256 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
Practical Dbpabtmkntk: 
I.lrlodendron Tollptfern. 249 
Undiirdmlnlnir. ICcocomyln.2411 
neighbor and his punishment consisted 
in working out a money return for the 
injury done, would it not be more satis¬ 
factory than that the injured party should 
penses on the farm and the returns made 
by each department, and from time to 
time, either discontinues those branches 
which fail to be profitable, or changes his 
treatment of them. By reading good 
2 v! have to proceed at an expense of time and works on the subject and a live agricul- 
M1ohtjr*n Agricultural College._ 
?e!£*Th»TV>ir. 2 M means to incarcerate the rascal, and hav- 
Ti'iiiatoet........... S] ing accomplished this, be taxed to niain- 
GHrdenli'v Pen-Talks. a> 2 tain the culiint while he eats the bread of 
Poppy. California. "g , , 1 . „ 
Caterpillars, the Web.idleness in congenial company f 
Grnpeil.’Hoiidhn^. .?62 jf a man grievously smites his fellow 
k *fr^'y ueena^Co." (l. i j~• • • • • man, instead of qifickly suffering the ex- 
SeedMiiCTJte Vx'L7.V.\7.7.7.7. 7.7 2 W tremo penalty, or being compelled to work 
i’I't'h^ 11A ? 11 7 T .‘....... 254 for the injured man’s family until justice 
c>iko*. How to Make Buckwheat . ®j had beeu satisfied, he is lodge! and cared 
ny^ie?*c Notei'.’.'.‘’.7.'.7.'.77.77. sm for, while society is put to great expense 
r;!™T1I!^w ™ to neutralize the appeals to a sympathy 
r"w e oJ!?. 1 n K *: r :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ™ that, in the case of a murder or breach of 
roomy a wlrri* utThoVtiiVo'Fair 77777777 11 trust, magnifies the sufferings of the vil- 
HniToiu al pack: lain, while the grief and depri vations of the 
wh<*n Morey Seasons joatioo . 256 widow and orphans are only known to the 
A Prnotlcul I'armor. 2o« , ‘ J f , . 
Prepare for winter . 2 .w employer to whom they apply for work to 
liters ht ■ ward off starvation, and help maintain, 
poetrv....*.. 257 . 258 . 2 ixi through taxation, the author of their dis- 
Hi'*!• v h !? n *‘7.7 257 tress. A true case of insult being added 
Brle-u-Br#o .... 258 to lUJUiy, 
p®’r no I;:;::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::: tan r f'^ e extinction of crime is mainly ac- 
Wofotin tl ° rml . Ar ^ 1U •.•.7.7 rill compbshed through fear and education; 
::::::L H and the latter remedy is only operative 
DUforoat views.2«- when used as a preventive, as we innocu- 
m arTntii*"*"•-• ■ • .. ™ late a healthy person to ward ofl' a disease 
Answers jo (yirrespondenta’.. 262 which he may bo liable. 
News of tiie Week. »!2 Just in proiiortion as we have (luutot: 
lluniorouB. .264 ... ■> i 
Advertianments.255. 261,263,264 h iX fu/iouiN With Pity and mercy, hilt 
from the multitudinous streams and 
rivers that meander through the country : 
for if these, as well as the numerous 
lakelets that dot the laud, were once well 
stocked with fish, instead of being in 
their sinuous length a loss to the farmer, 
» UI UU IrilC DUIMWV OUtl « IlfO u^aj*. ■»* -- „ ' ' r» 1 
tural paper, lie is alwayB acquainted with they might be made a souiee y 
THE 
RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY. 
Address 
RURAL PUBLISHING CO., 
78 Duane Street, New York City* 
SATURDAY. OCTOBER 20. 1877. 
PaoFE8.soR Cook's article upon Parthenogen¬ 
esis, which is the second of the series announced 
in our issue of Sept. 15, is, to our way of think¬ 
ing, a valuable production. 
In compliance with many requests from our 
friends In different parts of the country, we 
Bhall give in onr next issue an illustration of the 
plan of the “ General-Purpose Barn " which 
carried off the first of the three premiums 
offered in our issue of March 10, and awarded in 
that of July 14. 
Our readers will please take note that here¬ 
after or, at least while we are so pressed for 
space, the Questions and Answers will be found 
upon our fourteenth page. 
PitorEssoK Beai.'h article, we should suppose, 
would interest every farmer and farmer's son. 
WHEN MEROY SEASONS JUSTICE. 
The criminal class increases. As intel¬ 
ligence spreads, we do not learn that pris¬ 
ons fall into disuse, or that reformatory 
institutions are devoted to other purposes. 
