THE BUBAL WEW-YOBKEB. 
231 
Head clean, bony and small for the size of tbe ( 
animal; ears ehort, mobile, erect aud fine-point- 1 
ed; eyes bright, clear, large and prominent; ] 
forehead broad; nostrils largo, open, and red | 
within; jaws rather wide; chin fine; lips thin; 
teeth sound and even. 
Nock a trille short, yet harmoniously rounding 
to the body ; throttle clean ; crest rigid, rather 
high, and .gracefully curved; mane abundant, 
with silky hair. 
Breast broad and deep, with great musoular 
development; shoulders smooth, and sufficiently 
eloping for the collar to sot suug to them; 
withers high ; back short and strongly coupled ; 
body woll-ribbed-up, round, full and straight on 
the belly, which is much longer than the back; 
rump broad, long and moderately sloping to the 
tail, which is attached high ; hips round and 
smooth at top, aud fiat on tbe sides; quarters 
wide, well let down, and swelling with powerful 
muscles. 
Dock strong; tail loDg, heavy, and gracefully 
hanging out from the croup when the animal is 
in full motion. 
Legs fiat and wide, standing square and firm, 
and well under the body ; with hard, clean bones, 
and extra-large, strong joints, cords and tendons, 
short from the knees aud hocks down; pasterns 
upright; fetlocks thin; hoofs full size, solid, 
open, tough, and well set up at the heels. 
Hight 15 to It), 1 i hands; weight 1,300 to 1,700 
pounds. 
Color various, as with other horses; but a 
clear dapple grey is preferred, as the best ot the 
original breed were thus marked. 
Action bold, square, free and easy; neither 
foreroaching nor interfering; the walk four to , 
five miles per hour ; the trot six to eight, on a I 
dry and moderately level road, but capable of 
being pushed much faster on the latter gait, 
when required. 
Temper kind; disposition, docile, but energetic 
and vigorous: hardy, enduring and long-lived: 
precocious; ablo to he put to light work at 18 to 
21 mouths old; possessing immense power for 
his size; never baulking or refusing to draw at a 
dead pull; Btylish. elegant and attractive in ap¬ 
pearance ; easy, elastic and graceful in motion. 
No tendency to disease of any sort, and espe¬ 
cially free from those of the logs and foot such 
as spavin, splint, ringbone, grease and founder. 
An easy keeper, and quick feeder. 
THE MODEL MARE, 
With rather less size than the horse, the points 
and qualities of the mare should be essentially 
the same, with the exception of possessing a 
finer head, mane aud tail, and a considerably 
thinner neck. 
When in foal, able to work moderately to with¬ 
in a few days of giving birth to it; and a short 
time after, able to resume her work. A careful 
nurse, and good milker. 
REPLY TO APIARIAN. ' | 
En. Rural New-Yorker We notico iu your l 
issue of March 24th, a very scurrilous article, en- ‘ 
titled “ Facts and Fallacies iu Bee-keeping' 
the whole animus of which seems to be a studied ^ 
attempt to cast discredit on the editor of, and 
contributors to the Bee-Keepers' Magazine ; and 
were it not for the fact that its author, Mr. T. 15. | ' 
Mixer, is an old man, iu his dotage, and there¬ 
fore an object of pity rather than censure, wo 
should give said article its truthful name, viz. 
(mostly) “ a tissue of falsehuods and misrepre¬ 
sentations, dcliberatjy written, with a full knowl- ' 
edge that they were such." Wo are aware that I 
this is strong language, but, with your permission, 
we shall endeavor to prove, partly from Mr. i 
Miner's own words, the truthfulness of our j 
assertions. 
