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FARMING IN JAPAN. 
A correspondent of the Agricultural Gazette 
(Eng.,) gives us an insight into the way farming 
is carried on in Japan. Of course it is important, 
in looking at the Japaneae system of agriculture, 
to' take into consideration the great difference 
that exists botwoen the climate of the northern 
part and the climate of the southern part of 
Japan. At Hakodadi, in the northern island of 
Ye8SO, winter begins early, snow ofton falling in 
November, arid lasting for months, not os in 
Yedo, melting almost as soon as it falls. In the 
southern island of Kio-soo. the winter is milder 
than at Yedo, where this last winter the first fall 
of snow was on January 2, but in a day or two 
completely thawed. Three or four falls of snow 
occurred during January and February, which 
are the two coldest months of the year, the two 
warmest being July and August. During the 
spring and autumn the weather is delightful. 
The rainy season is short, lasting from about 
middle of May to middle of Juno. 
Wheat, barley, oats, winter peas and beans are 
sown in October and November. The barley har¬ 
vest commcncos the Arst week in Jime ; it is suc¬ 
ceeded by the wheat harvest, which is generally 
finished by the end of June, the land being occu¬ 
pied by the second or summer crop. Wheat is 
sown in towb about two feet apart, often in 
bunches one foot apart in the row. The land is 
cultivated with great care ; not a wend is to bo 
seen, the wheat field looking as neat as a garden. 
Considering the size of Japan and its popula¬ 
tion, which is about the samo as England, it is a 
faot worthy of notice that for hundreds of years, 
without the importation of grain, Japan has sup¬ 
ported its teeming millions in comfort and plenty. 
Shut off until a few years ago from commercial 
intercourse with the nations of the West, this 
remarkable people have maintained themselves 
in industrious prosperity, and provided for the 
comfortable subsistence of a dense population. 
The rule of their agricultural industry has been 
to allow no element of tho fertility of their soil 
to be wasted. Human excrement, which in some 
countries is hurried into tho nearest stream, to 
pollute the water instead of being used as manure 
for the land, is the foundation of Japanese farm 
manuring, being everywhere collected, and ap¬ 
plied to the laud In the most economical manner. 
As a rule, Japanese farmers do not keep any 
stock, tho majority of them being purely arable 
farmers; this makes it the more important to 
them to have a sufficient supply of manure to 
maintain the fertility of their land. 
The Japanese farmer raises two crops in the 
year from his well-tilled land, the chief winter 
crops being wheat, barley, peas, beans, cabbage- 
oil plant (brassica sinensis), cabbage, buckwheat 
and potatoes. 
The chief summer crops, soy, hill rice (not re¬ 
quiring irrigation), cottoi:, Sesaaum orientale or 
oily grain, turnips, carrots, yams, sweet potato, 
hemp, maize, peas, beans, etc. Tho tea plant is 
cultivated, or grows wild, in Kio-sor and Niphon, 
the southern and central parts of the empire. 
Kio-soo is within 31 and 34 north latitude, 129° 
and 132 eaHt longitudo. In this part of the 
country the seed of the tea plant is allowed to 
mature upon the stem and drop upon the ground 
in August. It is then collected and kept in a 
cool place till February when it is planted. Early 
in May of the thud year of its growth tho first 
picking takes place, and after that one annual 
picking of the cultivated plant. 
There are thousands of acres at present uncul¬ 
tivated, well adapted for tea plantations. If 
these uncultivated acres were utilized by grow¬ 
ing tea. the export of that article to Europe 
might he greatly increased. 
Japan has the means of producing much larger 
quantities of tea and silk for the European mar¬ 
ket, which, if done, would certainly add to the 
wealth of the country. 
Other summer crops grow chiefly in tho val¬ 
leys, and require irrigation during their growth. 
Rice is the most important. The land intended 
for rice generally lies fallow during tho winter. 
About the last week in April, corners of the field 
are prepared as seed beds for tho young paddy, 
the seed is sown thickly and very soon vegetates. 
The land is prepared by manual labor, then 
flooded, and manured with weeds or grass, fresh¬ 
ly cut. The transplanting takes place about the 
first week in June. 
The field is covered with about three or four 
inches of water, tho plants are set in the muddy 
soil, in rows. On some land the seed is sown 
thinly, broadcast. During its growth it is weed¬ 
ed, and the soil occasionally stirred up between 
the rows. It is ripe and harvested in November. 