Taxes levied for the support of vice, near¬ 
ly, if not quite, equal those raised for its 
repression, and tire percentage of male- 
faotors who turn from their evil ways and 
pursue the path of righteousnees, is dis- 
oonragingly small. There must be a rea¬ 
son for this state of affairs, and may it not 
be because, as Christians, we are rather 
prone to season our justice with mercy ? 
It would seem that society has attempted 
to cross-fertilize two systems of correction, 
either one of which is admirable in itself, 
but from its nature unsuited to work in 
conjunction with the other. An effort to 
combine moral suasion with physical 
force, or supplement the Mosaic law with 
the teachings of our Saviour, will always 
end disastrously. 
Adjust the principle of, “if thy neigh¬ 
bor smite thy left cheek, turn thy right 
also ; if one steal thy coat, put him to 
shame by offering thy cloak also,” to 
everyday life, and it would not require a 
fevered imagination to depict the speedy 
apotheosis of the tramp. What, on the 
other hand, would be the practical and 
moral effect if justice were deaf to the ap¬ 
peals of mercy ? If a man wronged his 
tremo penalty, or being compelled to work 
for the injured man's family until justice 
had been satisfied, he is lodged and oared 
for, while society is put to great expense 
to neutralize the appeals to a sympathy 
that, in the case of a murder or breach of 
trust, magnifies the sufferings of the vil¬ 
lain, while the grief and deprivations of the 
widow and orphans are only known to the 
employer to whom they apply for work to 
ward off starvation, and help maintain, 
through taxation, the author of their dis¬ 
tress. A true case of insult being added 
to injury. 
The extinction of crime is mainly ac¬ 
complished through fear and education ; 
and the latter remedy is only operative 
when used as a preventive, as we iunocu- 
latc a healthy person to ward off' a disease 
to which he may bo liable. 
Just in proportion as we have diluted 
Uix, taliouin Avith pity and mercy, has 
crime got the upper hand. England found 
prisons ineffectual to stop garroting, but 
it became extinct tinder the lash. A wife- 
beater, the most depraved of mortals, ru¬ 
minates over new methods of torture iu 
jail, but speedily succumbs to the correct¬ 
ing influence of the whipping-post. 
It would seem, then, that a little less 
Christian sympathy for the offender and 
more regard for the rights of the offended 
—more of tho Sermon on the Mount for 
the latter and of the law of Moses for the 
former, would lead to a healthier tone of 
society than “ When Merey Seasons J ust- 
the latest discoveries and the most ap¬ 
proved practices in his avocation. Such 
a man, with brains enough to combine, 
the lessons taught by the experience of 
others with that practice which makes 
perfect and with watchful industry, will 
never have cause to complain that farm¬ 
ing does not pay. 
-♦♦♦- 
PREPARE FOR WINTER 
Ip preparations on the farm for winter 
have not already been undertaken, they 
should bo at once begun. Many farmers 
defer such precautions until injury and 
loss have punished their delay. In this 
cold and changeable climate, it shows a 
sad lack of forethought and economy to 
neglect such repairs and improvements 
as much profit us any part of his domain. 
Frequently, t-oo, there are reaches of low 
bottom land and morass along the margin 
of these streams, which are overflowed so 
often as to render them at present value¬ 
less, but which might be profitably util¬ 
ized for fish culture by throwing up a 
slight embankment around them and 
building a cheap dam across the stream 
so as to collect iu them the surplus 
water. The yearly yield of fish from 
such iuclosures would soon become more 
profitable for private use or even for sale 
than the product of au equal area planted 
to corn, yet the former would not require 
a tithe of the yearly attention aud outlay 
demanded by the latter. 
Transplanting 1 .—The only advant¬ 
age which is claimed for fall transplant- 
. . . i • ‘ . a 1... A Ih ^ 
as will secure proper shelter during the * over Hpr i n g tmufiplanting, iB that the 
_—.rv . .r t , ... i 1 . .. T..«..... f n lVt _ . * . 1 ■ .t __1 J 
rigors of winter for the farmer’s own fam¬ 
ily, bis stock aud the crops he has gath¬ 
ered. A board off', or a pane of glass out, 
here and there, may cause a long doctor’s 
bill, the loss of a "young animal, or of a 
part of the potatoes, roots, or apples, aud 
of the labor and money bestowed on their 
cultivation. Moreover, if the places where 
animals are kept in winter are cold, windy 
or damp, a large proportion of the food 
that would otherwise contribute to the 
increase of the bulk of the carcass, or to 
the yield of milk in the case of milch cows, 
is diverted from these purposes iu order 
to make good the Avasto induced in meet¬ 
ing the severe demands for animal heat. 