To quote all that is said in the article referred 
to, and theu answer it, would, perhaps, occupy 
too much of your space ; so wo will content our¬ 
self, as far as practicable, by referring to the 
article in your paper together with some of his 
assertions in the Bee-Keepers’ Magazine, so that 
those who are anxious to know who tells the 
truth can, with little trouble, find this out. It 
will be noticed in the first three paragraphs, 
that he conveys the idea ihat the Magazine is 
not trustworthy; that the editor and contributors 
are ignorant of the subjects ou which they 
write ; that their whole object is gain etc., etc. 
Now, compare this with his statement in Aug. 
No. of Magazine, pp. 177, when ho first turned 
critic. He says:—“I propose making a few 
criticisms on each number of the Magazine to 
show that in Borne cases statements made as 
facts, may be erroneous. * * Of course I 
e an only speak in regard to a small portion of 
what I see in the Magazine, that is open to 
criticism, or a call for further explanation." 
That it has been our custom to “ grossly exag¬ 
gerate the general profits of bee-keeping in order 
to “enlarge our list,” sell “Italian beehives” 
(?) or for any other purpose, is itself a “ gross 
exaggeration ” on the part of Mr. Miner, a fact pu 
which our editorials and comments for the sa; 
past two years will abundantly verify. We will Mi 
give one. as a sample of all. On page fill of 
Magazine, for 187G, wo sav:—“Many enter on M: 
it (bee-keeping) ignorant of its requirements, .Tti 
and, as a conseqnoncc, fail to realize their high is 
expectations. * * An honest statement of a 
all the facts in the failure, reports, mould prove sp 
as valuable to men just entering the business, as iu 
would the map of an old mariner, pointing out ai 
the rock on which many vessels had stranded, in 
prove to the young pilot.” After getting along lh 
thus far, your correspondent proceeds to lay tli 
down twelve propositions on which ho says, m 
the editor, or his brother, or some one else, by tli 
their invitation, had decided wroug—himselt c i 
being the judge—in every instance. ai 
Now for the propositions:—1st, “No queen as 
bees ever were, or ever 1 can bo fertilized in con- <J( 
fiuement.” Wo never said they could be thus hi 
fertilized. See our answer to this very question « 
on pages 42 and 43 of Fob. No. Magazine, 1S7G, Si 
occupying an entire column, in which we Bay, 
after alluding to many experiments, “a amah e 
number reported success in a vory few instances g 
out of many trials, and in these eases of success p 
we think there is room for doubt etc,, oto.” Wo p 
will just add that the first promulgator of this o 
discovery (?) has been for years one or tho most a 
prominent writers on bee culture in the world, s 
aud is to-d&y acknowledged as among the best a 
authorities on the subject. a 
2d, “In no case has there been any reliable I 
evidence that two mature queens existed peacea¬ 
bly in the same hive, both laying at the same 
time.” He closes this paragraph by stating that 
! “ Young queens ore allowed to visit ( ?) a few f 
days in a hive.” We have known two eases of j 
two mature laying queens in the same hive at the , 
same time, and have had several similar cases , 
reported to ns from apiarians of largo experience , 
and unimpeachable veracity. Of course tho , 
general rule is that only one fertile queen is ( 
tolerated In a bivo at the same time; yet to all 
rules there are occasional exceptions ; hut that , 
queens " go visiting " in any proper sense, is a 
new discovery of your correspondent. 
lid, “ King-buds catch and destroy bees.” 
This we have never denied, and no one knows it 
better than T. B. Mixer. Tn both our Magazine 
and “ Boo-Keepers’Text Book,” they are classed 
among the enemies of liees. Yot we think 
the good they do in catching millers and other 
insects which infest tho hives, more than counter¬ 
balances tho loss sustained in tbe few bees they 
, cat. MoBt of the prominent apiarians and ento¬ 
mologists of tho country, including T. (Ilovkr, 
formerly of the Department of Agriculture at 
t Washington, fully concur in this. 
1 4th, In his 5th proposition, Mr. Miner entirely 
misapprehends our contributor’s position, aud 
- also iu tho 6th proposition. 
