AY 49 
THE BUBAL MEW-YOBKEB. 
greater influence, when mated with ewes of 
mixed blood. 
If the agricultural community will arouse 
itself and rid the country of the dog nuisance 
and by other means also try to invent means by 
which sheep can be kept on the land more, 
instead of being In barns and yards, thus robbing 
the pastures and all the soil whore the food is j 
grown upon which the animals feed, the beneilt 
of sheep-husbandry would standout in such bold 
relief that the whole body of farmers w ould reap 
the advantages of keeping sheep, and their 
pockets would bo filled with gold, their soil with 
manure to force double crops and the country at 
largo supplied with wool, thus saving the bad 
effects of sending gold for foreign wool and 
foreign woolen clothing. How cssontial it is, 
then, that sheep should be increased and their 
beneficial effects be multiplied o. o. 
tiairy fjuskntim 
THE PRICE OF COWS 
THE GROWING NECESSITY FOR FARMERS TO RAISE STOCK. 
Notwithstanding the low price of butter and 
the prospect of no bettor rates for cheese than 
last year, the price for milch cows lias ruled 
high aud not in proportion to the prospective 
value of dairy products. Milch cows in Herki¬ 
mer County, have been selling from $45 to $60 
and extra animals at even higher rates, and 
drovers claim, in many instances, to have lost 
money by selling at these figures. Dairymen, at 
first, refused to buy, knowing well that nothing 
could be made on cows purchased at these prices j 
but as tho season advanced, the necessity for 
filling up herds induced many to yield to the sit¬ 
uation, buying sparingly aud perhaps not more 
than half the number needed. 
Tho reason for tho high prices is plain enough 
when one goes abroad and attempts to pick up 
a lot of desirable milch cows ; for ho will then 
discover that they arc by no moans abundant, 
aud that those who have good eows will not part 
with them except at good, Bound prices. And we 
are not likely to see any change from this condi¬ 
tion of affairs for some time to conic, becauso 
the demand for milch stock is increasing annual¬ 
ly in a ratio greater than the supply. That is to 
say, as our population increases, the increase of 
milch stock is not sulHcient to keep up tho ratio 
between tho two. This, naturally, must have a 
tendency to keep up prices; but the addition of 
another element will still farther point its influ¬ 
ence in this direction. 
The recent exportation of American meats and 
live stock has demonstrated that we are to have 
a now T outlet for those products which must, in 
the future, draw materially upon the cattle re¬ 
sources of the country, and Western cows will 
be needed to supply home wants rather than bo 
shipped East at low prices. As the difficulty of 
obtaining lirst-elass dairy stock is greater from 
year to year with the prospect of a still fur¬ 
ther scarcity iu the markets, stock-raising among 
dairymen, it scorns to us, becomes an imperative 
necessity. Many dairymen in New York, have 
abandoned stock-raising, under the impression 
that it does not pay. This may have been true 
a few years ago, when cows were no higher than 
they are to-day, while dairy products brought a 
third more money. 
It is quite different now, and wo think dairy¬ 
men must find a fair profit in raising stock, es¬ 
pecially if some attention bo paid to breeding an 
extra class of milkers. At tbo present price of 
dairy products, there cun be no money In milk 
from poor cows, but with largo milkers there is 
still a fair margin of profit to be obtained. Tbo 
necessity, then, for breeding stock that can be 
made to yield a largo product, is imperative and, 
from this stand-point irrespective of other con¬ 
siderations, the Dairyman must find it to his ad¬ 
vantage to raise stock rather than to depend on 
purchasing. 
As the price of boef advances, tho practice 
adopted by the Dairymen of England can be fol¬ 
lowed with advantage here, anil that is, to turn 
all animals that fall in milk or aro unfitted for 
the dairy, into beef. Many persons make a busi¬ 
ness, and a good business, too, in fattening ani¬ 
mals for the shambles. They go among our 
Dairymen early in the season, purchasing dry 
stock or such as from accident have failed in 
milk. These animals are collected together and 
turned upon good pasturago where they gain in 
ilesh and are ready for the butcher from time to 
time during the summer, or they may be finished 
off with meal, so as to bring good prices. 