Experiments have proved that for au ani¬ 
mal exposed to the cold, from one-fourth 
to one-third more food is required to main¬ 
tain the proper degree of animal heat, 
than for one protected from the elements 
by suitable shelter. To provide proper 
roots become settled in the ground aud 
new fibers are formed which iuduoe an 
earlier spring growth aud a more recipro¬ 
cal action between leaves and roots. We 
are not advocates of fall transplanting for 
the climate of Chicago, Boehm, or even 
New York, except for those plants which 
are neA r er injured by our severe cold or 
extremes oT temperature. But for those 
who have already settled upon transplant¬ 
ing this fall, we would say—do it now as 
soon as it can be well done. If it is a fact 
that the roots Will make a fibrous growth 
which is not killed by alternations of 
freezing aud thawing, then the sooner 
they are transplanted the better, after the 
leaves have ceased to act. This may be 
ascertained by the first discoloration of 
the leaves, which is proof that their colls 
are clogged with insoluble matter, that 
they no longer receive sap from the roots, 
aud that they have consequently no longer 
protection against inclement weather for t j H , powcr Q f elaborating material for their 
the animals on the farm is, therefore, to mvu 8n p por t or that of the plant upon 
consult economy quite as much as hu- w]lic i 1 t } iey B tin exist.. 
A PRA0TI0AL FARMER. 
“A practical farmer,” is a term 
which often bears a vague, indefinite 
meaning. To the minds of many, it sim¬ 
ply conveys the idea of a man who, with 
his own bauds, cultivates the soil and at¬ 
tends to his stock, irrespective of the 
amount of 6kill and judgment he employs 
in the occupation. To others, however, 
it implies not only the possession of per¬ 
sonal experience in agricultural pursuits 
the animals on the farm is, therefore, to 
consult economy quite as much as hu¬ 
manity. 
- ♦ ♦ ♦ - 
NOTES. 
The French Elections.—Sunday, 
Oct. 14, was a great day for France. It 
will decide the near future of that very 
unsettled country. Since President Mac- 
Mahon with the assistance of the Senate, 
dissolved the Chambers and ordered a 
new election, the country has beeu in a 
suppressed ferment. The Republicans 
hold an undoubted majority, but the 
ministry, composed of men representing 
the most reactionary aud monarchical 
views, took measures to intimidate and 
overcome a state of feeling so repugnant 
to them. The principal figure iu this 
m the person thus designated, but also a cru8ac i e W}lH M. me Fourtou, a rank 
degree of kuowledge acquired by study as 3 ouft p ar t,i H t, who put the machinery iu 
well as practice, which fits lam to be sue- mo ^ ou i,y ejecting every Republican iu 
eessful iu his farm mauageinent and dia- p ail J reolacinc them bv 
tinguishea him more or less from his fel¬ 
lows. The qualifications of such a man 
have beeu lately discussed in one of our 
transatlantic exchanges, and the conclu¬ 
sion arrived at harmonizes with our con¬ 
ception of liis character 
Whether tenant or landowner, the prac¬ 
tical farmer should be one that farms for 
profit, having adopted the avocation as a 
regular business, and not for amusement 
or for experimental purposes for the ben¬ 
efit of others. He should have sufficient 
skill to know the best—that is, the most 
profitable and productive methods both 
of cultivating and crojjping his land aud 
managing his Btock, and capital enough 
to enable him to carry his knowledge into 
practice. He should have intelligence 
and foresight to enable him to prepare 
for, and take advantage of changes in 
the weather and to meet successfully any 
unexpected emergency. He should be 
methodical iu his habits, und see that 
motion by ejecting every Republican in 
France from office and replacing them by 
mercenaries who had no wills of their 
own and whose sole impulse was an order 
from the minister. Meetings were sup¬ 
pressed, orators imprisoned and journals 
seized with au entire disregard of right or 
justice. Notwithstanding all this, the 
ltepublican| have conducted their canvass 
Avith great moderation aud good sense, 
and it would seem, from the partial re¬ 
turns that they will gain a substantial 
victory. Gambktta is re-elected, as are 
also DeGassagnac and Louis Blanc, a 
queer trio. M. Bonnet - D u v krlier who 
was imprisoned for insulting (1) Mac- 
Mauon has been elected, a very humili¬ 
ating event for tho President. The 
Republican majority will probably be 
nearly or quite 300, in which, event the 
President wall have to do one of three 
things, accept the result in good faith, 
resign, or again dissolve the Chambers. 
