THE 
EW-YORKER. 
RURAL W 
Cf- 
401 
vise our friend to have nothing to do with the 
new company, and we regret exceedingly that 
his faith in our advertisements should have sub¬ 
jected him to loss. Advertisements from a dis¬ 
tance generally come to us through respectable 
advertising agents, on whose responsibility they 
are admitted iuto our columns. But whenever 
they bear internal evidence or afford strong sus¬ 
picion of being of a bogus nature, they are cither 
at once rejected, or investigated before wo pub¬ 
lish them. Moreover, on learning of any trickery 
on the part of those whose advertisements may 
appear in the Ritual, wo shall always promptly 
expose it. [We find, upon further inquiry in the 
office, that one of the employes of the Bubal 
New-Yorker, to tost the trustworthiness of the 
above establishment, seut $3, and received a re¬ 
volver which was well worth the money. We 
make this statement for what it may be worth, 
as an act of justice.— Eds.] 
A Friend of the Bubal wishes to purchase a 
copy of “ Chapman's Southern Flora.” Any 
reader having it for sale will please communicate 
with this office. 
IF. C. L. lb, FI JDorado. —I was very much 
interested with the reports from tho Bural 
Grounds in the last two numbers. (1) Will you 
not give us more sketches of the different plans 
and flower [dots adjoining the Bubal Grounds ? 
The flower plot represented iu the number lor 
Aug. 11, is indeed chaste hi every particular, 
aud I can not conceive anything more beautiful 
than it must have beon. Did you ever try Cannas 
and Gladioli together ? They make a fine ef¬ 
fect, 
Ans.—Y es. Wo shall continue sketches in Bu¬ 
bal Grounds from time to time. 2. We have tried 
Gladioli and Cannas together. Tho Cannas 
make too much shade for this locality which 
suffers oftouer from too much w T et thau from too 
much dry weather. 
./. W. Jamesoille, lioek Go. H'is.—Accept¬ 
able with thanks. 
We Shall Hereafter Acknowledge Receipt 
of Communications fob Publication in 
this Place. 
Epicure — Thanks, Yes.- -A. L. J.—D. L. B.— 
(i. E. W. J. II. ft.—B* B. W. E. J._C. W.— 
11. H. — E. E. K. — May Maple. — Albert W. 
Aiken.—C. F. H.—H. R.—G. G-—L. A. It.— 
C. E. P.—A. Crumb.—M. E. B.—M. B. P.—L. 
Herrick.—We have not yet re-opened our ex¬ 
change lists. 
nratifr aui) Useful. 
MARS AND HIS SATELLITES. 
BY ENOCH HPENCEB. 
One of the best introductions to Astronomy is 
to look upon tho bright glories of the nightly 
heavens as a cluster of stars belonging to one’s 
own homestead. Something of this kind has 
beon said by Geohge Eliot, and if the pleasant 
suggestion ho followed, it certainly will not les¬ 
sen one’s interest in those distant, yet familiar 
orbs. Of these at tho present time there is 
none that attracts more attention from folks at 
large and from astronomers than the planet 
MarB. Tho former can hardly fail to have their 
attention called to it by the ruddy brightness 
with which it steadily shines amid the twinkling 
constellations that serve as a background to it, 
while to the latter it has now an exceptional in¬ 
terest on account of the recent discovery of three 
small satellites whirling round it. 
For the past two hundred years, astronomers 
have taken great interest in the study of this 
little planet, whose diameter is ahont 4,400 miles 
aud whose masB is only about one-sixth that of 
tho earth. His motions have already revealed 
to us some of the profoundest secrets of the 
Universe. It was by studying them for nearly a 
quarter of a century that Kepler discovered the 
laws iu accordance with which the movements of 
all the stars and planets take place, and thus 
overthrew the Ptolinaic system whOBe errors had 
for ages misled tho scientific world. It was by 
similar study that Newton also was led to the 
discovery of the laws of universal attraction. 
While tho earth’s mean, or average, distance 
from the sun is very noarly 91}^ millions of miles, 
that of MarB is over 139 millions ; so that his 
orbit averages a distance of about 48 millions of 
miles outside that of the earth. But as he does 
not move in a circle, but in an ellipse considera¬ 
bly more elongated than that of our planet, his 
greatest distance from tho suu exceeds his least 
by more thau 26 million miles, whereas the dif¬ 
ference in tho distance of the earth from tho sun 
at the farthest aud nearest points in its orbit is 
about throe million miles. When a planet, or pe¬ 
riodical comet, is farthest away from the sun, it 
is said to be at its aphelion, and when nearest, 
at itB perihelion. 
Again, the earth makes a complete revolution 
about the sun in a little over 3G5 days ; while it 
takes 687 days for Mars to complete his orbit. 
