immediately above 
tho udder they frequently appear, yet wo must 
not immediately condemn the animal as a bad 
milker, when they cannot be observed. Gen¬ 
erally, If the skin is mellow and not much fat 
present, these veins show themselves readily. 
Their presence is very desirable, and combined 
with a full development upon the surface of the 
udder, they indicate a free supply of blood to 
the milk glands. It is also considered a good 
poiut when these veins present a knotty appear¬ 
ance. 
The udder should be capacious, extending well 
behind the logB, and also forward under the 
belly ; the coat should be thin, with a soft skin, 
and show considerable decrease in size after the 
cow is milked. The teats should bo placed well 
apart from each other and not cramped to¬ 
gether, for this generally indicates a want of 
sympathy in the udder. The udder may appear 
large and yet be found fleshy, rather than ca¬ 
pacious. Especial attention is desirable to the 
mellowness of the skin, and more particularly if 
the animal is poor. The milk veiu is a sure in¬ 
dication of the quantity of the blood supplied, 
and. for all practical purposes, may be taken as 
a guide." 
Attention should be given to the digestive 
organs, for where these are defectivo good milch 
cows are rarely met with. Prof. MagNe very 
truly remarks that a good state of the digestive 
organs is evinced by a belly of moderate size, 
with yielding sides, a large mouth, thick and 
strong lips, a good appetite, easy and quick di¬ 
gestion. glossy hair, supple skin, with a kind 
of unctuous feel. The constitution should be 
sound, and this is implied by large lungs, a 
broad and prominent chest, a somewhat, slow 
respiration, and a great inclination to drink—an 
inclination stimulated by abundant secretion of 
milk 
Again, he says, in enumerating points of good 
WESTERN BUTTER 
At the recent meeting of the Now York State 
Dairymen’s Association, Mr, J. M. Peters of 
“ Tho Grocer," New York City, delivered an in¬ 
teresting and valuable address on the “ Com¬ 
mercial aspects of the Dairy.” That portion of 
his addresB relating to Western butter was, we 
think, a surprise to the butter makers of Che¬ 
mung and the Southern tier of Counties. It 
will be remembered that tho batter makers of 
the West, or those representing their interest, 
have, for some years past, taken exception to 
the manner in which butter is classified by the 
trade in Now York. 
They claimed that all butter should be sold 
upon its merits as “firsts," “seconds," etc., 
without any distinction as to the locality where 
the article was made. The word “ Western,” 
therefore, they claimed, should bo dropped in the 
classification. 
According to Mr. Peters, Western butter 
makers have, of late, greatly improved the qual¬ 
ity of their product, and now bid fair to success¬ 
fully compete with the best goods from New 
York notwithstanding the greater distance over 
which their but ter has to bo transported. Mr. 
Peter’s remarks on this point are significant, 
and are well worthy of the attention of New York 
dairymen, many of whom have been flattering 
themselves all along that little or no really “ gilt- 
edged butter " could be produced at the West. 
Mr. Peters says: “ Of the improving quality of 
Western butter there has been constant evidence 
for the past three years in the stocks received at 
New York, and it has been manifest that the 
product was every year encroaching more heavily 
upon the State crop in ordinary channels of con¬ 
sumption. The best products of the creameries 
and dairies of Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan and 
other Western grazing States, have entered into 
many of the large Southern and Southwestern 
.markets, to the exclusion of State butter, and 
have very much reduced what was formerly an 
WINTER TREATMENT OF HORSES. 
The Illinois Humane Society has had presented 
for its consideration the following appeal, and 
suggestions regarding the treatment of horseB 
which we most heartily commend: 
The present winter is likely to be very severe; 
tho owners of all animals are therefore earnestly 
requested to make suitable provision for their 
protection from the inclemency of the weather. 
This suggestion is made as a measure of human¬ 
ity and also as being in the immediate interest of 
the owner. Good food, and water free from ice 
A 
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