THE BUBAL NEW-YORKER. 
TERMS FOR 1877, IN ADVANCE, 
INCLUDING POSTAGE, WHICH PUBLISHERS PREPAY, 
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rates include pontage (under the new law) to any part 
o the United States, anil the American postage on all 
copies mailed to Canada. On papers mailed to Europe, 
by steamer, the postage will be 85 cents extra for each 
subscription. Ilraru, Post-Office Money Orders and 
Registered Letters may be mailed at our risk. CJf Lib¬ 
eral Promiums to all Club Agents who do not take free 
copies. Specimen Numbers. Show-Bills, Sc., sent free 
Uxtos of % ®cch. 
THE WEATHER. 
During the two weeks ending the 80th ult., 
there occurred some noteworthy alternations of 
weather. Early In the morning of the 19th of 
June, there was a heavy rain, accompanied by 
wind, thunder and lightning, and the hottest, day 
of the year, so fur, succeeded. The following day 
the thermometer showed an average decline In 
temperature or 15*, and the weather remained 
cool (almost cold on one or two mornings) and 
pleasant till the 2«th, when another heavy rain 
In the morning was followed by another hot day. 
In the evening the temperature fell rapidly, and 
beautiful weather has prevailed since, to date of 
writing, in some parts oi tills state and New 
England, the cool weather culminated In light 
frosts, while in Canada loo was formed and vege¬ 
tation considerably Injured. This is something 
unusual for the season. A terrific storm of wind, 
hall and rain, which originated on the 25 th In the 
far West, raged with great vloleme over a vast 
extern of country, doing Immense damage all the 
way from Cheyenne, Neb., to Pennsylvania. The 
belt of territory affected was perhaps 250 miles In 
width. In Illinois the havoc extended over the 
whole state, numerous buildings, fences and trees 
being blown down, lnuhloihe destruction was 
similar but not so widespread. Live stock and 
human beings were killed in several States, win¬ 
dow panes by the ten thousand broken, and the 
crops of all kinds, which had been particularly 
promising throughout this whole region, seriously 
injured. The ratniall exceeded two inches In 
many localities. It Is to be hoped that the devas¬ 
tation la less than at present reported. The South¬ 
ern and Atlantic coast Slates are supplying our 
markets with enormous quantities or fruits and 
vegetables, and seem to be bleBscd with a season 
favorable to their prosperity. 
- 4~*-4 - 
HOME NEWS PARAGRAPHS. 
The temperance citizens of Brattleboro, Vt., 
have kindly requested the dealers In Intoxicating 
liquors to discontinue the sale or dispensing of 
the same. 
An Atlanta Methodist clergyman Is a policeman 
on week (lays. 
A burglar broke Into a Kansas City house In 
which Mrs. Gay was alone, and frightened her 
Into silence while he packed up the valuables. 
Then, by* way of emphasizing a parting injunction 
not to raise an alarm, be boxed her ears. That 
made her so angry that she forgot her fear. She 
jumped out of bed, knocked the burglar down 
tvlth a chair, pulled his hair, scratched hla face, 
stamped on him, and yelled at the top of her 
voice. A police officer heard the racket, and the 
badly Injured man was arrested. 
The Albany, N. Y., moulders' union, has virtu¬ 
ally disbanded by voting that the members may 
work for whatever wages they can get. They 
have been ou a strike all the winter and spring, 
and their places In the foundries have been filled. 
The berry-pickers Up tire Hudson, in l ister Co., 
are committing outrages of every description. 
They are made up from the worst charac ters of 
New York and other cities along the river. 
Burglary, arson and assaults upon fanners and 
unprotected women are among their offences. 
A man arrived in Buffalo, N. Y., recently to 
place Ills mother In an asylum for lunatics. He 
went, to bed In a. hotel, and In the morning was 
found to have become a raving maniac. 
The Supreme Court of Indiana has decided that 
a divorce granted In Utah between parties, 
neither or whom are residents of the Territory, is 
Inoperative and void. The decision Is in accord¬ 
ance with justice and common sense. 
A County Commissioner In Montana, while 
hunting recently, found three bears in a gulch. 
He wounded one, aud the other two started for 
him. He scrambled up a ledge of rooks, and was 
kept there for hours by the beasts. Becoming 
hungry*, they went away, and he escaped. 
