THE BUBAL 
genons mass, mellow and plastic. Sixthly, at 
least from 30 to 33 per cent, of moisture should 
be retained in curing cheese; as the percentage 
of moisture decreased from this point the per¬ 
centage of butter must be increased to obtain 
mellowness of texture. The cheese is not im¬ 
proved in taste by this substitution, which is 
often a serious loss; and this loss may alwafs be 
estimated to be in proportion to the difference 
between the cost of water and fat. Seventhly, 
by proper temperature and attention in retaining 
a right proportion of moisture, the cheese is of 
better flavor and quality; but a saving in weight 
of from 8 to 1 per cent, is made to the producer 
over the ordinary methods of curing. Eighthly, 
by the use of refrigerator-rooms a cheese may be 
kept at any desirable point of flavor, and thus, 
by holding when the markets are dull or the 
weather unsuitable for shipping, the intervening 
spaco of lime may be bridged over by the facto¬ 
ries without detriment to the flavor or quality of 
the cheese. Ninthly, with our present knowl¬ 
edge of cheese-making, a certain amount of fat 
in the mill; is needed to make a good, palatable 
cheese; lienee, excessive slumming or a reduc¬ 
tion of the fat. in milk below two per cent, is not 
to be recommended when the skimmed milk is to 
be made into cheese, unless other fat be substi¬ 
tuted to supply the deficiency. 
“ A brief discussion followed upon the stand¬ 
ing now held by Canadian cheese in England, 
the general opinion being that the prejudices 
against our cheese in the English market were 
rapidly disappearing. 
" A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Wil¬ 
lard for his address.” 
THE DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS IN CANADA PATRONIZED BY 
GOVERNMENT. 
Mr. Ballantyne, M. !'., now briefly stated 
what was proposed in the “ Agricultural and Art 
Bill ” now before the Assembly. There would 
be in future two dairy associations an eastern 
and a western with a grant of 81,000 to each 
society. The conventions and cheese shows, in¬ 
stead of being permanently held in Ingersoll and 
Bolkvillo, as at present, wonld be held at such 
places as the directors might consider proper. 
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 
The officers chosen for the ensuing year are as 
follows: President, LLauvby Fauiunoton, of Nor¬ 
wich ; Vice-President, W. H. Yams, Belleville; 
Secretary, J. C. Heoijir, Ingersoll; Treasurer. 
P. R. Daly, Belleville; Directors, D. It. Rich¬ 
ardson, Norwood; Geo. Hamilton, Cromarty; 
S. Ballantyne, M. P., Sobringvillo; James 
Noxon, Ingersoll; E. Caswell, Ingersoll. 
PARASITES OF POULTRY. 
This is not a very pleasant subject to dilate 
upon, yet it is one that every keeper of poultry 
should be well informed about, as it not only 
affects the health of his birds, but also his own 
success in breeding and rearing his flock: for 
without proper care to prevent or destroy these 
pestB, they will increase very rapidly. I know 
of no domestic animal that is so sorely troubled 
with such a variety of parasites as the domestic 
fowl. 
Of those parasites of poultry there are many 
more kinds than most people are aware of. 
Their varieties and habits, as well as their dif¬ 
ferent modes of attacking and living on their 
victims, form a study that should be more inter¬ 
esting to the breeder than it generally is. 
The chick is scarcely clear of its shell when it 
is often attacked by the head-tick. Where this 
comes from is somewhat of a mystery to me, for 
I never saw a thing of the kind on the head of 
an old bird. When picked off the head and laid 
upon a flat surface, it has little or no power of 
locomotion. Perhaps this is because it is in a 
broody condition; for the body is always too 
large and round to permit it to run. This con¬ 
dition may bo induced by the great heat of the 
hen's body while sitting, as the insects are in 
this state just at the time the hen is hatching, 
and their eggs are laid around the eyes and on 
the tops of the heads of tho little chicks a*few 
hours after they are hatched, and from theHo 
places it is impossible for the victims to dislodge 
them without help. Next comes a livelier kind 
of parasite, running all over their bodies, if al¬ 
lowed that privilege. Several other kinds also 
will give the poor birds even stronger proofs of 
their presence. Another dreaded plague, if cir¬ 
cumstances favor its development, is the Gape- 
worm. This abominable pest, when once it gets 
a footing in a yard, returns annually. After a 
few weeks, when feathers begin to grow well, 
two or three more distinct varieties are found 
that prey on feathers. If tho fowl-house is not 
kept clean, it will quickly be overrun with little 
mites or spiders, often termod lice. These pests 
multiply with such rapidity that they soon over¬ 
run the nests and HI (he wood-work. They do 
not breed upon the bird, but feed on it at night, 
and on all hens that are allowed to ait on filthy 
nests. There is also a very small mite that 
lives under the scales of the legs. Its presence 
is known by tho legs of the fowls becoming 
rough and the scales partly detached, making 
the legs appear thick and clumsy. Lastly, in¬ 
testinal worms are quite common in poultry; 
but, so far, I have oul.v found one kind, from an 
inch to an inch and a half long, and smooth and 
pointed at each end. 
