322 
THE 
Why, that would hardly’ yield mold enough 
for three or four Pelargoniums; get a big pile- 
may be a dozen barrowful»\or more or leas, as 
your requirements may be. Paclt it into a solid 
heap in the back yard, or lu a corner of the gar¬ 
den ; in fact, in any place where it will not be 
scattered by the wind, to prevont which, a few 
branches placed over the heap, or even some 
spadeful!* of dirt will help considerably. 
Don’t'mabc the pile on a hill, but rather in a 
hole, as it needs a deal of water to make the 
leaves rot quickly. Discard any sticks that may 
be among the leaves, as decaying wood is pro¬ 
ductive of fungi which are extremely detrimen¬ 
tal to the very plants wo want to improve. 
In order to sweeten the mass and hasten de¬ 
composition, the pile should be turned over two, 
three, or more times during the year. If, in 
turning, the leaves be dry and moldy, give all a 
good soaking of water, but don’t apply lime to 
kill the fungi, for though lime may be healthful 
enough to some plants, it is poison to Camellias, 
Rhododendrons, and Borne other evergreens. 
Instead of rounding off the pile, like a hay-cock, 
rather make it flat or hollow ou the top, as it is 
to the benefit of the mold that the rain escape 
not. 
Hot-beds are sometimes made of leaves alone, 
in which case a groat bulk thoroughly moistened 
and firmly packed must be used, and the result 
is a steady, mild temperature of long duration. 
Or a large proportion of leaves may be used with 
the lit ter for hot-beds to ameliorate the heat and 
lengthen its duration. In both of these cases, 
the leaves when thoroughly decayed, make ex¬ 
cellent material for potting. 
Leaf-mold, before it is fit for use, should be 
reduced to an earthy compost, and it usually 
takes two years to bring it to this condition; but 
by the end of tho first year enough may be sifted 
out of the heap to keep a-going with. Earth¬ 
worms love to ramble in the leaf-mold, so that 
the most rigid scrutiny must be exercised to dis¬ 
place them, when using the soil; far better he 
without it altogether, than introduce to your 
pots these creatures, to choke thedratnuge, tun¬ 
nel tho earth, and reuder it a clogged, perfo¬ 
rated, unbealthful mass. 
The manurinl properties of leaf-mold are not 
much, but as a light, easily digested, and highly 
appetizing food for most plants—trees or herbs— 
it holds a first-rank. Resides, it opens and light¬ 
ens stiff soils, and for pot plants it. iM invaluable. 
Leaf-mold, excepting in the case of some Or¬ 
chids when Sphagnum is used, is the best, if not 
the only substitute for peat we have, and surely 
it is hotter, if tho peat be bad, not to uho it at all, 
but instead to employ leaf-soil. For Pelargo¬ 
niums, Fuchsias, Oxalises, ltoses, aud other 
plants, abont one-third of leaf-mold and two- 
thirds of tnrfv loam, with sharp sand enough to 
make it gritty, is a Bafe compost. Whatever of 
thoroughly rotted manure the grower may like 
to add, should be spplied in addition 
BtAUTY'Of CUPH*A CUTTINGS. 
Cuttings of Cupbwa hyssopifolia make as pret¬ 
ty a little floral carpet as one might wish to see. 
Fall-made cuttings, an inch or so in length and 
inserted thickly into four-inch pots filled with 
sand, or very sandy soil, root readily in a cold- 
frame, and bloom continuously thenceforward 
thoroughout the winter. Indeed, their little 
white flowers, studded alt over their small 
shrubby stems, forcibly remind us of a mossy 
clump of spring Bluets. They arc not hardy, 
but very accommodating, in so far that they can 
he safely wintered in any high, airy position— 
green-honse, dwelling-house, or cellar away 
from frost. 
As pot plants or in the summer flower-garden, 
they are equally available and serviceable, and 
blossom all the year round. 
THE GREAT LAKES AND FRUIT CULTURE. 