Now ir a handsome profit can he made in this 
way, why should not the Dairyman feed such 
stock on his farm and have the benefit of it, 
rather than sell ids refuse animals at prices that 
do not pay for their winter keep, allowing tho 
grazier to take all tho profit? The English 
Dairyman always Las an eye to meat as well as 
to milk. Ilia dairy cows are turned before they 
get old and worn out, and at an age when the 
animals may be readily fattened and all dairy 
stock is made into beef upon the farm after per¬ 
forming the alloted service iu the dairy. In this 
way loss on the animals is not only obviated, but 
they aro made to realize a handsome profit. 
We should bo glad to see more attention paid 
to tho raising of stock in the Dairy districts, and 
if every Dairyman would make it a point to raise 
all the stock needed from year to yoar, to keep 
up his herd, with an occasional dairy cow to sell, 
from time to time, he would find it to his advan¬ 
tage and we aro convinced that tho time is not 
distant when necessity will compel this course to 
be generally adopted. 
DIFFERENCE IN MORNING AND EVEN¬ 
ING MILK. 
Tub following article, by Henri A. Mott, Jr., 
E. M., Ph. D., of New York City, has been kind¬ 
ly furnished us in reply to an inquiry on the sub¬ 
ject by Mr. TI. 0. Freeman, printed some time 
since in the Ritual : 
Quite a number of investigations have been 
made, by different chemists, to determine whether 
there exists any constant difference In composi¬ 
tion between tho morning and evening milk of a 
cow; and I propose, in this article, to consider 
tho sovcral experiments on this subject, as re¬ 
ported by those investigators. 
Alex. Mullicr Bays: Morning and evening 
milk exhibit a constant, though slight, difference 
in composition, which, in general, consists sim¬ 
ply in containing “half a percent, more fat at 
night than in tho morning. In the morning’s 
milk this fat is replaced by almost precisely the 
same quantity of water,” The following are some 
of his analyses (Jahresb. Ag. Ch., 1864, p. 389): 
analyses of the morning, noon and evening milk, 
with the following results (Amer. Chem., May 
1875, p. 417): 
• ows; 
2 2.c £P.d 2 g.3 
2 a S' 'S 5 §' sCo' 
§?* g?? 
™ 
0 0 . 
00 
-4 
oS?r 
^o&oe 
C*4^l 
oS83 
Sii 
Xk. 
Z>\ 
S2SP.S 
838 
3£'iS3 
1 P* 
w 
®«*W 
04 a.ee 
O 4A. W 
r 8 
00 
-■» C?'00 
wow 
0 . I 
S883 
I 0 u 
w 
OMM 
oww 
OWW 
Water. 
Fat. 
OUW OM» C5WCO oaw oww Album! I 
333 8 : hh 3SS ssfs noid». ■ 
Oil**, O 4«. ++■ O 4* 4* 
323 ask K8S 3223 283 
'oco ooo 
oo o o o ooo 
vYCil I u2 tj C*1 
■ ' Cwt4< ®Wi3 01013 ow^c» ocoro OUIIU 
1523# BBS tS£'s; *32 « 
Further investigations by Mullku showed that 
tho proportion of fat is influenced somewhat by 
the time that passes between the milkings,—is, 
in fact, less the longer this time. Thus milk, 
taken after an interval of 
10 flours, contained.4.as per cent, of fat. 
11 ;• •• 4.3i 
12 “ “ 3.97 " " 
13 '* “ 8.97 " “ 
14 “ “ 8,51 “ " 
According to tho investigations of Boedecker 
and Struckmann, it appears that the fat con¬ 
tents of tho evening milk of the cow are double 
those of the morning’s milk. Tho following table 
contains the result of their investigations: 
o ey* £• eg 
S **g 2.: *’o O 
SsBO: ' S’ 1 o 
ps o• i 2,: K 
o | aftouu S S2B 
3 | iSi! 