If he should succeed iu occouqffishing 
the last it w'ould be well for men of peace 
every duty is well performed at.its appro- to leave the coantry as there will be a 
priate time. He should be diligent him- B tupendoiis row. 
self and possess the faculty of handling _ _ _ _ 
his employes so as to keep them contented 
and industrious. Utilizing Streams and Ponds.— 
He should be ambitious of constant Fish on the farm, instead of being as a ... o 
improvement and always be aiming to do rule, a chance rarity, might easily, by dnigcr of Bmktng into 'a obarlatan or a petti- 
better this year than last. He should means of a little attention and foresight, foggor and an 
learn what 2rops and wlmt anW. «. become, m many c«se ? , » frequent, Sffi™ Z' ma L 
his land are the most remunerative, and wholesome and inexpensive dish on tne ftU <j artivily." And the Secretary of 
what failures and drawbacks are in future farmer’s table. In China where the war wild : “ lie was sure the people of this 
to be avoided. No weeds will ever be teeming population necessitates strict at- country ought to be anxious to turn the atten- 
found choking up the crops on his farm, tentiou to Domestic economy, every pond, tion, especially of the youug, m tne onw ^ 
his fences are always in good condition, stream, aud ditch is utilized for fish cnl- a ?' l0a pteo Voumk men here assembled, it would 
his land always well cultivated before a ture, just as a barn-yard is among us for ask them not to turn their course toward 
crop is put in. He always keeps an poultry-raising. We, too, might gather a the great cities, but look toward the great agn- 
accurate and detailed account of his ex- rich harvest, nearly all the year round, cultural sources of prosperity. 
BREVITIES. 
Easikii to Bun than to Walk.-— It is the eas¬ 
iest thing to run into debt. It is generally a 
verv difficult thing to walk out. Hanning into 
debt is bad - very bad exercise. 
ObcuAKP Grass. — This valuable grass de¬ 
serves more attention from farmers than many 
are aware of. Useful hints appertaining thereto 
will he found in the quoBtion column. 
Pruning Grapevines may be done just as 
soon as the leaves fall, or it may he delayed un¬ 
til early spring. If t he former be preferred it 
is safer not to cut to the uppermost bud, which is 
intended to grow the next season, since that is 
liablo to injury, unless the vines are laid down 
aud covered. 
We learu that one of our old friends, Mr. N. 
Burnham, Atuhov, Ill., him invented and patent¬ 
ed an excellent device for tightening wires used 
as wire foucing. This has always been a great 
difficulty to overcome conveniently, but. Mr. B. 
has a little implement that does the work, aud at 
small cost. 
The National Butter, Cheese and Egg Associa¬ 
tion and tho Northwestern Dairymen’s Associa¬ 
tion, will hold a grand exhibition of dairy pro¬ 
ducts. implements, buildiugs, etc., in Chicago, 
III., on December 18. 18. and 20. Premiums to 
tho amount of 53.0UD will be awarded. Competi¬ 
tion is invited from all partsof the United States 
and Canada. 
The Gardeners' Chronicle (England) closes a 
long article on the Lessons of the Potato Dis- 
ceasc thus, , 
** Here, then, lies tho most pressing necessity 
in future potato culture. Grow, lh’&t, early sorts, 
and lift ere tho disease is rampant, <-row. also, 
late robust sorts to lift in the late autumn for a 
winter supply Grow all in poor land, free from 
moisture and nmniiie. remembering that a bush¬ 
el of small round tubers is worth more than a 
thousand bushels of diseased big ones. 1 he 
Perinospora infestans is worse than our potato 
beetle. 
President Haves said to the good people as¬ 
sembled at the Frederick (Md.) Fair: “ If the 
farmer or the planter is prosperous it is almost 
certain that, the country will he prosperous. 
Every other interest finds its advantage iu what- 
over promote* the agricultural inteniwt. and if 
to-day we may with reason rejoice at the pros¬ 
pect of reviving prosperity in our country, it is 
because the agriculture, of the country iH pros¬ 
perous On the same occasion Attorney-Gen¬ 
eral Devens remarked i *' If a lawyer should 
Fish on t-be farm, instead of being as a no t think highly of hisq rofossiou he is in much 
rule, a chance rarity, might easily, by danger of sulking into a charlatan or a potti- 
meaus of a little attention anil foresight, fogger, aud if a farmer shall not thmkvi cBof his 
l»«nnin« in manv cases a fremient occupation, he will sink into a dn l plodder in an 
become, m many cases, a irequeut, £ ation demands intellect as well as 
wholesome and inexpensive dish on the UU( j activity. 1 And the Secretary of 
farmer’s table. In China where the -yy ar m dd _• »* lie was suro the people of this 
teeming population necessitates strict at- country ought to bo anxious to turn the atten- 
♦ /.i.fiY.n tn !<• Mnnnmv. everv nond. tion. Cbuudallv of the young, in tho direction » 
tion, c»pudally of the young, in tho direction of 
agriculture, aud if ho might utter a word of ad¬ 
vice to the young men here assembled, itwoua 