BY T. T. LYON. 
Fbom an early period in tho settlement of the 
country, the fact haB been recognized among 
scientific men, that the Great Lakes exert a very 
important influence upon the climate of the ad¬ 
jacent regions; but the possible bearings of this 
fact upon the adaptation of the region to the cul¬ 
ture of fruits, seem to have very slowly attracted 
the attention of those interested in such matters. 
In fact, owing to the dreumstauee that the 
prevalent winds of the cold season are westerly, 
thisinfluonce, so far, at least, as equalization 
of temperatures is concerned, must be said to 
be mainly confined to the eastern shore of the 
body of water (Lake Michigan) with which we 
chiefly have to do; and while the Lower Pen¬ 
insula of Michigan was yet robed iu its pristine 
forests, these so completely and effectively ex¬ 
tended the equalizing influence of the lakes, 
that comparatively little difference was ob¬ 
servable, the winter-killing of fruit trees be¬ 
RUBAI. HEW-YORKER. 
ing everywhere unknown within its limits, and 
the peach being rarely, if ever, subject even 
to the winter-killing of its fruit buds. 
When, ultimately, the opening of broad stret¬ 
ches of country, in Southern Michigan, had 
so far wrought its legitmate results upon the 
climate, that the importance of aspect came to 
be recognized as a consideration in the choice 
of a location for orchards; and when the more 
tender fruits could no longer be grown with 
certainty, except under special circumstances; 
a few of our more clear-sighted fruit growers, 
residing in the southwesterly portion of our 
State, had their attention directed to the cir¬ 
cumstance that the few peach trees, growing 
in the vicinity of St, Joseph aud Benton Harbor, 
at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, had con¬ 
tinued uninjured to a good old age, seldom, 
if ever, failing to produce a crop. 
Attention once drawn to this fact, gradually 
induced eitensive planting of frnits in general, 
and of the peach especially, in tbo region. 
The 8ncees8 of the earlier planters gave in¬ 
creased impetus to tho movement, till ulti¬ 
mately, tho region came to be an immense 
peach orchard 
For a considerable period the impression 
seems to have prevailed that the “Peach Belt,’" 
(as it came to be designated,) was confined to 
that immediate region ; but thinking men were 
not slow to infer that the same protective 
influences must necessarily be at least equally 
effective opposite the broader and deeper wa¬ 
ters of tho lake, farther north. This impression 
led to experimental planting at other points 
along tho shore, till from St. Joseph to Grand 
Traverse Bay, and even to, and beyond Little 
Traverse, the problem of the success of fruit 
culture has been, or is being wrought out 
with general snocess, so far as lake protection 
is concerned; but modified or limited, in a 
greater or less degree by the favorable or un¬ 
favorable character of the local surroundings. 
Under favorable circumstances, so effective 
is this lake influence, that at Grand Traverse, 
in latitude forty five degrees north, any variety 
of peach or other fruit, that will ripen within 
their shorter season, can be grown with nearly 
or quite the same degree of certainty as at 
points farther south, as is evinced by the fact 
that, within the past week, letters from a leading 
fruit-grower of that locality, say that the grape 
crop is but partially gathered, the foliage yet 
untouched by frost,; and Ionas, fully ripe, 
still hauging upon the vines. Those who ex¬ 
amined tlie Michigan exhibit in 1875. at the 
session of the American Pomologies.! Jiociely, 
in Chicago, will also be able to recall the ftict 
that beautiful plums and even Hale’s Early 
Peaches wore there shown, from the above 
locality, in the finest possible condition, as late 
as the middle of September. 
The terrible visitation which has, during the 
last three or four years, almost swept out of 
existence the peach growing interest at Si* 
Joseph, seems to have been but the legitimate 
result of alack of acquaintance with tho malady 
aud of a reasonable caution among growers; 
as the result of which, trees were freely im¬ 
ported from infected districts; and when, as 
a legitmate consequence, the yellows began to 
become developed m the fruit it seems to have 
been recognized at the first, us the advent of 
an earlier sport and as such worthy of propaga¬ 
tion. Conviction of the virulent character 
of the malady came at last, but too late: as 
the virus, ere that time, had scarcely left a 
plantation unaffected. 
