THE SSL) BAL NEW-YOBUE 
process of working out the buttermilk is going 
on. What is the custom of the Orange County 
and other dairies in making a superior article 
for the New York market "i 
I find that butter-makers in this part of this 
county disagree on the above point, and I have, 
therefore, taken the liberty of consulting you 
on the subject. It- M. Ludlow. 
Oak Burn, near Hudson, N. Y. 
Remarks. —In order to make good butter, it is 
necessary that the buttermilk should be thor¬ 
oughly expelled. There are two methods in 
practice—one in which water is used for washing 
out the buttermilk, and the other where no 
water is employed, the butter being freed from 
the buttermilk by pressing or kneading it out in 
the process of working. Both processes have 
their advocates among skill fnl butter-makers, 
but the larger number of first-class butter- 
malrors use water. The butter-makers of Orange 
County, as well as thoso at most of the cream¬ 
eries and butter factories of the country, employ 
water in rinsing out the buttermilk. Wo are in¬ 
clined to favor the latter practice, because it 
does not require so ranch labor as the other 
method, while at the same time there is less 
liability of Injuring the grain of the butter—a 
very serious defect in butter, and one which re¬ 
duces butter to the second class, however well 
made otherwise. It is true that very skillful 
butter - makers may work out the buttermilk 
without water; but where this high skill is want¬ 
ing. it will bo much safer to use water for the 
purpose. The argument is sometimes used by 
butter-makers who are opposed to washing but¬ 
ter, that the water carries away, in the process of 
washing, some of the Havering oils, aud hence 
there is a higher aroma to unwashed butter. We 
do not regard the claim as of much weight, un¬ 
less the washing be carried to excess. 
At many of the butter factories the bulk of 
the washing is done in the chnru before the but¬ 
ter has boon removed, and in the subsequent 
working very little water is required, and only 
so much aa w ill leave no milky color to the water 
as it passes off. The two loading or essential 
points in butter-making are to free it thoroughly 
from buttermilk and to have the texture and 
grain perfect. Batter that is worked or kneaded 
over so as to be salvy soon turns to what is 
known in the trade as “grease.” Hence butter 
should be worked and handled as little as pos¬ 
sible. 
®k Itrtsfim 
PROF. HUXLEY ON THE PEDIGREE OF 
THE HORSE. 
While we aro not at all inclined to admit that 
the Darwinians have reached the true solution of 
the mystery which surrounds the advent of 
different races and species of animals upon this 
earth, still we believe in giving f hem the greatest 
liberty in propounding and expounding their 
theories, accepting only whatever facts they 
may bring forward in support of the same. In 
a lecture delivered by Prof. Huxley at the 
London Institution, on “ The Pedigree of the 
Horse." an epitome of which is reported in the 
Mark Lane Express, we find him making some 
pretty positive statements which, to say the 
least, are interesting ; 
Referring in the outset to two diagrams which 
lie had (mused to he prepared for the purpose of 
illustrating some of his remarks, and which 
were displayed on the wall—one a representation 
of the skeleton of a horse, and the other a repre¬ 
sentation of the skeleton of a I’olar bear—the 
learned professor proceeded to observe that his 
audience would note in each of thoBe animals a 
skull and a long backbone terminated by a tail. 
They would also porceivo that that backbone 
was made up of a number of joints called 
vertebra'. There were ribs in the horse and in 
the bear attached to certain of these joints Of 
the backbone; aud then in each animal there 
would be noted two pair of limbs—a pairs of fore 
limbs and a pair of hind limbs. So far, this 
very simple lesson in comparative anatomy 
must be sufficient to show his hearers that there 
was a certain correspondence in structure be¬ 
tween the two animals. But there was likewise 
a close resemblance between them in minute 
particulars. 
Take the skull, for example. If they com¬ 
pared the skull of the horse and the skull of the 
bear, they would find that the two were con¬ 
structed upon similar plans ; and, pushing then- 
inquiry further, they would discover that boue 
for bone and region for region the two corres¬ 
ponded, so that there was the same number of 
elements in the skull of the horse as in the 
skull of the bear, the differences between them 
being differences of proportion, of detail, and of 
mode of union. Agaiu, as there were seven 
joints in the neck of the boar, so there were 
Beven in the long neck of the horse; and if they 
compared vertebra with vertebra in tno two 
cases, in the trunk and in the tail, it would be 
seen at once that those several joints themselves 
were constructed upon similar plans. The like 
was true when they passed on to consider the 
structure of the limbs, and tins was all the more 
remarkable when they remembered how exceed¬ 
ingly different were the habits of the two 
animals—the one finding his way securely upon 
the Tolar ice; the other incompetent to movo 
with any degree of safety upon such a medium, 
but moving with vast rapidity over fields aud 
roads that would be impracticable for the bear. 