^ | C^OIOW !'W £88 
3 22888 ' 3 £8 
I 8 88283 I IS S3 
O O^OUW 1 3 | 
!3l 1.8 88 
W ©dk-OtCO* p 
>■ - > 4a i © 
fcS tOlO , c OO 
S3 <*3 *> 
3 0* r>4 
£.3308 
*8US?& 
Sfla' a 
p®' 2 
vsaq* « 
to s-3 
a _ • 3. 
CD O O 
’ 
>« 
S* - J .”5 =• 
§s* B f 
ffi r* £3 
s B 8,S 
10- 
gi •< T3 ^ 
b4 o 
i»a r B 
to- ' 
>y > 
& ^ 
D T> ' 
p 2* 5 2 
n •* cs'tS 
rr, rn —* TfZ-- 
1 3 
•® 2.3 «i 
to. 
Ho. OF Cows, Sic. 
Morning Milk. 
1 whole runnings. _ 
2 “ “ 
3 *• “ . 
4 “ " . 
6 “ •* . 
6 '• " . 
El ill 
St* 
a •- 
6io 
" & 
sP 
® j 
•—< “ 
71 *~« 
rl 
31 
.. 1.0815' 6 11 62 9.7S, 1.76 0.72 
.1.0333 5 10.63) 9.00 1,5810.68 
. 1.0334 6 10 96 9.22 1 71 n 69 
. 1.0323 S 12 29 9.TO 3.51 0.74 
1.0333 ti 1 * tl 1*1 9. IS! 1.86 II 71 
1.03-11 6 10.90, \t 21 1.74 0.73 
Average of morninpr milk 1,0335 S'* 11.83; 9.30,1 R7 0,71 
Nocn Milk. I i [ I j 
1 whole runnings. 1.0331 8 12.94‘10.23!'!.71|0.71 
2 " " . 1.0309 9 112.7H 9.66 3*1210.70 
3 " " . 1.0332 7 ,11.42 9.2612.16 0 .72 
4 “ ** .. 1.0306 6 11.98 9.37 2 61 0.78 
5 “ “ . 1.0307 81* 12.66 9.70 2.96 0.70 
6 “ 1.030010 13.73{l(l.26|8.47i0.72 
Average of noon milk. 1.0314 S >4 12.68 9.74 2.64 0.71 
AJternoon Milk. 
1 whole runnings.1.0330 7,V 12 *2 10.08 2.110.73 
2 " " . 1.0311 8 12.091 9 33,2 76,11.71 
3 " ** . 1.0803 10 13.11 9.8113,350.73 
4 . 1.0288 6 11.46 8,62.3.63,0.74 
" . 1.03(1 »)*'12 H|. 9,6u 3.19 0 70 
« ** . 1.0308 10 12.61 9.56 3.36)0.72 
Aver, of afternoon milk . t.o308 9 :12.l;i 9.52 2.91 0.72 
Total average ol' morn¬ 
ing. noon and afternoon 
milk. ..... . 1.0319 8 12.08 0.5412.31 o 71 
Dr. Macadam says:—“It is quite apparent 
that tho morning milk is the poorest, while the 
noon and afternoon milks aro decidedly richer. 
It may be stated that all those cows wore of the 
Ayrshire breed, that they wore fed on chuff, tur¬ 
nips, oats, straw and pea-meal; that No. 1 cow 
calved in August, and tho milk was almost out; 
Nos. 2 aud 5 oalvod in February; No. !3 iu Janu¬ 
ary ; No. 6 in September, and tho milk of tho 
latter was nearly done.” 
Dr. Voklckek made a number of analyses of 
the morning and evening milk of tho cows on 
tho Cirencester College farm, and his analyses 
show', in fiovon cases, the evening milk to bo tbo 
richest, and in four cases tho morning’s milk. 