Forewarned, by this experience, the growers 
of the peach in other localities have earnestly 
addressed themselves to the consideration of 
the subject; and to the devising of measures 
for prevention and defense. In this vicinity'. 
(South Haven,) under the influence of our 
efficient Pomological Society, fruit-growers 
have gone resolutely to work to uproot and 
destroy, at once , every suspected tree: besides 
which, the State Legislature, upon petition, 
has framed a law, applicable to this county, 
(Yan Buren,) together with Allegan and Ottawa; 
treating the existence of affected trees as a 
nuisance and forbidding the sale, or even the 
shipment of diseased fruit; at the same time 
providing for the prompt uprooting and de¬ 
struction of the trees. This process has now 
been four years in operation here, with very 
encouraging results; and with an apparently 
reasonable prospect that we shall be able to 
hold the destroyer at bay. 
This place and Saugatuck, (twenty two miles 
north.) may with propriety be said to represent 
the leading portion of the peach growing region 
of to-day ; if we omit what yet remains of that 
which has its outlet at St. Joseph; though it 
should, by no means, be assumed that the 
growing of the peach is exclusively the fruit 
growing interest here, although it may, with 
propriety, be said to be the leading one, as it is 
closely followed by the apple; while small fruit 
growing is a prominent and advancing interest; 
and the grape, the plum and the pear have been, 
and are being largely planted. From the fact, ' 
however, that the apple and the pear come more 
slowly into bearing, and that the planting here is 
yet comparatively recent, the shipments of these 
latter frnits, at the present, time by no means 
indicate their relative importance. More anon. 
South Haven, Mich. 
-M-«- 
APPLES AND PEARS FOR VARIOUS 
SECTIONS. 
It occurred to us that we could not better serve 
our readers in this number, (this article was 
crowded out of last week’s pomological de¬ 
partment as therein stated), than by remind¬ 
ing them of those varieties which may be relied 
upon to thrive best in their section of conntry. 
Wo have gleaned all the information we could 
from all sources, but onr chief authority is the 
Proceedings of the American Pomological So¬ 
ciety. Having ascertained from this list what 
varieties will do well iu a given State, any fruit, 
manual or catalogue will give information as to 
its quality, size, time of ripening, etc. 
Maine.— Apples : Benoni, Red Astrachan, Por¬ 
ter. Pears: Louise Bonne de Jersey, Seckel, 
Urbanist®, Vicar of Wiukfield. 
Massachusetts — Apples : Baldwin, Cogswell, 
Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Large Yel¬ 
low Bough, Primate, Red Astrachan, Rhode Is¬ 
land Greening, Roxbury Russet, Williams’ Fa¬ 
vorite. Pears: Howell, Lawrence, Marie Louise, 
McL nghlin, Onondaga, Rostiezer, Seckel, Shel¬ 
don, Vicar of Winkfield, Beurre Bose, Beurre d’ 
Anjou, Beurre Superfin, Brandywine, Clapp’s 
Favorite, Doyenne Bonssock, Doyenne du Co¬ 
rnice, Duchesne d'Angonleme. 
New Yoke. — Apples : Baldwin, Early Harvest, 
EsnpueSpitzeiibargh,Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Gold¬ 
en Russet of Western New York, Golden Sweet, 
Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Jefferis, 
King of Tompkins Co., Large Yellow Bough, 
Mother, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Rod As¬ 
trachan, Rhode Island Oreeniug, Itoxbury Rus¬ 
set. Saint Lawrence, Talmau’s Sweet, Twenty 
Ounce. Pears : Bartlett, Belle Lucrative, Beurre 
Bose, Beurre d’Anjou, Beurre Gifford. Clapp’s 
Favorite, Doyenne Boussock, Doyenne d’Ete, 
Duehesse d’Angouleme, Howell, Josephine de 
Malines, Lawrence, Seckel, Sheldon, Urbaniste, 
Winter Nelis. 