A Nevada miner fell Into a shaft that was two 
hundred feet deep, but after going down about 
forty feet, he struck on a platform. lie says that 
while falling, and expecting to be Instantly killed 
at the bottom, ho thought as much in the few 
seconds as he could think ordinarily In an hour. 
Some person of leisure has ascertained that 
there are In Worcester’s Quarto Dictionary 33S 
words of seven syllables, 24 of eight, and three of 
nine. 
The production of silk in America In isco was 
valued at *2 000 , 000 , m 1876, |25,ooo,ooo. This was 
a handsome increase In sixteen years. The 
manufacture depends almost wholly upon the 
Imported spun silk, all ready for ■Weaving, not¬ 
withstanding there Is as fine a climate aud soil In 
the United States for growing the Morus multi - 
cavlis and feeding the silk worms as there Is upon 
the globe. During these same years the French 
manufacture has gone steadily on, when uot 
interrupted by war, but at present, Lyons, the 
center of this Industry, has 50,000 eperatlves out 
of work. This result has been measurably super¬ 
induced by the loss of the American market, as 
American silks are rapidly taking the place of the 
Imported. 
Marblehead, Mass., was the scene of a destruc¬ 
tive Ore on the morning or .Tune 25tll. Fifteen 
acres of buildings were burned, comprising facto¬ 
ries, stores and dwellings. Three-quarters of the 
working population of the town are thus deprived 
of employment. The losses are placed at fully 
$500,000, 
A woman In Baltimore has been fined fioo and 
costs for sending scurrilous postal cards to ladles. 
A man and his son In Charlestown, Mass., have 
married Bisters, the father taking the younger. 
The first salmon ever found above Niagara Falls 
was recently caught fn the Huron district. It was 
eight Inches long and the fruit of planting there 
two years ago. 
A New Haven, Conn., correspondent says there 
are two thousand unoccupied buildings In that 
city, one-half being stores. 
■ 
FOREIGN NOTES. 
In the athletic games at Cornwall, Canada, a 
heavy slodge hammer slipped from the hands of 
an athlete, and st ruck a young girl, named Ellen 
Kavanagh, killing her lnstaDtly. 
A colored man, who with a party of seventy- 
two, went from Bertie, N. C., In 1870 to Liberia, 
writes that he has an abundant crop, as also ills 
companions, and that he does not wish to return 
to the United States. 
In England, in tsii, there were 58,000,000, in 1875 
there were 60, 000 , 000 , and In 1876 there were 61,- 
450,000 bushels of malt used. 
The Old Catholic census In Germany shows that 
the number of adherents Is 53,640, against 49,808 
last year. 
A party of twenty-eight. Chinese naval cadets 
are now on their way to Paris and London, where 
they will pass a course of Instruction in the naval 
academies. 
During the Whlt-Monday amusements at Hull, 
Eng., a balloon which was about to ascend was 
blown against a gas jet and exploded. Eighty* 
six of the spectators were Injured. In six cases 
the injuries were dangerous. 
on tiie I9t’n or last month, the French Chamber 
or Deputies declared that the new Ministry does 
not possess the confidence, ol the nation, by a vote 
of 363 against 1 53. Two days nrter, the senate, by 
a vote of 150 to 130 decreed the dissolution of the 
chamber. Tbc republ leans believe that tbo coun¬ 
try will sustain their course In denouncing the 
Ministry, in the coming elections, by an Increased 
majority. President McMahon, It is now said, will 
retain his place until the expiration of his term 
of office In i860, whatever may be the decision or 
the people. In case or Ids resignation, M, Tillers 
would be put forward and supported by the re¬ 
publicans. 
ecu. Grant continues to be feted and honored In 
England by royalty, nobility and gentry beyond all 
precedent. He has appeared on one or two occa¬ 
sions in the full uniform of a Major General. Re¬ 
cently, In response to an Invitation from the 
Queen, he and hts wife visited AVludsor, and re¬ 
mained at the Castle over night. A grand dinner 
party and state concert were given to them on 
the evening of their arrival, June 27, at which 
many royal and distinguished persons were pres¬ 
ent, including the Emperor and Entpressof Brazil, 
the Prluco and Princess of Wales, and several 
other members of the Queen's family. Gen. Grant 
will leave England for the continent about the 
loth of July. 