The following are his analyses : 
II O Sg O CQ u 
i o o d <5 P 
S 2 o 3 & 
£ ^ 
2 ^ 
B B 
% 5? % > fc* £ 
M. 2 M t3 K tt> ^ 
’< g ■“ 3. p O' 0 
: : i r & g £ 
I ^ ^ *-2 2 '• 
i E.s 2 s g c? 2 .p 2 ~ 2 p 5 3 2.s B 3 2 p 
; b’B's pBp'c'aP S'B'a a sog'a 3'a S'S' S' 
p f' p 5 *» ? u ?-*i n»; 1? r ,n * f, u « 
SSSgS22?gS2SSS252S2S8885SS8gS2S2S?i 
sa'gsssssissaisgagssssifeska 
^WMWIiMi-i-MtOtOWrO t* 10 w to to w 10 w to 
.saainisisssstBiesbifebksafeksfe 
WWMWja to to to to to Z6 to os t o to to to os os to to j 
is is is k h ss a k k k k s ss is ® k s a k t k k i 
C;t 5ji C/i 4a 4a Ja. CH CD Oi in -ZF ^1®1 Cfi CJ* 05 ih 
a 
w o 
a ^ 
r li Cfl 
77 1 r* 
Dr. Stevenson Macadam analyzed the milk of 
six cows from a dairy near Edinburgh, making 
J_l_!_ 
Taking tho average of the fat in the above 
analyses, there is obtained 2.98 per cent, of fat 
for the morning and 3.01 per cent, of fat for tbo 
evening milk. 
Voklckek says:—“ The milk-cows were out at 
grass from May till the end of October, and as 
the herbage then became so scarce as not to 
afford Bufficient nourishment, they were fed in 
the evening at the stall, on roots, hay, etc. It 
will be seen, from the analyses, that both tho 
morning's and evening’s milk, in September, 
were extremely poor." 
From Die above very elaborate analyses, by 
distiu guished chemists, it would appear that the 
eveniug milk of a cow is richer than tho morning 
milk: Holler finding “half a per cent, more 
fat at night Iban in the morning-,” Bokdecker 
and Stiutokmann finding the evening milk to 
contain “ twice as much fat" as tho morning; 
Macadam finding the evening milk “decidedly ” 
the richer; and Voelcker finding, in the major¬ 
ity of cases, the evening milk tho rioher, and the 
average of all his analyses showing it to be de¬ 
cidedly the rioher. The question naturally arises, 
How can this difference lie accounted for? I 
think Muller has solved this question for, while 
he found the evening’s milk to contain a greater 
percentage of fat than tho morning’s milk, he 
also found that the quantity of milk at night was 
much less than in tho morning and, on further 
investigation, he found that, on tho whole, the 
absolute amount of fat yielded by the cow in the 
morning is rather more than at night—so that, 
while tho percentage of fat is greater at night, 
on account of a smaller yiekl of milk, a largo 
amount of fat or butter may bo obtained from 
the morning’s milk. This is the only way I can 
account for the statement made by Johnson -. 
“ It is . . . universally remarked that tbo morn¬ 
ing’s milk is of better quality than that obtained 
in the evening." (Agricultural Chemistry, p. 
530.) 
■ - - ■■ - ■ ■ 
RENTING DAIRY FARMS IN HERKIMER 
COUNTY, N. Y. 
A cioiuiEsroNDENT from Wayne County in¬ 
quires, among other things, bow dairy farms aro 
rented in Herkimer County, and says, “Please 
give the leadiug outline of terms for the benefit 
of landlord and tenant in Other parts of tho 
State where dairy farms nra to bo rented.” 