Ontario, Canada. — Apples : Alexander, Bald¬ 
win. Benoni, Canada Reinette, Chenango Straw¬ 
berry, Duchess of Oldenburg, Early Harvest, 
Early Joe, Esopns Spitzenburgh, Fall Pippin, Fa- 
mouse, Gravenstein, Hawthornden, King of 
Tompkins Co , Mother, Peck’s Pleasaut. Porter, 
Kimbo, Red Astrachan, ltibston Pippin, Sum¬ 
mer Rose, Tetofsky, Talnmn’s Sweet, Wagoner. 
Pears : Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, Belle Lucra¬ 
tive, Beurre Bose, Clftirgeau, d'Anjou, Diel, Gif- 
fard, Hardy, Bloodgood, Brandywine, Buffum, 
Clapp's Favorite, Columbia. Dearborn’s Seed¬ 
ling, Clout Moroeau, Louise Bonne de Jersey, 
Marie Louise, 8eckel, Sheldon, Tyson, White 
Doyenne, Winter Nelis. 
Micujoan. Apples: Alexander, Baldwin,Ben 
Davis, Benoni, Canada Reinette, Cole’s Quiuce, 
Danver's Winter Sweet, Dornine, Drap d'Or, 
Duchess of Oldenburg, Early Harvest, English 
Russet, Evening Tarty, Fa) la water, Fall Jennet- 
ting, Fall Orange, Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Gab¬ 
riel, Golden Russet of Western N. Y., Golden 
Sweet, Gravenstein, Grime’s Golden, Hall, Ilaw- 
thornden, Holland Pippin, Hubbardston Non¬ 
such. Hunt Russet, Jefferis, Jersey Sweet, Jon¬ 
athan, King of Tompkins Co., Lady Apple. Large 
Yellow Bough, Maiden’s Blush, Minister, Mon¬ 
mouth Pippin, Newtown Pippin, Newtown Spitz- 
euburgh, Northern Spy, Ohio Nonpareil, Peck's 
Pleasant, Pittsburg Pippin, Pomme Gris, Por¬ 
ter, Primate, llambo, Rawle'a Genet, Red Astra- 
eban, Red Canada, Rhode Island Greening, Rib- 
ston Pippin, Roman Stem, Roxbury Russet, 
Saint Lawrence, Summer Hagloe, Summer 
Queen, Summer Rose, Swaar, Twenty Ounce Ap- 
ple, s Wagener. Pears : Bartlett, Beurre Bose, 
Clairgeau, d'Anjou, Diel, Giffard, Superfin, Buf¬ 
fum, Clapp’B Favorite, Columbia, Dana’s Hovey, 
Dearborn’s Seedling, Doyenne d’Ete, Flemish, 
Beauty, Winter Nelis. Tyson, Sterling, Seckel, 
Sheldon, Rostiezer, Paradis d’Automno, Louise 
Bonne de Jersey. 
Wisconsin. — Apples : Duchess of Oldenburg, 
Early Harvest, Early Joe, Fall Orange, Fameuse, 
Golden Russet of Western N. ;Y., Hubbardston 
Nonsuch, Melon, Red Astrachan, Newtown 
Spitzenburgh, Northern Spy, Pomme Gris, Ram- 
bo. Sops of Wine, Talman’s Sweet, Westfield 
Seek-no-further. 
Pears: Bartlett, Beurre d’Anjou, Giffard, 
Superfin, Bloodgood, Buffum, Doyenne d’Ete, 
Flemish Beauty, Howell, Lawrence, Seckel, 
Winter Nelis. 