Some of the Spanish papers are advocating the 
suppression of the hull tights, and are asking that 
It may be declared Illegal to allow horses to take 
part in them. There are one hundred buU rings 
In Spain. 
France Is now able to defend herself against 
Germany, but Is not yet strong enough to attack 
her. The French army Is now t.aoo.ouo strong, 
aud can be Increased to nearly 2 , 000 , 000 . Yet the 
Alsace-Lorraine fortresses alone will keep the 
French at home for years. 
. . — 
EVERYWHERE. 
Greece City, Pa., June 25. —The crops, with 
the exception of corn, which will be a total fail¬ 
ure In Butler County, all look well. It has been 
very dry here. Most of the farmers had to re¬ 
plant their corn, as the first seed, owing to the 
extremely dry weather, did not show up. Wheat 
looks very nice; some of It will be fit for harvest 
about the 10 th of July. Rye and oats will show 
up Ai. Potatoes very good; shall have new ones 
in our garden this week; very few bugs — not 
enough to hurt. We have green peas and string- 
beans enough to cook. We had a lieavy frost on 
the night of 23d Inst., but 1 guess it did not kill 
anythtng. Potatoes, $2 per bush., and scarce; 
butter, 18(5)200. per lb.; eggs, 140. per doz,; wheat, 
$1.75; Oitts, 45©50c.; Hour, $12.— C. if. B. 
Wnltnnat Hits Tuscola Co., Midi., June 25. 
—The weather now Is quite pleasant, with occa¬ 
sional showers. Wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, clo¬ 
ver, and timothy are doing first-rate. No barley 
or rye are ralsad in this county. Haying has fully 
commenced. Wool Is a good crop, and Is worth 
about, 35c. for washed. Potato beetles are plenti¬ 
ful, hut the farmers have learned how to manage 
them. No grasshoppers or locusts.— a. b. I 
(ghrafiotiitl Hoffs, 
CIPHER WRITING. 
Br writing in cipher, Is meant the use of char¬ 
acters, letters or signs, in place of those common¬ 
ly used, the significance of which is not generally 
understood, or the transposing of the letters of 
the alphabet in such a way that their power of 
word-making 13 lost to all except those made ac¬ 
quainted with the order of transposition. 
Cipher writing Is usually done to prevent per¬ 
sons other than those to whom correspondence Is 
addressed, from reading it, should it by any means 
falllnto their bands; but It is sometimes used for 
abbreviating messages sent by telegram, a single 
word often signifying a wholo sentence. 
The varieties of Cipher are almost without end, 
and It requires but little Ingenuity to Invent a 
new one; but the trouble is, to make It difficult 
to decipher. Where one word Is used to mean an¬ 
other, or a number or others, it la probably next 
to Impossible to decipher it But when the let.tei s 
forming words are merely transposed systemati¬ 
cally, the system is easily perceived, and If trans¬ 
posed without system, It Is as difficult for the re¬ 
cipient to translate as for anybody else. 
When a sign or character Is used for a letter, or 
one letter made to stand for another, as a for n, 
or m for e, and so on, making a transposition of 
the whole alphabet, It may look very blind at 
first, but a little Ingenuity will discover the key. 
14 1 wdorrlewo fa rouy bellencsx. lldantewy ct 
erltw aertvatpo tub dearef rouy weteplcasfurpy’’ 
—would not readily be understood to mean, “ I 
arranged t.be whole business. Doubtless no moi e 
Interference ever will take place." 
Certain letters of the alphabet are used more 
than others. E Is used an hundred times where 
z is used but once. These are the extremes be¬ 
tween which the others lie in regular order—thus: 
otaoisliHrdclumfwy b pg vk q x j z 
I do not give tbl3 order, however, as fixed and 
invariable, but only as the average result of my 
Investigation and observation so far as made. 
There Is as much difference In the class of words 
used by different authore as in their number. 
Sn a ksckakb Is said to have used more than 20,000 
different words, while Milton's list dll not exceed 
half this number. Irving and Bancroft are noted 
for the use or short, one syllabled words; Scott 
and Bulwkr for that of tong ones. 
In a scientific work, one class of letters will bo 
freely used, while In a work on theology, a much 
different class will be required, and vice versa. 