7th, It is impossible to make an artificial 
swarm of bees in the fall etc., etc. This wo 
deny. All apiarians of any practical experience 
- know that, by depriving stocks of their queens, 
drones may be kept till winter, if necessary; and 
the process of making art ificial swarms may be 
continued ns long as the bees will fiy out. YYe 
1 do not advise doing it, but assert its possibility, 
t. 15. Mixer to the contrary notwithstanding. 
’ ytil, “That queens issue with swarms until 
tho fourth year.” Wo do not deny that this is 
‘ sometimes true and believe that instances have 
occurred in which queens jive years old have 
I insued with swarms, but as a rule, they are not 
" prolific enough after tho third, year to justify 
1 their continuance. With the Italians they are 
generally superseded at that ago. 
1 . 9th, “ That no change iu the natural habits of 
I bees has ever been made, or ean be made," etc., 
a ! e to. If, by the phrase “natural habits” ho 
-j. means a radical change of nature, as, for in- 
stance, a bee into a butterfiy, then we agree 
| with him: but if, on the contrary, he moans 
j that they are not susceptible of improvement, 
published any tiling in the Bee-Keepers’ Magazine 
saying that lie was, and again demund of Mr. 
Mixer to prove his assertion. 
12th, In regard to “ Fertile Workers,” Mr. 
Miner makes the following assertion in the 
Juno No. of Magazine, 1870, page 155r—“ There 
is no proof that a fertile worker ever did exist in 
a family of bees,” and adds, “ Bee-keepers can 
spend their time to better advantage than hunt¬ 
ing up a mythical class of bees.” Now we ask 
any candid reader of tho Rural if that state¬ 
ment is not equivalent to a complete, denial of 
the existence o( fertile workers ? Yet, conscious 
that he was cornered , Mr. M. modifies his state¬ 
ment, in tho Rural, so as to read, “ The proof of 
the existence of fertile workers is not so suffi¬ 
ciently established, as not to ho an open quest ion 
and still later, in your issue of March 31st. he 
says, “ I even think myself that such workers 
do exist." It will he noticed in hia first assertion 
he declares positively there is no proof ol their 
existence, and in his last he believes they do exist ! 
Bo, at last, ho is convinced, without proof. 
We could give hundreds of instances of their 
existence, of tho barm they do, and tho modes of 
getting rid of them; but as all bee men, at all 
posted, are familiar with the subjoot, wo will at 
present give only one authority. Rev. M. M.unx 
of New Castle, Ind., a prominent and scientific 
apiarian, and n man of unquestionable veracity, 
states that he has caught fertile workers iu tho 
act ot laying, has disseeleil them etc. etc. A full 
account of which may be found in tho August 
No. of Moon’s Bee World, 1875, page 238. 
A. J, Kino, 
Editor Bee-Keepers’ Magazine, N. Y. 
In the controversy between Messrs. Miner 
aud KiNO WO havu no present inclination to 
interfere, as each is well able to advocate his 
own views. Wo may, howover, bo permitted to 
remark that both from personal acquaintance 
with the former, as well as from tho valuable 
nature of his freqnout contributions to the 
columns of this and other agricultural papers, 
wo aro fully convinced that if ho is really in his 
dotage, it is a dotage of a marvelously vigorous 
aud intellectual kind.—E d. 
m 
EARLY LAMBS. 
As, next Bpring, I may bo in a position to send 
some early lambs to New York City, and as first- 
class butchers and hotel keepers road tho Rural 
and are, of course, interested iu having tho ani¬ 
mals of tho proper age, the desired weight and 
the most approved breeds, it would be obliging 
mo and perhaps other farmers, if some of these 
gentlemen would give their views on tho subject, 
so that wo may know what to aim at. In tho 
first place, by knowing at what age they like the 
early lambs, I should ho able to put the ewes 
with the rams at such a time as to have the lambs 
at tho age stated at the date specified, and by 
Btating about the weight, they would like them, 
it would bo easy to decide on the breed which 
would attain the best weight at the age mention¬ 
ed. The Down would be almost certain to have 
the preference, and if so, and the weight was 
necessary to be heavy, the Oxford Down would 
| best suit on account of the greater size. 