Nubia is a strip of land nearly 500 miles long 
and 300 broad, on each side of the Nile, and is 
very fertile. There are on this island 159 vil¬ 
lages and about 100,000 black inhabitants with 
Hindoo features. 
amt pacWacnj. 
NEW EXCELSIOR LAWN MOWER. 
It has the Largest Sale of any Lawn Mower in 
the World. 
h, 1 AWARDED THE HIGHEST MEDAL AT THE CEN¬ 
TENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
It, lias been adopted, and ran bo seen in practical operation on 
Central Park and all the other City I'nrks, New York i 
Government Gronudnand City PurM, Washington i Bos¬ 
ton Common. Boston l Prospect Citric, Brooklyn | nod on 
almost every prominent Carle throughout the United State* 
and Canaria. 
THK GREAT TRIAD of 7,awn Mowers was held In New 
York City June 25th, Tnero tho Excelsior came into com¬ 
petition with all the best Lawn Mowers in tho world, and was 
awarded the HIGHEST PREMIUM,. 
Kotirnl.es for hand power: lour sixes for horse power. 
Prices from SI 1 to S-JOO. Every Macliiue Warranted. 
Address CHADB0RN & 00LDWELL MTG 00„ 
Scad for Circular. N<< wbnrgh, N. Y. 
N. II.- We call SPECIAL ATTENTION to our new IIORSE MOW¬ 
ER. dears entirely coverpd and weight reduced 200 lbs. It is the 
_ -**" LIGHTEST & BEST HORSE MOWER EVER MADE 
The Buffalo Pitts Thresher 
AND HORSE POWER STILL AHEAD. 
The Judges of the Centennial Exposition awarded 
THE GRAND MEDAL 
TO THE 
f Mii-i-£Ra..suepME:a 
Address STHAUB MILL, CO., Cincinnati, O. 
BOOKWALTKR ENGINE. ‘ 
Compact, substantial, economical, 
and easily managed. Guaranteed 
to work well and give full i-owor 
Claimed. Engine and Boiler com¬ 
plete, including Governor, Pump, 
etc., at the low price of 
.i-Hovse Power.$2-10 
Ov ** •’ 2*0 
6K •• “ M0 
Put on cars at Springfield, Ohio. 
JAS. LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, 0. 
or 100 Liberty St., New York City. 
Send for Descriptive Circular. 
Si 
SI 
SM 
^ 1 ' 
[ g 
M i 
THR£ s 
R U S S ELU& C 
Wanted. 
SALESIWEN WANTED! 
We want live agents, of either sex, to travel and 
sell our goods, which pay large profits and arc in 
great demand. Address WELLS & BARNES, Lock 
Box 93, Syracuse, N. Y. 
AGrENTS WAWTBD /or the 
GREAT EXHIBITION 
450 ENGRAVINGS, that cost over $20,000.00. 
Tho only volutno showing tho beat, exhibit*; wide¬ 
awake agents arc quitting others. Sales Increasing. 
Get i lie Best. Persona having inferior books now 
Send for Circular, turmS, and sample engravings. 
P W. At EG LKIt A CO., 5»H Arch 8t., Phil*., Pa. 
A n LA \r r rw: *8* dny.eiwv to all. Write ns 
iV\T rhTx L O. Sjuphov A Bmith. N. Y. City. 
Wjut SALESMEN on a rojul.tr salary of 
a month and expenses, to stdl our 
Ain i nO T " uFAf.r.RS. fltinplm PURE. 
I .ill LI 8*»n«l Ho •iniiiii r.-t ln«tu« %n*wrr. 
8. YOHtEll 4 CO. [IluAinnAtl.O. 
\ATANTEI>. A MAN IN EVERY HTATK, 
V T to hire and train agents 10 sell my hooks. Ad¬ 
dress, giving age, experience and salary wanted. 
VV. J. HOLLAND, Springfield, Mas*. 
fflv«>prrv A MONTH.-Agent* wanted, 30 best 
»o5t'>*M7 selling article* in the world, One sam¬ 
ple free. Address JAY BRONSON, Detroit, Mich. 
OAK O O'V'Y a Week to Agents. $10 Outfit Tree. 
OOObi 04 1 P. O. VICK Ell Y, Augusta, Maine. 
COA w d*0 Beat thing lot- Agent*. 
v iur pfei j. Latham A Co., Boston. 