But while there was this closo resemblance of 
plan in the structure of the limbs of the horse 
and the bear, there was also, when they com¬ 
pared the two cases, a singular and marked 
difference. 
The bear, for example, had upon its foropaw 
what he might call five lingers, having the same 
number of joints as in our own hands, but 
terminated by great claws; and upon its hind 
foot the bear, in like manner, had five toes cor¬ 
responding to onr own five toes. The horse, on 
the other hand, instead of having five toes, 
appeared to be reduced to one toe. If, however, 
they looked very carefully at the horse’s forefoot, 
they would find that on each side of the main 
bone there was a little slender bone, or splint. 
The groat difference between the forepaw of the 
bear aud the forepaw of the horse was that in 
the one ease there were five perfect digits, and 
that in the other there was only one, with two 
little rudiments. Exactly the Rauie thing ob¬ 
tained in the hind foot of the horse. There, 
instead of fivo toes as in the case of the bear, 
there was a single one with a small slender 
bone on each side. In the bear, again, the for© 
limb had two bones, while in the fore limb of 
the horse there appeared to he only one bone. 
The radius and the ulrna had, in the case of the 
horse, become fused together so completely 
that in the adult state ono could hardly make 
out a trace of their original separation. Then, 
in regard to teeth, there was a correspondence 
in the different kinds which were found in the 
horse and the bear. 
In each animal there were incisors, grinders, 
and canine teeth. There was also some corres- . 
I pondence hi number, the bear having 42 teeth, [ 
and the horse, when the dentition was perfect,, 
41. In other points as regarded the teeth, 
there were, however, considerable differences. 
Prom what ho hud said his audience would 
apprehend the sense in which anatomists spoke 
of a common plan or typo of organism which 
was to be observed ill different animals belong¬ 
ing to the satuc group. Tbo horse and tho [ 
boar belonged to the same group; and it was J 
quite obvious that they were constructed upon | 
what was fundamentally the same plan, but that i 
that plan had been specially modified in tho two 
oases. The plan, however, was so similar in 
oach caso that it was possible for thorn to say 
exactly what particular one of the five toes of 
tho bear it was that was left in the horse. It 
was a matter of demonstration that tho one 
great large too of the horse was the third of the 
five toes of tho bear. 
JLn respect of the marvelous community of 
plan which could be traced in animals of the 
most different habits aud of the most different 
external structure, the hypothesis had been 
propounded that, the reason of that fundamental 
identity among the diversities was that those 
animals, diverse as they seemed to be, had pro¬ 
ceeded by process of natural descent from some 
aboriginal common form. That was what was 
known as the doctrine of evolution; and he did 
not know that, at tho first blush of the nia’ter, 
anything could look a more serious or astounding 
proposition than that which would derivo the 
bear and the horse from a common original 
stock. Nevertheless, it must be recollected 
that, in scientific matters particularly, things 
which appear to be the most shocking to common 
sense had turned out to be perfectly true after 
all. 
In Europe, up to six years ago—up to the 
present time, in fact—we had only fragments 
out of which to piece together tho later history 
of the horse; but in America, quite unexpectedly, 
a complete series of equine forms had been dis¬ 
covered, extending throughout the whole of the 
tertiary epoch, and the modifications which had 
taken place in those equine forma were exactly 
such as were postulated by tho theory of evolu¬ 
tion. He did not care to take the trouble of 
discussing that theory any more. The thing 
was so. The facts were of such a character that 
there was no reasonable or fair hypothesis 
which could be invented to account for them, 
except tbe hypothesis that the existing horse 
had proceeded by a -cries of modifications from 
some very different ancestor. To tell him that 
those different forms, which they found suc¬ 
ceeding one another in the same geographical 
area at different epochs of the world's history 
were separately created, and had no sort of re¬ 
lation on© to the other, would have exactly as 
much sense and significance as if any one wero 
to tell him that the moon, wliich ho might see 
that night shining a little more brightly tbau 
the moon which he saw the previous night, was 
a new creation. It would be absolutely prepos¬ 
terous to say that one law had governed the 
i development of the horse and that another law I 
had governed the development of other animals 
which were built upon the same plan and mani¬ 
fested the same fundamental idea. 
THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE. 
Dr. A. C. Stevenson, in his address before 
the American Association of Breeders of Short- 
Horns at Greencastle, Ky., referred to thorough¬ 
bred horses as follows: 
“The thorough-bred horse, although his pedi¬ 
gree is carefully kept, is constantly tested upon 
the turf. If he fails here, he is considered un¬ 
worthy and is rejected, as a rule. Speed iB the 
quality sought, and a horse with a good pedigree 
and lacking this quality, we repeat, is worthless ; 
but by tho rigid application of these true tests 
ho has been constantly improving. By an ad¬ 
herence to the proper tests our neat cattle may 
constantly advance; a false test will as certainly 
result in deterioration." 
Wo can scarcely beliovo that Dr. Stevtnbon 
considered well tho full import of tho above 
words, else somo qualifying ones would have 
followed in the way of explanation. It is pos¬ 
sible that, the Doctor, requiring a speedy animal 
in visiting his patients, or airing himsolf upon 
some boulevard, baa overlooked tho fact that 
heavy loads are to bo hauled to market, plowing 
to bo done, and much other hard work for 
which his high-toned fast horses would not be 
worth tho straw which is required to bed them 
down at night. Wo admire the fast horso iu his 
place, but tho powerful draft horse fills our oyo 
when and where there is work to be done, which 
requires bone and muscle. 
There has been altogether too much talk 
about “fast horses” for the good of the 
country, and thousands of our young men, both 
on the farm aud off, talk little else than about 
the speed of some favorite nag which they own 
or expect to at some future day. If “ speed is 
the quality sought," and a horso not possessing 
it is worthless, then our eyes have been deceiving 
its through life, and the breeders of the noted 
Perchcrous are making a mistake and throwing 
away Unit*, and money. The Doctor had better 
come to Now York City and look at some of the 
splendid teams which daily pass through our 
streets with slow but majestic tread, showing a 
power aud an intrinsic value not found among 
tho most noted rattlers of tho turf. 
f ertaran. 
RAISING CALVES. 
Like everything else pertaining to a farm, 
raising calves requires good judgment and ex¬ 
perience. It is best always to loave tho calf with 
the cow several days, until the fever is out of tho 
bag and the milk good for family use, and with 
proper management tho calf can he easily taught 
to drink milk when four or five days old. It is 
important that the calf Rhould take its first sus¬ 
tenance from the oow, to enable It to discharge 
the fietal nutriment in its stomach and bowels, 
and to givo it strength for its future develop¬ 
ment. If a Oftlf Is Of no value to rear, or If the 
milk is worth more than tbe cost of feeding four 
or five weeks for the butcher, It should bo killed 
as soon as the milk becomes good, but if it is to 
be raised, it should have pure milk for about ten 
days, when a little Bkinimed milk may be added 
to the unskimmed by degrees, till it may be fed 
entirely on skimmed milk. It has been shown 
by nbnndftnt> tests that calves will thrive as well 
on the poorest butter-producing milk as on the 
best; consequently, if a farmer haB any cows 
which give poor milk, that should be fed to 
calveB, because it is not the cream that nourishes 
them so much us other properties of the milk. 
When four or live weeks old they may be fed on 
buttermilk. 
It is good management to feed calves, in con¬ 
nection with their milk, when about 10 days old, 
a litlo cooked meal. At first, take nearly a tablc- 
Bpoonful of Indian, oat, or barley meal, and cook 
it in a little water; then mix it with the milk, 
and increase the quantity of meal aa the calves 
grow older. Flax-seed boiled to a jelly and 
mixed with milk, when tbe calves ore 10 days 
old, is good for them. It is poor policy to stint 
calves which are worth raising, as their future 
development as good cows depends in a great 
degree on the manner in wliich they are treated 
when calves. Let them be fed three times a day 
at regular hours, aod as much as will sali-dy 
them, and in the end their owners will never be 
losers by so doing. Look at the poor, unsightly 
animals in the yards of farmers who half starve 
their calves to save a few cents, and you have oo- 
oular demonstration of what stinting calves in 
their feed will do. 