In Engluud, the first lambs in tho New \ear 
are called “ house lambs,” because, although the 
ewes go out dally, the lambs are kept indoors 
and not allowed to have aught but milk, tho 
ewes being fed well for the purpose of suckling 
well, to make tho lambs l'at at an early age, for 
they are not approved of after they aro more than 
from six to eight weeks old. Customs and tastes 
differ iu other matters, so they may in this coun¬ 
try with regard to the earliest, lambs brought to 
market. It would oblige, therefore, if tho pur¬ 
chasers of early lambs would give a clear state- 
j ment with respect to the kind of animals they 
pound per day to each sheep of dried fish pom¬ 
ace, or one ponud of green (as it shrinks one- 
half iu drying ), aud they came out iu the spring 
in much hotter condition than when fed ou good 
English hay, with corn. I consider the pomace 
worth as much as corn, pound for pound. 
Some two years since, says tho Live Stock Join - 
nal, for tho purpose of testing the value ot fish 
Bcrap with some accuracy, a quantity was obtained 
from Mr. Wilder and placed in the hands of J. 
R. Farrington, instructor at tho Btato College, 
with tho request, that he feed it with corn, in 
such manner as to best ascertain its comparative 
value. For the purpose of the experiment, ton 
lambs, dropped tho previous spring, were se¬ 
lected, aud divided into two lots of five each. 
Beginning January 15th, one lot was fed with 
corn and tho other with flHh—each lot allowed 
all the bay it. would eat. At tho end of 16 weeks 
it was found that the lot eating flora had gained 
48 pounds, or 15X per cent, iu weight, while that 
eating fish had gained 47 pounds, or lo 1-126 per 
cent. Tho experimenter adds that the dotails 
were not entirely satisfactory, hut lie did tho 
host ho could under the circumstances. Nothing 
is said about, tlio surroundings of the animals 
during the experiment, and the inference is al¬ 
lowed that thoso were favorable to thrift. 
- — — — 
GROWING SWEDES AND COMMON TURNIPS 
FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 
Very often swedes are not sown early enough, 
and have not time to grow largo. Common tur¬ 
nips require to be planted at tho beginning of 
.1 uiy to booomo a heavy crop, and BwedeB ought 
to be put in by the middle of Juno, ami thoy re¬ 
quire a cultivator to lie run. between tho rows, 
once a week, till tho tops booomo too large to 
pass up and down. Hand-hoeing, too, and sing¬ 
ling out, should bo ilono immediately they are 
largo enough to ho safe from the Ity- Swedes 
ought to have richer soil and more manure than 
are required for turnips, and the mellower tho 
1 soil has becomo the hotter, because roots must 
1 have a fine tilth. For sheep and for cattle, ex¬ 
cepting milch cows, swedes aro as good as man¬ 
gels or carrots, aud it is loss expensive to culti¬ 
vate aud thin them out than the carrots espe¬ 
cially. 
For making butter, carrots are better than any 
: Other root, and the heat aud dry weather do not 
affect them so badly as other roots ; but it takes 
more hand work to weed anil more trouble to 
1 harvest them. When farm-yard manure is used, 
it ought to be turned over two or three times to 
i, make it as ready as possible to feed the young 
i- plants. 0i °* 
-- J — * | UIUJJI mwi ivopvv w -- 
like other animals, then wo differ very widely wou pi give the most, money for. 