RUTTER 
If for 3 emit Ntnmp, M 
% how lo make, pmicrrn nnd COLOR, 
t Kxtract RnuelUlty. Dairy imm* Itooelpts, 
MRS. B. SMITH. 327 Arch 8t.. Phllml*., !•». 
Buffalo PittsEThreshex^ andl Cleaner, 
THE BEST THRESHER,3THE GREATEST GRAIN SAVER, AND 
THE MOST PERFECT CLEANER, 
thus confirming the unanimous verdict of Thresherinen throughout the world . 
In material, workmanship and operation, It 1* superior to all other Threshers, and 
Will do Credit to the Manufacturer and the Agent. 
IV'lt /« a view to increasing sales in localfttes where no regular agencies are established, 
correspondence, is incited from responsible dealers and agents. 
For Prices, Catalogues and all other Information, address 
JAMES BRAYLEY, Prop’r Buffalo, N. Y. 
W ST RN OFFICE, 42 & 44 8omh Canal St.» Chicago, Ill. 
^ , -tvd to Ameri ea ^ 
^itze ( *3'eetV&’ 
“ indispensable to the Wn-ary, Clergyman, Law¬ 
yer, rhyshfian, mUt>r, Teacher, Student, and nil. of 
any calllruj in lije who desire Fnowlvdue." 
Encyclopflia Britannica. 
Tlio American Reprint-Ninth Edition. 
This great work Is beyond comparison superior In 
its elaborate and exhaustive character to all similar 
works. 
The contributors are the most distinguished nnd 
original thinkers and writers of the present and of 
the past. 
This Issue Is the Ninth revision In u spnen of over 
100 years since it* inception, and tills reprint, a Copy 
in eveny particular >if tho British Edition, i» the nest 
and cheapest work over offered to the American 
people. 
'fine article# are written In a most attractive style, 
aud the quantity of matter In each volume Is oiie- 
l bird greater per volume ttanu In any other Cyclo- 
pmdiusold tit the name rates. 
The work contains thousands of Kngruvlngo on 
Steel a ml Wood, and Is printed from ontiroly new 
typo made (Stprossly for it. 
ft will bo comprised In 21 Imperial octavo volumes, 
four of which are now ready, and the succeeding 
volumes will be issued at tho rate of throe a year. 
Price per vol., cloth binding .... $5.00 
Sold only by Subscription. For specimen pages 
apply to tho Publishers. 
J. M. HTODI1ART <Sc GO., 
723 Chestnut Street, 1* hilndelphia 
The Centennial Judges having 1 awarded to the Messrs. BOREL 
A COURVOISUER 2 Frizes at the V nahetl _ :-7T *Se3 late Centennial Exhibition for their 
production, one for extreme aocu- \ 7 nl, ' v >n adjustment and regularity 
In performance, and the other for \-X —. / displav, they are now offering their 
Watches at a great, reduction from / former prices, having introduced 
Improved machinery, whereby the X \ /7l/ production is Increased, and the 
cost of umuufaeturo greatly re- X. Jr duend, and the uualitv and durabil¬ 
ity improved, insuring a llrat-clasu it aTS5^ NICKEL MOVEMENT WATCH 
within tho reach of all. These —Watcho*. so favorably known for 
tho past is year*, are made of tho best material, and httvo allthe mod¬ 
ern improvement* In watch making, having Chronometer Rnlnncen, RregueL ilnii Spring*, Tem¬ 
pered, Hardened and lHOchroni*ed for It. It. Travel, Kluc Kilby Jeweled, and ure warranted 
to perform with the regularity and accuracy of a Chronometer. These Watches arc Tor sale by all our local 
agent* throughout the country, and partle* desiring a good and durable time-keeper, are requested to 
examine them before purchasing those of other manufacturers or home productions. 
rJENESEE VAI.LEY FARMS FOR SALE. 
V* Some of the finest residence* inthn Valley, near 
it. K. Inquire soon of John hh eldon, upon tho 
premises, ut Moscow, Livingston Co., N. Y. 