Pennsylvania. — Apples: Baldwin, Cogswell, 
Cornell's Fancy, Duchess of Oldenburg, Fa 11 tv- 
water, Fameuse, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Hunt 
Russet, Large Yellow Bough, Maiden's Blush, 
Rambo, Red Astrachan, Rhode Island Greening, 
Smith’s Cider, Winesap. Pears: Bartlett, 
Beurre d'Anjou, Duehesse d’Angouleme, Law¬ 
rence, Seckel, Urbaniste, Winter Nelis. 
Minnesota. — Apples: Ben Davis, Duchess of 
MOV. \1 
Oldenburg, Edgar Redstreak, English Russet, 
Fall Pippin, Fall Queen or Haas, Fameuse, Gil¬ 
pin, Golden Rnaaet of Western New York, 
Gravenstein, Hawthornden, Late Strawberry, 
Maiden’s Blush, Plumb’s Cider. Rambo, Red As¬ 
trachan, Saint Lawrence, Tetofsky, Talman’s 
Sweet. Pears: Bloodgood, Flemish Beauty. 
New Jersey. — Apples: Baldwin, Fallawater, 
Early Joe, Fall Pippin, Fall Harvey, Maiden’s 
Blush, Jersey Sweet., Monmouth Pippin, Rox- 
bnry Russet, Smith’s Cider, Summer Hagloe, 
Westfield Seek-no-further. Pears: Bartlett, 
Belle Lucrative, Beurre Clairgeau, d'Anjou, Do¬ 
yenne Boussock, Duehesse d’Angouleme, Law¬ 
rence, Seckel, Yicar of Winkfield, Urbaniste, 
Howell, Benrre Bose, Bloodgood, Buffum, Do¬ 
yenne d'Ete. 
North Carolina. — Apples: Carter’s Blue, 
Green Cheese (Carolina Greening), Gully, Maid¬ 
en's Blush. Shockley, Williams' Favorite (prom¬ 
ising), Gloria Hundi, Twenty Ounce, Buff, Am. 
Russet. Hoover, Bellefleur. Limber Twig. 
Ohio—A pples: Baldwin, Belmont, Jefferis, 
Maiden's Blush, Ohio Nonpareil, Peck’s Pleas¬ 
ant, Red Astrachan, Red Canada, Rhode Island 
Greening. Alexander, Autumnal Swaar, Bailey 
Sweet, Ben Davis, Bononi, Canada R inette, Do- 
mine, Early Joe, Early Strawberry, Esopus 
Spitzenburgh, Fallawater. Fall Pippin, Fameuse, 
Garden Royal, Melon, Newtown Spitzenburgh, 
Northern Spy, Pomme Grise, Porter, Primate, 
Summer Rose, Wagoner (Promising), Westfield 
8 eek-no-further. Pears: Bartlett, Beurre Clatr- 
geau, d'Anjou, Doyenne Boussoek, Duehesse 
d’Angoulcme, Flemish Beauty, Howell, Law¬ 
rence, Louise Bonne d’Jersey, Sheldon, Winter 
Nelis, Josephine de Malines, Rutland, Seckel, 
Urbaniste, Vicar of Winkfield. 
Indiana. — AppUs: Baldwin, Belmont, Ben 
Davis, Broadweli, Golden Sweet, Jonathan, Kes¬ 
wick Oodlin, Maiden’s Blush, Peck’s Pleasant, 
Red Astrachan, Smith's Cider, Twenty Ounce 
Apple, Wagener, Winesap. Pears: Bartlett, 
Belle Lucrative, Flemish Beanty, Seckel, Beurre 
Bose, Beurre Superfin, Brandywine, Lawrence, 
Louise Bonne do Jersey, Sheldon. 