For many years, when dairy farms were rented 
iu Herkimer County, the tenant, took possession 
on the 1st of March, but, within the last ten 
years, tho time, in most instances, has been 
changed to tho 1st of February, and some advo¬ 
cate a still earlier time, say tho middle of Janu¬ 
ary. The reason for this change is that, as the 
cows begin to oomo in milk in March, the in¬ 
coming tenant should havo tho caro and man¬ 
agement of tho herd for «omo timo previous to 
tho season of calving, ue tho yield of milk will 
depend more or loss upon tho manner tho ani¬ 
mals are wintered. Many tenants who are about 
to leave a farm, it is found, lose all interest irt 
tho caro of stock so soon as the milking season 
is over, and some scorn to take pleasure iri leav¬ 
ing tho animals thin and weak, out of spite to 
tho owner of tho stock or to the new tenant. To 
obviate this evil and give the incoming tenant a 
ohattco to havo stock cared for and wintered in 
tho best manner, since this will be to his inter¬ 
est, tho change of timo, as referred to, is found 
to work well. The popular or general method 
of renting farms is that Originated some twenty- 
five or thirty years ago by ilKViiY Buhiucll. In 
this plan the landlord furnishes all the stock 
and half tho seed, when grain and vegetables 
aro to be grown, as well as half tho hogH, and 
receives for his runl. three-fifths of tho cheese 
aud butter and one*half the grain and vegetables 
grown. Tho tenant, furnishes teams and utensils, 
one-half the seed, grain, etc., and receives two- 
fifths of the dairy product,a, and one-half tho 
grain and vegetables. These latter aro to be 
divided In tho fall, and the landlord's portion to 
bo delivered by tho tenant at some staled place. 
The fruit is also to bo equally divided. Tbo 
tenant furnishes all tho grain for his own teams, 
and also furnishes one cow, which is to be kept 
on the farm, to supply his family with milk and 
butter. If there aro any calves rained, the ten¬ 
ant takes two fifths and tho landlord the rest 
division being umdo in tilts fall. The small 
skins taken from calves “ deaconed,” aro to be 
equally divided, but tho rennets all go to tho 
landlord. Tho road taxes are worked out by the 
tenant; all other taxes ore paid by both parties 
in proportion to tho interest of each iu share of 
dairy products. 
Iu old IcasoB the risk of stock dying from dis¬ 
ease or accident, as well eh failing in milk from 
injury of any kind, was shared by both tenant 
and landlord, the funner paying two-fifths of 
tho loss. But latterly this provision has been 
considered rather bin d on t he tenant, ami is not 
required by many, though a clause is added 
which compels tho tenant to pay for all losses of 
stock resulting from bis neglect or abuse. If 
more bay is raised 011 the farm than is needed to 
winter stock, the landlord pays tho tenant for 
the amount left over in spring at tint rate of $2 
per ton, this being tho sum estimated for cut¬ 
ting and harvesting ; and if the crop of hay falls 
short, the tenant pays at tho rate of $2 per ton 
for tho quantity to bo purchased to winter out 
stock. When grain or ground feed is purchased 
for eows during spring, the cost is divided be¬ 
tween landlord and tenant in proportion to tho 
shares of cheese and butter received by each 
respectively. 
if the milk Is made np on the farm, the touaut 
is required to bo at, all the expense of making, 
and iB to draw the goods to tbo nearest market 
or shipping depot. Halt, bandage, and anuatto 
furnished by botii parties in proportion to shares 
of dairy products received by each. 
When milk goes to tho factory, tho cost of 
making is deducted and net proceeds divided in 
the proportion as heretofore stated, tho tenant 
delivering the milk and drawing the cheese to 
market. We enumerate only the leadiug fea¬ 
tures of the contract. Of course there are a 
number of minor details, such as building fence, 
cither wall or post and board, layiug down 
meadows, hauling manure, sowing plaster, etc., 
which are required to be done by tho tenant in 
order to keep up the form in as good a condition 
as when ho entered upon the premises. 
RENTIH0 AT THE HALVES. 
There is another way of renting dairy forms 
of late slowly coming into practice. The tenant 