T70R. HA L E.— Valunhle Fruit. Farm in Central Vir- 
J pinto, 8 and t miles from ChutfU/ttivUle aud tho 
Unli'ersitiinf Va„ of KB Acres 25 in Or apes (mainly 
in bearing), host vurleties. Orchard, 8 yours old. 1,000 
trees ot Aiipies. I’enrs and I’etichn, well selected. Vary 
rich land, eultiibh; huihllnirn, favorable situation, 
charming prospects, healthful region, cultivated so¬ 
ciety, and two railroads near by. A prosperous Wlno 
Co. in Charlottesville affords u good market tor 
grape*. Minor A Co., Charlottesville, Va. P.O. Box 106. 
awarded to tho Messrs. BOItEL 
late Centennial Exhibition for their 
racy in adjustment, and regularity 
display, they uro now offering their 
former prices, having introduced 
production la Increased, and the 
ducod,».ud the quality and durubtl- 
NICKEL MOVEMENT WATCH 
Watches, *o favorably known for 
best material.and have all the mod- 
No ftellimn .t oiUrrh li>-r«. PIQIIA J. F. MANCHA, 
Map, uud culHluKa.K Iren. | M It ivl V ■ Dover, D«l. 
F. MANCHA, 
Duvet, D«l. 
Q,TJIISrCHE <fe KRUaLF^R, 
_BALKSHOOMs 15 MAIDEN LANE, N. Up Stair*. 
Es^tabli3hed in l844. BRADLEY’S LIGHT REAPER^ 
The American Harvester, No. 2. 
1 ft P■ ' Received the Highest Centennial Award, "For 
I r _ r*. ^ til 1T‘ Good Catting and well-made Gavels, Lightness of 
f - i iNtlk ^ ^ Draft and General Excellenoo.” 
tr ,tV' * ItSlhSkH58 r,iCc 5 mA' fc,, '‘lMiik * Our Patent Adlustible Track places this Reaper 
^ ITtV f k dfted gn“l l , °* a ‘ lothwrs lu capacity for gathering 
bend for Circular containing copy of Offlchtl Award. 
IF BRADLEY MANUFACTURING Cf).. 
’Au*m rflllri. ^1. ' Syracuse, N. Y., and Chicago, Ill. 
ni IVST PUSTDDV Buds on sale by B. P.Wa- 
U LI V C I lincnm LIAMS, Dansvllln, N. Y. 
CABBAGE PLANTS. 
A large stock of the best varieties, from tlio choic¬ 
est American seeds ; ?2 per 1,1)00; *15 per 10,1X10. 
Celery Plants, alter July 1st; $2.50 per l/XXl. 
Send for Circular. TILLINGH ANT I! 1108., 
Lu Plume, Luzerne Co,, Pa. 
THEDINGEE&CONARD CO’S 
BEAUTIFUL EVEU-BLOODIINti 
Vv Q^\ 04 $ 
MOOBK'S RURAT. New-Y 0KKER contains Sixteen 
Quarto Pages weekly, finely and profusely Illustra¬ 
ted and neatly printed. Only *2.50 per year. $3.00 In 
clubs of ten or more, postage paid. Great In 
ducements to Club Agents. Specimens, Premium 
Lists, Ac., sent free. 
,Sf rong Pot Plants, suitable for immediate flow¬ 
ering, .sent safely by mail, noMpaui. 5 xpIrmlLl 
vnrict 1.-*, your choice, all labeled, for $t« 1:4 for @’4; 
1U for $3 5 xo for94 1 35 lor N5. For lOccilUicach 
nddiliunal, one Magalfli'i-at Premium Itnse 
to every ilollar'swonn ordered. Sotid forour NEW 
tiUIOK TO KOSK CULTURE, and ehooso 
from over 300 finest sort s. We make Roses a Great 
Sport a If y, and ore the lnryr.il. Jiose-ymwert in A mer¬ 
ic, i. Refer to 100,(NX) (JUsloruers in the United .Stales 
and Canada. THE DINGKK & CONAKD CO, 
R0SF.-tiBuwiiE3, West Grove. Chester Co.. Pa. 
^tooeh ami ^oultvy. 
EGGS FOR HATCHING, 
from the following varieties of pure-bred stock, of 
the highest strains, most of them flrst prize birds 
Silver Gray Dorkings, Rrown Leghorns, Black- 
Breasted Itcd Game Bantams, fd per dozen, 
Pekin Ducks, Aylesbury Ducks and White Leg¬ 
horns, f a per doz. 
tw To any one sending an order for two dozen 
eggs of the first three varieties named, I will send 
the ItuuAf, NBiy-YOKKnii for one year, free; and 
to those ordering two dozen of the Duck and Leg¬ 
horn eggs,at the prise named, I will send the Rural 
for six months, HENRY I1ALEN, 
Ridgewood, Bergen Co.. N. J. 