Kentucky. — Apples: American Summer Pear- 
main, Autumn Bough, Ben Davis, Benoni, Caro¬ 
lina Rod June, Chenango Strawberry, Early Har¬ 
vest, Eiuly Red Margaret , Early Joe, Fall Pip¬ 
pin, Fall Qneen (Haa*, Gros Pommier), Golden 
Sweet, Gravenstein, Green Cheese (Carolina 
Greening), Hall, Lansiugberg, Late Strawberry, 
Maiden's Blush, Manguin, Maxy, McAfe's Non¬ 
such, Munson Sweet. Porter, Pryor's Rod, Knm- 
bo, Rawle'a Genet, Rod Astrachan, Rome Beauty, 
Roxbury Russet, Smith’s Cider, Summer King, 
Willow Twig. Wine, Winesap. Pears: Beurre 
Giffard, Chambers, Dncbes&ed’Angoulome, East- 
er Beurre, Flemish Beauty, Lawrence, Ononda¬ 
ga, Osband’s Summer, Seckel, Sheldon, Tyson, 
Vicar of Winkfield, Winter Nelis. 
Tennessee. — Apples: Bon Davis, Bonum, 
Buckingham, Bullett, Carolina Red Jane, Che¬ 
nango Strawberry, Early Harvest, Early Red 
Margaret, Fall Pippin, Green Cheese, Hall, 
Ilewes’ Virginia Crab, Horse, Kentucky, Ken¬ 
tucky Red Streak, Maiden's Blush, Oconee 
Greening, Slimmer Queen, Summer Rose, White 
Juneating, Winesap, Yellow June. Pears: 
Bartlett, Belle Lucrative, Beurre d’Anjou, Dear¬ 
born’s Seedling, Doyenne d'lite, Dnchesse d’An¬ 
gouleme, Howell, John Williams, Louise Bonne 
de Jersey, Seckel, White Doyenne, Winter Nelis. 
Illinois.— Apples: American Summer Pear- 
main, Ben Davis. Benoni, Carolina Red June, 
Dominie, Duchess of Oldenburg, Fall Wine, 
Fameuse, Gilpin, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Joua- 
tbau, Keswick Codlin, Maiden b Blush, Northern 
Spy, ’ Kamadell’s Sweet, Red Astraohan, Red 
Canada, Rhode Island Greening. Winesap 
Pears: Bartlett, Beurre d’Anjou, Bloodgood, 
Duehesse d’Angouleme, Flemish Beauty, Howell, 
Lawrence. Seckel Sheldon. 
low- a .—Apples: Ben Davi3, Benoni, Cole's 
Quince, Domine, Duchess of Oldenburg, Edgar 
Red Streak, Fallawater, Fameuse, Grimes 
Goldeu, Jonathan, Lowell, Maiden’s Blush, 
Pryor's Rod, Rawie's Genet, Red Astrachan, 
Shockley, Tetofsky, Willow Twig, Winesap. 
Pears: Bartlett, Beurre d’ Anjou, Duehesse 
d' Augouleme, Flemish Beauty, Howell, Law 
rence. 
Missouri.— Apples: Carolina Red June, Early 
Harvest, Gilpin, Michael Henry Pippin, Newtown 
Pippin. Pryor’s Red, Rawle’s Genet. Red As¬ 
trachan, Smith’s Cider, White Winter Pear- 
main, Winesap. Pears; Beurre Bose, Beurre 
Clairgeau, Beurre d’ Anjou, Glout Moroeau, 
Urbaniste, Winter Nelis. 
Nebraska. — Apples: American Summer Pear- 
main, Buffington’s Early, Carolina Red June, 
Cooper, Cooper's Early White, Domine, Duchess 
of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gabriel, Grimes' Golden, 
Jonathan, Late Strawberry, Derry Russet,^ 
Roman Stem, Summer Bellefleur, Williams 
Favorite, Winesap. Pears: Bartlett, Beurre d 
Anjou, Beurre Giffard, Bloodgood, Doyenne 
Boussock, Duehesse d’Angonleme. Flemish Beau¬ 
ty, Glout Morceau, Howell, Lawrence, Seeks . 