When calves are old enough to begin to eat 
hav or grass, if confined in a stable or yard, a 
little fine, sweet hay, or grass, should be placed 
within their reach. It nmy be tied with a cord, 
and suspended where they can nibble at it, and 
in a few weeks, when about four months old 
they may be turned out to pasture, still giving 
them a little meal and water once u dny for a 
week or two. They should have fresh water in 
their pasture, which should produce an abun¬ 
dance of good grass, and they will go into \riu- 
ter quarters in tine condition. Then, let them 
bo fed on good, flue sweet Lay, with fodder corn 
(sweet) cut and cured as soon ns it begins to 
tassel; and a little meal of any kind ; and when 
they are two or three years old, you will liavo 
stock that you will not be ashamed to have your 
neighbors see. Even tho milk (hat such cows 
will give, will be much mere than if they were 
poorly fed when calves. There l 8 no use in a 
fanner expecting to raise tine stock of any kind, 
unless ho attends thoroughly to their wants 
through all the stages of their growth if he 
grows a good crop of corn, it must be fed, and 
tho weeds exterminated—no half-way work ; and 
the same rule applies to his live stock. 
Linden, N. J. T. B. Miner. 
Industrial |mjilnnrnts, 
THE ROBINSON CO.’S LITTLE GAME. 
Tiie plow men aro becoming very hilarious, if 
we cun credit the repoi t that conn s to us from 
Syracuse. It seems the Robinson Chilled-Plow 
Co. suddenly became tired of selling more plows 
Ilian they could make, and to stop such disas¬ 
trous good fortune, tho officers concocted a 
frightful plot. They sent out insidious invita¬ 
tion# to about ono hundred and twenty agents; 
sending as many shovels bv registered Utter, 
with the intimation that tho agents were to shovel 
themselves out of the snow and dig for a banquet 
that was waiting to bo eaten. Tho device was 
successful, and having netted the tireless work¬ 
ers, Mr. L. \V. Hall, the Secretary of the Com¬ 
pany, directed them to plow into tho viands, at 
the same time taking occasion to relate a doleful 
state of affairs. It seems tho Company was hut 
recently organized and with characteristic en¬ 
ergy mmlo preparations to sell at. least COO of tho 
now Robinson plows the first season. The agents 
went to work find maliciously sold some 8.000, 
which threw tho plans of tho Company out of 
joint, aud to overreach such rawhuess the ban¬ 
quet was devised. Tho agents were duly filled, 
ticketed and sent home, and the Company are 
now making plows at an unprecedented rale. 
For our part, wo can’t sec why a farmer should 
need a “chilled " plow when the mercury has 
crawled clear down into the bulb of the ther¬ 
mometer and the index figures loaf about with 
nothing to point to. 
---■ 
A NEW CORN 8HELLER. 
Wk have had occasion to mention a hand corn 
Bbeller, made by Livingston A Co., Pittsburgh, 
Pa., that seemed to bo practically perfect, and 
quite the best of its kind to which our attention 
had been called ; but these Indefaligahlo gentle¬ 
men have recently (Juno 13, 187G ) patented nn 
improvement on the former she Her and now mako 
ouacalled, we believe, the “ Little Monitor," that 
is a useful and clever piece of mechanism. It Is 
rapid, and tho force required to operate it merely 
nominal. The cob is cleaned thoroughly, and 
the adaptation to small or large ears insures 
clean work from tip to butt. It is also a self- 
feeder m advantage that can bo appreciated 
only by those who have struggled with a bobbing 
car of corn which will not stay ns it is put. A 
practical farmer docs not need to bo told tho ad¬ 
vantages of such an implement; but our poultry 
fanciers have in tho “Little Monitor," an imple¬ 
ment that is about iud spensahle to them. We 
urge an inspection of the shelter, and lo that end 
it would be proper to communicate with its 
makers. Their advertisement appears in our 
advertising columns. 
•» » »■ - 
THE WATERTOWN WAGON. 
At last tho agent has a chance! Hero is tho 
Watertown Wagon Co., who make a very hand¬ 
some, easy-riding, durable wagon, boldly an¬ 
nouncing that they want agents. As a matter 
of course, the “outfit" is “ free,” so that indus¬ 
trious young men will roll joyfully over tho 
country' seated in a fine vehicle (an agent would 
be a mean fellow, indeed, who would not furnish 
the horses,) and captivate the farmer's and dairy¬ 
man’s heart by a display of the merits of the 
platform spring. A “platform" spring, too ; 
just tho place to stand upon. “ Correspondence 
is solicitedwell, they will have plenty, because 
here Is the chance of tho century. Pleasantry 
aside, we think some of our readers could uo 
worse than look into the merits of this offer, and 
dairymen who do not know tho “ Watertown" 
wagon, argue themselves unknown, and they 
had bettor become posted. Their advertisement, 
by the way, may be found by looking for it. 