_U lo n t-nmvn 1m nil kllifl.rifl.nK ' . « - • _ .i. -.. _ 
from him, lor it is a fact, known to all apiarians 
worthy the namo, that “in-and-in breeding” 
will in time prove disastrous to the bees; but by 
selecting the largest and best drones and queens 
from different localities, they may he greatly im¬ 
proved in size, shape, color, disposition and 
working qualities. They may be made to use 
combs made of paraffine, cefesin, tin or beeswax, 
all made by machinery . They may be induced 
to build, work or drone cells at will; to build 
their combs separately in frames, and of one 
t thickness ; aud to build in any shape we may de¬ 
sire, such as hearts, diamonds, etc. etc. We can 
cause them to swarm, or restrain them from 
swarming and a thousand other things thoy are 
not in the habit, of doing -when left to follow out 
j their oum instincts. 
10th, “ That bees cannot bo wintered with 
1 perfect safety every lime, as Mr. King asserts can 
be the case." We never made any such assertion, 
and challenge. Mr. Mixer to prove that wo did. 
11th, “ That Moses QurxiiY, deceased, was not 
the first person who discovered that cold weather 
would kill bees, etc. etc." We have never 
Spring chickens, when early, command a high¬ 
er price iu New York than iu London, and I 
would like to know what price is usual for early 
Spring lambH of tbe highest quality, aud how 
long there is a sale for them before the price 
comes down. <*• 
---- 
FISH FOR SHEEP FOOD. 
®jjc |)crtsraatt. 
HAY TEA FOR CALVES. 
The practice common in most of our dairy 
districts, of killing calves when only a few hours 
old, in order to save the milk which they would 
require in rearing, is in our opinion, carried to a 
far greater extent than is either neoessary or 
profitable. It certainly seems to be a needless 
species of cruelty to both mother and offspring, 
and while wo have no disposition to interfere 
with the personal rights of dairymon, or force 
our opinions upon their notice, we aro inclined to 
think there aro bettor wuys of disposing of sur¬ 
plus calves than “ deaconing.” Tho truth is we 
have none too many cows, or beef cattle, and it 
is a shame to destroy tons of thousands of calves 
annually which bring nothing to the owner ex¬ 
cept the few shillings received for the skin. 
It is certainly possible to raise these calves 
j without giving them fresh new mi'k, for with a 
little skimmed milk and hay toa they will thrive 
almost, if not quite as well as upon the pnro 
I lacteal fluid. Fifty years ago, Sir James Stewart 
Denham of Scotland instituted experiments in 
raising calves with hay tea, taking them from 
their mothers when three days old, and those ex¬ 
periments were eminently successful. Two 
pounds of hay were steeped in twenty quarts of 
water, and then boilod down one-half, and to 
this wan added u quart of skimmed milk. In 
some instances molasses was added also to give 
sweetness, and tho calves not only thrived upon 
this diet but preferred it to fresh milk. 
Up iu Maine it appears that sheep are some¬ 
times fed ou fish when other food is scarce, and 
iu a paper laid before tho Maine Board of Agri¬ 
culture, a l'ow years since, by a Mr. Wilder, we 
are told that sheep are not only fond of fish, but 
that they thrive ou such provender. Mr. Wilder 
sayB: 
I keep about 100 sheep, and have fed fish offal 
to them for ten years. The offal is made from | 
herring caught iu weirs, salted tho same as for 
stnokiug, cooked, aud the oil pressed out, leaving 
a pomace, for which the sheep are more eager 
thau for grain. For the last three winters I have 
kept my snoop on threshed straw, with one-half 
NEW BORN CALVES. 
When calves are taken from their dams imme¬ 
diately after being dropped, care should be taken 
to feed them, at first, with their mothers’ milk, 
which at the time of calving is peculiarly adapted 
to act as a gentle purgative, which rids the bowels 
of the calf of tlio meconium with which they aro 
charged at birth. To induce the new-born calf 
to drink readily from a pail, a couple of fingers 
should be put into its mouth, and the muzzle 
then brought gently into the milk, which it will 
draw into the mouth while sucking tho fingers. 