When, in their revolution round the great cen¬ 
tral orb, the Earth and Mars are in a lino on the 
same side of the sun, they are said to be in con¬ 
junction , and Mars is said to be in opposition, 
becanso ho can be Been in a direction directly op¬ 
posite to that in which the sun lies. As the two 
planets move with unequal velocities, thoir con¬ 
junction— which occurs at varying intervals 
whoso average period is very nearly 780 days— 
shifts on every recurrence to a different point 
along their orbits, and takes place at tho same 
point only once iu 83 years, during which inter¬ 
val 115 conjunctions will have occurred at other 
parts of their courses. At each of these, the dis¬ 
tance between tbe two planets varies, betweeu 
about 60 million miles when Mars is at his aphe¬ 
lion, and about 34 million miles when the con¬ 
junction takes place near liia perihelion. Ac¬ 
cordingly, for two reasons, he is studied under 
far more favorable conditions when ho is iu op¬ 
position near his perihelion, than when this oc¬ 
curs at any other point iu his orbit. First, be¬ 
cause he is nearer to us, and his disc, therefore, 
appears proportionately larger; and second, be¬ 
cause ho is also nearer t ho sun, and consequently 
iB more brilliantly illuminated, his brightness 
then being nearly five times greater than when 
ho is in opposition near his aphelion. 
It is to the fact that he is now iu opposition 
near his perihelion that tho rooent discovery of 
Ids three satellites ismaiuly due. Moreover, the 
telescopes now in uso possess considerable im¬ 
provement iu size and consequent power over 
those ut the command of astronomers when this 
kind of conjunction has occurred on former oc¬ 
casions. Another favorable circumstance is that 
the earth .is now near its aphelion, and therefore 
at n point iu its orbit closer to that of Mars, than 
it has been for the last sovouty-five years at the 
precise date of such a conjunction of the two 
planets. 
The existence of one or more satellites of 
Mars lias long boon snspectod by astronomers, 
for in other respects that planet is a miniature 
copy of ours, having, like the earth, continents 
aud seas, air and clouds as well as snow caps 
round the polos which partly molt liko ours, in 
summer, and extend their areas in winter. Of 
the three moons already discovered, a description 
of two only has hitherto come to our notice. 
The inner one of these, according to tho latost 
calculation, cannot ho more thau ton miles in di¬ 
ameter ; is only 4,000 miles from the surface of 
the planet, round which it rovolves in Heven 
and a half Iioutb, accomplishing a journey of 
18,850 miles iu that time. As the Martian day is 
21 hours, 37 minutes aud nearly 22 seconds, this 
queer tittle moon must whirl round him faster 
than at tho rate of three times a day. 
The outer satellite is probably less than the inner 
one, its light being fainter, and Haverses its orbit 
at a mean distance of 16,000 miles from Mara, in 
30 hours and 14 minutes. This is about four 
times the period required for tho revolution of 
the inner satellite, which harmonizes with tho 
relationship known to exist among tho satellites 
of J upitcr aud Saturn. 
MILK JEWELRY. 
A new industry has beou started in Mansfield, 
MasB., by Kingman & Hodges. It is no less 
than the manufacture of jewelry out of sour 
milk. This seems a strange anomaly, but it is a 
fact. Tho milk oomoe in the shape of curd 
from the butter aud cheese-making counties in 
New York, and looks upon its arrival a great 
deal lilt© popped corn ; hut before it loaves their 
shop it undergoes a wonderful change, and re¬ 
ceives the name of American coral. The secret 
in making it up ia carefully guarded, hut it is 
certain that it has to ho heated very hot, during 
which coloring matter is introduced, followed by 
a very heavy preBBure. Some of it is colored 
black and called jet, while some appears as 
oolluloid. It makes very handsome jewolry, and 
is made into all kinds and styles known in the 
Hade. 
dhtioiMloflitEl, 
A CORN-FIELD PEST. 
BY EMMA A. SMITH, 
OF THE PEORIA SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. 
In Illinois, during the present summer, vari¬ 
ous kinds of home productions have suffered 
Horn the depredations of the larva of the moth 
known to entomologists as Qortyna nitda, 
Guenee, As early as Juno 12th, I visited 
an infested corn-field near Elmira—a small place 
about forty miles from Peoria, The corn was 
then only ten or twelve inches high, aud, iu 
passing through the rows, the presence of the 
depredator was easily detected at a glanoe by 
the withered appearance of tho stalk and in many 
instances the blade waB severed therefrom. Close 
examination revealed a hole near the ground, 
and by slitting open tho same a small, dirt-color¬ 
ed worm was found. The inside of the stalk was 
nearly eaten out and the worm had only passed 
through its first stages of larval growth. I’bof. 
C. V. Riley first described the habits of tho 
insect in tho Prairie Farmer, as follows. 