1 have no wish to horrify or alarm the breeder 
when I say that every flock of poultry has more 
or less of parasites on them. This is denied by 
some fastidious persons, who say there are none 
on their fowls. This only shows how little at¬ 
tention they have given the subject. However, 
although all fowls are troubled by parasites, the 
number of them depends upon the care and stir 
roundings of the flock. Science has done but. 
little to enlighten the ponltry-keeper on this im¬ 
portant subject, as only four or five varieties are 
mentioned by the best authorities, and nothing 
is said of the habits even of those, or of the 
way in which they deposit their eggs and mul¬ 
tiply. Henry Hales. 
- 4 -*-*- 
SPRING WORK WITH POULTRY. 
Now that the rigors of winter are somewhat 
relaxed and the earth has cast off her white 
mantle, hens are very busy pooping into every 
nook and corner, prating, with joyful anticipa¬ 
tions, of coming events ; and while warming up 
the enthusiasm of their keeper, they seem to be 
asking for special caro and attention. During 
this interesting season their liege lords pay very 
Btrict obedience to all their wants and whims, 
and strut around them with consequential airs 
that are not a lit tle amusing to tho observer. 
The true method of managing all kinds of 
stock is to take advantage of their nature and 
assist it to tho advancement of their keepor’s 
interests. To induce a hen to lay, let the nest 
be partly shaded. When she wants to sit, if 
you wish to remove her do it at night and make 
her surroundings as nearly as possible like those 
of the nest, she laid In. On a farm where there 
are many uooks and corners, and where the 
farmer has some one to attend to his fowls, 
boxes niAy be put up in a number of places, and 
the fowls will select and lay, each in her favorite 
nest, and when tho time for sitting has come, 
each will go to her accustomed nest without 
much changing or confusion ; but where tho ac¬ 
commodations are more limited, more attention 
must be given to the nests. 
If several varieties aro kept and it is intended 
to maintain pure breeds, each variety must bo 
kept strictly separate. Should any hens have 
begun to lay, beforo such separation, then the 
’ first ten eggs laid afterwards should not bo set; 
but when the fowls have boen separated tliroo 
weeks without laying, it is safe to save ail subse¬ 
quent eggs for their purity. 
If fowls have liberty, they need not now have 
warm, soft food. When the snow has disap¬ 
peared, they will find gravel, seed, a little groen 
food, etc.; but should they be confined, the 
winter's care must, of course, bo continued. A 
lot of oyster-shells, thrown down on a road or 
yard over which horses travel, is very good for 
poultry on a farm. Pure water is essential, and 
should there be any stagnant pools of dirty 
water about the barn-yard, fill them up imme¬ 
diately. Drinking impure water is a source of 
disease that should never be tolerated. Animal 
food should be given until earth-wormB make 
their appearance. Feed liberally with grain and 
your hens will generously reward your liberality. 
THE WOOL TRADE, ETC. 
The wool trade is improving and exportation 
of mutton is certain to follow that of beef, but 
it must be the best quality; for such thin, bare 
carcasses as are common in the United States 
would not be sold iu England. Those, therefore, 
who are breeding from tho mutton varieties im¬ 
ported from England may feel assured there 
will soon be a brisk sale for good rams. These 
rams will work miracles by being used with the 
grodo owes in tho districts where the average 
price of store sheep is about $2 per head. The 
offsprings from this first, cross will bo worth 
when fat, 810 each, and every fleece will give 
an additional 83, at least; while by continuing to 
Use none but pure-blooded rams the 3d genera¬ 
tion will have increased the value of the mutton 
and wool to 815 pm 1 oaroass, and 85 per tluoce. 
Tho only thing necessary to effect this will be 
the same care and attention which aro given by 
the tenant farmers of England. 