Ono language requires a superabundance of a cer¬ 
tain portion of the alphabet, while another de¬ 
mands for Its orthography more of those not need¬ 
ed In the first. The I Lallan abounds in vowels; the 
Welsh In l’s, Us, and y's. 
Type founders, In arranging their fonts, make 
notes of this, and prepare for contingencies by 
averaging up certain letters; for Instance, In a 
font the number of 1, n, o, and s, Is the same, 
while In books or ordinary English, there is a 
marked difference In the number used. 
Now, suppose we take the alphabet and trans¬ 
fer the first two letters to the other end of the list, 
using e instead of a, d for b, and so on; 
abedefghi j klmnopqrstuvwxyz 
cdefgkij klmnopqrstuvwxyzab 
using this arrangement, we should write Instead 
of the proper letters now found in the upper line, 
the one below it, aud “Honesty Istne best pol¬ 
icy,” would read “ Jqpguva kn vjg dgnt rqnkea." 
With so short a sentence, It would be difficult to 
find the key; but if the cipher contained a thou¬ 
sand letters, we should first find what we used 
most, and which next. Then, In place of the one 
most used, we should write e, and of tho next t. 
We should then look for the words of three let¬ 
ters, and should expect to dad a goodly number 
of them whose first and last letters were the same 
as the two of which we had found the most ih the 
cipher answering to t and e, as the Is used In En¬ 
glish more than any other uigrammatlc word. 
These being determined, we know our conclusion 
as to the value of two letters Is correct, and that 
also gives us another, h, the middle letter of the. 
Then we find which of the remaining letters Is 
most used, and In Its proper place write a, and so 
on. When half a dozen or so of the most used let¬ 
ters are found, the cipher will be so Interspersed 
with them, as that whole words can he readily 
inferred. The same plan can be used when signs 
or other characters, Instead of letters are used. 
Certain rules will suggest themselves as aids, 
such as that q Is always followed by u. and w by 
a, e, 1, h, r, or y. Comparisons or terminations 
will be made, combinations of the same letters 
observed, and an hundred other little things that 
will readily occur. 
If It be agreed between two parties that instead 
of the word meant, should be written one holding 
a certain relation to It in a list of words, it would 
make a combination almost impossible to deci¬ 
pher. In this case, it would he absolutely neces¬ 
sary that the lists hold by each are duplicates. 
Assume that It will be agreed that for each word 
tu the communication should be written the third 
word found below It In Webster’s Unabridged edi¬ 
tion. 1856. For the sentence, “ The party Inter¬ 
ested has been seen, nnd agrees to support us In 
any action we choose to take," would appear, 
••Thearoby party Ism Interfere hash beerhouse 
seesaw andante agreeableneas toudfish support¬ 
ably usage lnablement aortal actionary weak 
cnooslng toadfish taker." 
Names of persons or places cannot be used In 
this way, as they are not In the dictionary. 
Still another method Is to write the words of 
the communication with other words Interspersed. 
Then write on a separate piece of paper to be sent 
In another envelope, the numbers of the words In 
the message which are to be read, as 1 4 5 8 ID 12, 
&c. If “ I ever will or be In duly by Chicago 
for on ever but the same twenty or one-fifth 
after when every only thing not can he for or by 
satisfactory Instantly to whichever arranged,” be 
explained by the figures 1 3 5 6 9 It 141019 21 22 24 
26 27 31 35, there would be no difficulty In making 
It out. To save writing so many figures. It might 
be understood that every alternate word of the 
llrst line and every third word of the second Itne, 
and so on, was to be read. 
Il ls very common for merchants to mark the 
prices of their goods tn cipher, sometimes using 
different ones, to denote the cost and tho selling 
price. For at. least one of these, some word or 
words containing ten different letters is used, as 
Blackpolnt, Chamberlin, the first letter answer¬ 
ing for one, the second t.wo, and so on. To render 
the marking a little more confusing, It Is cus¬ 
tomary to have a letter that docs not ap¬ 
pear in the word, as a duplicating letter, rather 
than to repent one In any mark. So If we want 
to ivrite 100 by the word Chamberlin, we should 
put It. O-n-n, or by using o for a duplicate, C-n-o. 
It la easier to remember words than ten arbi¬ 
trary letters, unless t hey come in common order, 
In which case t hey are thought to be more easily 
deciphered. For this reason, when characters 
Instead of letters arc used, It, Is best that the char¬ 
acters have some peculiarity anahigous to the 
letter. 