‘‘The young worm hatches about tho first of 
July and immediately oommonies its work of de¬ 
struction. It works in such a surreptitious man¬ 
ner as to be too often unnoticed till tho vine is 
destroyed. The plant does not generally show 
any signs of decay until the cocoon is about fully 
grown, when it wilt© and is past recovery. This 
occurs about a month after the worm is hatched, 
and it then crawls just under the surfaco of tho 
ground, fastens a little earth together around 
itself by a slight web, aud changes to a chrysa¬ 
lis of a very light mahogany-browu color, and 
three-fourths of au inch long.” 
My observations made during tho destructive 
ravages of this insect in Illinois, differ from these 
in a few particulars : They wore observed the 
first of Jnuo, and in the corn oat only from joint 
to joint, coming out of tbe stalk in the evening 
or early morning and eating their way into a 
fresh Btallc; thus as many as three worms would 
bo fouud with the division lino of joint only. 
This was first observed in those bred hi cages, 
and, thinking it might bo the effect of the cram¬ 
ped manner of breeding, I wont to Galva, 111., 
July 11th, to a garden much infested and found 
tho same thing there. It Doing a cloudy day 
the worms wore seen in numbers, working their 
way iuto now homes. Hinco that titno 1 fiave 
fouud them in various places, often iu numbers, 
aud always in fresh homos or just about leaving 
the old ones. I have also watched the growth 
carefully, and find that instead of its taking one 
month for tho worm to mature, it has taken over 
two with us. They wore observed as early as 
tiie first of June, and are only uow—August 28th 
—changing to tho chrysalis, and in noarly all 
cases, they have changed iu tho corn stalk and 
not in tho ground, as Riley Hays. 
From tho damage done this season, there are 
serious apprehensions for the future—Onegon- 
tloman of Elmira told me ho had [dewed up fif¬ 
teen acres of corn because of thoir ravages. I 
have not succeeded in finding a parasite on them, 
and from the nature of their concealment, it is 
difficult for the birds to attack them. 
Riley sayB “ Tho careful cullurist need fear 
nothing from this troublesome insect, as an oc¬ 
casional close inspection of the plants, about the 
first of July, will reveal the hole where tho borer 
has entered, which is generally quite a distance 
from the grouud; and by splitting downwards 
one side of tho stalk with a penknife, it may ho 
found and killed. If this inspection ho mode at 
tho proper time, tho worm will bo found hut a 
short distauco from tho hole and tho split in the 
stalk will hoal by being kept closed with a piece 
of thread." This remedy would he a good one 
if tho field wore small, but wbon covering many 
acres, and iu view of the fact that the soaHou is 
a very busy one it is not likely to ho generally fol¬ 
lowed. I should rather advise the burning of 
stubble in tho fall, thus preventing tho increase 
tho ensiling year. 
The growth of the worm changes its appear¬ 
ance until the saiuo is hardly recognizable, unless 
carefully watched. 
Thu peculiarity of tho insect is that it is not 
particular ns to its food-plant and destroys alike 
tho corn, potato, tomato, aud spinach as well as 
the Aster and Dahlia. My surprise was great, on 
opening a w ithered stalk of the weed Ambrosia 
artvmismfolia, (llogweed) to find the inseot en¬ 
closed in the stalk. Tims we find its taste is 
wide-spread aud that it destroys the uoxious 
woods as well as our cultivated products. Tho 
probability is that it is single-brooded, and that 
it takes a longer or shorter time for its devel¬ 
opment, Tho moth is said to kybernato during 
tho winter, depositing, In early spring, a singlo 
egg in the stalk of food-plant, the young worm 
when hatched working its way into the stalk. 
It is nocturnal in its flight, and can bo captured 
during the autumn in the night, or taken from 
its hiding place during tho day. It is described 
as of a mouso-gray color, with the four wings 
finely sprinkled with Naples yellow, and having 
a very faint lilac-colored hue ; but distinguished 
mainly by an arcuated pale lino running across 
the outer third. 
Peoria, Illinois. 
-♦ ♦ » — — - 
INSECTS NAMED. 
The Beetle found by Mr. 0. II. Seymore on 
tho Pear tree, is the largest of the family Fluter- 
idoi, to which it belongs. Tho name givou is 
A lam ooulatus, Linn. The larvie are wood-eat¬ 
ing insects, the beetles appearing on Hocb during 
the day in the months of June and July. 
The Beetles found on Grape-vine are called in 
science, Pelidnola punctata, Linn. They some¬ 
times occur iu numbers during the months of 
Jnly and August, and are very destructive to the 
Grape-vines by eating tho leaves. The larva: 
live in rotten wood. 
The lice found on Willow belong to the gonus 
Lachuus. We do not know the name. 
®MM, .Sctds, giants:, &t. 
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At Our Risk.—You oan remit by Draft, P. O 
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