There must be a shepherd on every farm to 
protect tho sheep from evil, for what can be 
expected of a flock without a shepherd. Li all 
the Northern Rtates forethought should be used 
so that there will be an ample supply of nutri¬ 
tious food, not fattening or too succulent, for 
breeding ewes. Few roots, for instance, should 
bo given those becauBo they cause an unnatural 
growth of the lamb or lambs beforo birth; 
moderate feeding with bran is good, and above 
all, hay which was made from grass cut when 
young, and before tho bloom had gone off. The 
togs cannot eat too many roots if they have hay 
given twice per day, for they will always eat 
enough dry food to counteract the loosening 
effects of turnips, swedeB, etc. Tho care of the 
shepherd and hifl employe should bo directed to 
feeding in a regular way with a variety of food, 
but there is a great mistake made by Borne iu 
this matter. In their ignorance they think ani¬ 
mals should be fed one week on one kind of food 
and the next week on another, but this is totally 
wrong; for if say, cut roots, hay and grain 
formed the variety, they should be fed daily; say 
801110 hay before breakfast, then when tho 
shepherd comes to them again give them some 
roots, at noon their grain or if running out it 
can be put in the troughs ready for them when 
they coino in ; they oould then have roots again 
at evening and some hay the last, thing. 
Where the climate admits of lying out alto¬ 
gether just as much nice bright hay should be 
given as will be eaten clean up; and the grass 
on any old pasture, where blue grass and other 
natural herbage exist, will be sufficient for 
breeding owes. In the permanent grass portions 
of England tho owes aro wintered thus, the 
toga and fattening sheep only being fed on 
turnips on tho arable fields belonging to the 
farm. Where there is no plowed land, as in 
some instances the whole farm is in grass, then 
fat lambs are generally sold so that there is 
nothing to winter but, ewes which are changed 
every year, a fresh supply of draft ewes being 
had annually from the (lookrnastorH of other 
districts. Ewes are not kept breeding in En¬ 
gland till they aro too old to make good mutton. 
Working Farmer. 
t Murine-ijerti. 
WORD FOR THE CHESTER WHITE. 
hog does not show itself so prominently as it 
does in others when you aro handling them. 
They are very quiet, eat their food with a spirit, 
not running over and noseing it around, and 
when they have finished eating they lie down 
and work it up to actual profit. 
GOOD QUALITIES. 
They have a strong constitution, having their 
vital parts better developed than any other 
breed. They fatten at any ago, making, if fed, 
a perfect, fat hog at four or five months of age. 
1 think they hardly have an equal to feed and 
lard up when pigs. Their pork is sweet, fine- 
grninod and juicy. This must be true of any 
hog that yields lard as the Chesters do. 
Tliey aro excellent, mothers and prolific breed¬ 
ers. They have a typo of thoir own and caii and 
will impart it to their offspring as much or more 
than any othor breed, ami when crossed with 
other breeds you can see evidence of their purity 
of blood and their power to transmit it to the 
progeny of the cross, no matter hoiv thorough¬ 
bred tho hog is, with which they are crossed. 
They have one Ottier qualification ; they aro 
white and if thoy were equal iu every other 
respect to black hogB, thin would make a choice 
for mo at onco. I do not like mulatto pork my¬ 
self. 
IDLE OBJECTIONS. 
I know people in the West think they will 
mange. But I think that all moon-shine, if 
thoy aro half cared for. Others say thoy will 
die with cholera, or more properly hog plague, 
moro than tho black hog, but I oannot see any 
proof of this, more than I can that a black man 
will not have the diseases that white people 
have. 
I know that tho old, coarse, shabby Chester, 
with elephant oars, a correspondingly coarse hide 
and hair, was more or loss subject, to skin diseaso, 
simply because such skin was a nice place for in¬ 
sects which cause mange. 
FINE QRAEERS. 
The Chesters are. fine grazers. I had a lot of 
about thirty run on clover pasture last year, 
they made fine growth, some of the sows getting 
too fleshy for breeding. They are not extrava¬ 
gantly large framed, but when fed out they 
will make large hogs. 1 know of several pigs 
that have been made to weigh, entire litter, at 
live or six mouths old, 200 pounds each. I have 
hail on my place during the last two years not 
less than a hundred head, and often one hundred 
and fifty (save just before farrowing in the 
spring), and I have lost but threo head with 
disease. I think it would be hard for any man 
to say more, that has bred to that extent. My 
pigs are selling woll. Many of the hog breeders 
of Indiana are trying them, and numbers are 
already giving favorable reports. 
(Tbf IjcrtemaiL 
NOTES. 