As remarked aDove, ciphers are sometimes used 
for the purpose of abbreviating messages to be 
Bent by telegraph. When charges by cable were 
a dollar for each word, abbreviations were worth 
looking for. 
When Jay Cooke a Co. were the agents for the 
sale of the first United stall's bonds Issued, they 
Invented a code to be used by bankers und brokers 
In making their orders, which was somewhat, as 
follows:—A house meant bonds to tho amount of 
$100,000, to beln denominations as has been agreed 
upon. A Brick House gave the same amount lu de¬ 
nominations diff erently arranged; a Stone House 
was a third arrangement of denominations; and 
so on. 
W r e have recently seen a code prepared by an 
art publishing house In New York for tho use of 
their foreign customers, In which the words " Aid, 
lnellnation and name,” received by cable, are un¬ 
derstood to order "Firty copies each of upright 
fiowers, number 190 aud 191, In black mats; ten 
copies of tho motto, • Serve the Lord with glad¬ 
ness,’ 11 x 28 , plum, and fifteen each or tho mottoes 
‘ Welcome,’• Rock or ages, cleft for me,’‘Simply 
to thy cross 1 cling,' and ‘ Peace be to this house,’ 
size 11x28, illuminated on black ground lu black 
mats.” 
The first secret writing of which we have record 
was done by the Spartans. When the Spartan 
generals left for the Meld of action, they took with 
them a cylindrical piece of wood, or a tube, leav¬ 
ing one of the same diameter with the Govern¬ 
ment officers at home. When the officers desired 
to send messages,» narrow sup or parchment was 
wound around this cylinder, ami In this position 
was written upon. When the parchment was re¬ 
moved, the words or the message were apparently 
wlihout order and meaningless; but by winding 
It about the cylinder lu his possession, the gene¬ 
ral to whom U was sent could read If readily. 
There are more ways of Cipher writing now in 
use than could even be noted I n a brief article. 
Sometimes holes are cut In sheets of paper or 
metal, duplicates or which are held by the writer 
and the receiver. These sheets are over the paper 
to be written on, and tbc mossagu written through 
the holes, the Bpaces between the words being 
filled up with other words having no connection. 
Tho receiver places his duplicate over the written 
sheet, and sees only that which it is desired he 
should read. 
some very curious writings have been made, by 
which the sense made by skipping every alternate 
line, is exactly opposite that, when the whole is 
read In connection. But It requires much Inge¬ 
nuity to accomplish this result. 
--- 
A GOOD WITNESS. 
“ Now Is the season or our discontent.” Chills 
and fever are common und our soul shudders and 
shakes at the thought of Its ever Invading the 
family. Nostrums are plenty, but. tt remained for 
Dr. C. B. Howe of Seneca Falls, N. Y., to render a 
complete solution to the problem. Dr. Howe has 
had uniform and unfailing success with this dis¬ 
ease, and to reach the world with his benefact ions 
he combines in a Bitters all the properties of his 
prescriptions, and thus anyone who is afflicted 
with ague can avail himself of It sure, by apply¬ 
ing at any first-class drug store. It is a never- 
falling remedy. Dr. Howe also furnishes a con¬ 
centrated syrup for cleansing the blood, which, 
like hlsague cure, Is producing w*onderlul results. 
Both of these preparations are to be kept on sale 
at our leading drug stores, and a trial is all that 
Is needed to convince the doubt log or their great 
power and benefits .—Jowa Store Leader. 
--- 
Help for the weak, nervous and debilitated; 
chronic and painful diseases cured without medi¬ 
cine. Electric Belts and other appliances, all 
about them, and how to dlntl aguish the genuine 
from the spurious. Book, with full particulars, 
mailed free. Address Pclvermacher Galvanic 
Co., 292 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
■--- 
SEMI-BUSINESS PARAGRAPHS. 
The new remedy for dyspepsia, “ Gcstlano,” 
is effecting some very remarkable cures lti Lyons, 
N. Y. Physicians recommend " Gestlaoo " to their 
patients, aud it Is gaining a wonderful reputation 
as a specific In cases ol dyspepsia aud Indigestion 
—for which disorders only It is recommended.— 
Lyons Republican. 
