Copyright © 2017 by the California Academy of Sciences 
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, 
without permission in writing from the publisher. 
Scientific Publications 
Publisher: Shannon Bennett, Ph.D. 
Chief of Science and Research Collections 
California Academy of Sciences 
Editorial Board 
A lan E. Leviton, Ph.D., Editor 
Katherine Piatek, M.A., Managing Editor 
Michael T. Ghiselin, Ph.D., Associate Editor 
Tomio Iwamoto, Ph.D., Associate Editor 
Gary C. Williams, Ph.D., Associate Editor & Website Coordinator 
Cover images 
Front cover: Above, Fossil Cave, Lava Beds National Monument, Fig. 4, p. 8. Below, 
upper left, Fig. 45, p. 54; upper right, Fig. 95, p. 63; lower left, Fig. 56, p. 56. lower cen¬ 
ter, Palmer Cave entrance, Tulare County (J. Krejca photo); lower right, roots in Crystal Se¬ 
quoia Cave, Tulare County (J. Krejca photo). 
Back cover: Life in the caves. Upper left, Fig. 62, p. 57; upper right, Fig. 85, p. 61; 
center left Fig. 30, p.52; center right, Fig. 96, p. 63; bottom left Fig. 32, p. 52; bottom right 
Fig. 21, p. 50. 
Cover design 
Gary C. Williams & Alan E. Leviton 
California Academy of Sciences 
with suggestions by William Elliott and Darrell Ubick, authors 
ISSN 0068-547X 
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