There is one thing which Nature does not 
supply and which civilization, the Germantown 
Telegraph thinks, renders quite necessary to 
fowls. It is charcoal. But charcoal made of 
wood does not answer the purpose; it has no 
taste of food, iB not attractive to the fowl,'.and 
is seldom eaten. But if any one will put an oar 
of ripe corn into the fire till the grains are well- 
charred, and then shell off the corn and throw it 
to his flock, he will see an eagerness developed 
and a healthy condition brought about which 
will malre a decided improvement. All pale 
combs will become a bright red, that busy song 
which precedes laying will be heard, and the aver¬ 
age yield of eggs will he greatly increased. 
A Fowl Business. — I began the year 1876 
with 21) hens and pullets. I obtained during the 
year 190 dozen eggs, valued at $45 ; used fowls 
valued at 89, and Jan. 1, 1877, had on hand 45 
hens and pullets. Tho food purchased cost 827. 
I consider the profit, including tho manure, to 
be at least $40.— C. Collard Adams, Lanesboro', 
Mass. 
Sulphur the Nests. When setting a hen a ta- 
blcspootifnl of sulphur put into the neat will 
prevent ihe appearance or presence of lice either 
upon the chicks or mother. If any ono doubts, 
let him trv it and note the result. 
S. H. Todd, who is an old and experienced 
breeder of the Chester White hog writes to the 
Indiana Farmer, makiug some interesting (state¬ 
ments in regard to this famous breed. He says 
that "for a few years past” it ban received all 
manner cf abuse,” but he neglects to state the 
cause of it, probably because it is pretty well 
known to have arisen from the distribution of 
hundreds and thousands of almost worthless 
“ runts ” picked up anywhere about tho country 
and sold by unprincipled dealers as pure Chester 
WhiteB. fctill, as Mr. Todd says the Chesters 
have stood up under it ull, and aro growing in 
favor every day, and many want them. They 
have been as it wore “ tried by fire,” and the 
dross cast off, while tho good qualities and 
characteristics still remain, and many who had 
them ten years ago are longing to get them back 
again. 
ALL HAVE FAVORITES. 
We all have our favorite breed and it is well 
we have, for the good of all breeds, and I can see 
no harm in our talking about them and giving 
our reasons why wo consider our breeds equal or 
superior to other breeds. I do not go much on 
a man’s breeding, who is trying to run three or 
four breeds. 
QOOD HANDLERS. 
1 consider the Chester the best hog to handle 
there is. They seem to me to have more sense 
than any other breed 1 have ever seen. The 
LIVE STOCK IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 
Mi en as has boon published about the live¬ 
stock interests of Australis, and Now South 
Wales, wo presume few of our farmers have any 
idea of the extout to which stock-brooding has 
boon carried on in those distant eountriOB. The 
chief inspector of stock (Mr. Alexander Bruce) 
in Now South Wales, in his report upon ,the live 
stock of the Colony, gives some figures, derived 
from late statistics, which are quite startliug iu 
thoir magnitude. For instances, of horseB he 
reports: Draught horses, 73,000; those suitable 
for light, harness work, 72,000; and for the sad¬ 
dle, 218,000—total, 357,000. Tho prices for good 
animals also'average much higher than in the 
United States, oise tho animals are much supe¬ 
rior, for good brood mares for heavy draught 
stock are quoted from $150 to $2,500 each, and 
other strains at proportionate figures. 
,*Of cattle there was a marked falling off in 
numbers from 1863 to I860, owing to losses by 
plenro-pueumonia; but thence forward there 
was a steady gain, tho number in 1875 being 
8,134,085, or about ono million head moro than 
in 1863. The only distinct breeds of cattle in 
tho Colony are Hhort-borns, Horefords, and 
Devons, with one or two small herds of Alder- 
Tho nuiftber of sheep increases, from 6,550,896 
iu 1862, to over 24,000,000 iu 1875, consisting 
almost entirely of Merinos, but classed in two 
divisions viz., those producing wool suitable 
for “ combing ” and “ clothing," other sub¬ 
divisions following, such as fine, coarse, etc. 
From the above figures wo may conclude that 
the colonists have not been idle or dreaming over 
the possibilities of tho country, but have kept 
steadily at work developing its resources. 
-- 
Cahholic Soap yob Vermin. Sulphur has 
for a long time beeu a specific for lice on cattle, 
but of late carbolic soap seems to be considered 
a good substitute for tho former. Now let our 
fanners got a few pounds of this soap aud ktv p 
it on hand, and when there aro any signs of lice 
on the calves or cows give them a good scrub¬ 
bing with soap suds. 
