66 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement I 
reproductive: two non-reproductive and one lactating adult taken in the drought year of 2006, and 
one non-reproductive female taken the subsequent summer. All of five adult females (100%) cap¬ 
tured over water in ponderosa pine forest during June 1960 and 1963 in the Mogollon Mountains 
of western New Mexico and adjacent Arizona were lactating (Jones, 1961, 1964; Findley and 
Jones, 1965). Five of eight (63%) adult females taken at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado 
during 2006 and 2007 (including a drought year) were reproductive (O’Shea et al., 2011a), four to 
five of six (67-83%) adult females captured over water in southwestern Nevada in 1995 and 1996 
were reproductive (Geluso, 2000), and each of three adult females taken in nets over water in 
southern Utah during August 1964 were lactating (Easterla, 1965). The proportion reproductive for 
the cumulative total females taken over water at all U.S. locations and years was 77% (68 of 89 
bats). 
We are unaware of any published literature with quantitative data concerning other demo¬ 
graphic aspects of female reproduction in spotted bats, such as age at first reproduction and inter¬ 
birth intervals. 
Survival: We are unaware of any published literature with quantitative data on survival for 
this species. 
Mortality Factors: Little is known about causes of mortality in spotted bats. Deaths due to 
rabies have been documented (for example, Medeiros and Heckmann, 1971; Constantine, 1979, 
1988; Constantine et al., 1979; Mondul et al., 2003). Liver and lung pathology of unknown etiolo¬ 
gy were reported in a rabies-negative spotted bat (Constantine, 1961b). A live spotted bat was 
observed being stung by yellow jacket wasps while on the ground during the day in Yosemite 
National Park, California, and was later found disabled (Parker, 1952). Ectoparasites have been 
described but without associated mortality (for example, Whitaker and Easterla, 1975; Poche, 
1981). Avian predation has been noted. Three spotted bat skulls were recovered from regurgitated 
spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) pellets at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado (Chung-Mac- 
Coubrey and Bogan, 2003), and a spotted bat released unnaturally in daylight was taken by an 
American kestrel (Falco sparverius; Black, 1976). 
Population Trend: Thirteen sites that had historical records of this species in New Mexico 
were revisited at the same time of year during 2006 to determine presence or absence of this species 
based on mist net captures or vocalizations: 11 (85%) of the sites had evidence of continued pres¬ 
ence, with the proportion of spotted bats captured similar to earlier studies (Geluso, 2006, 2017). 
Population Genetics: Preliminary analyses of 17 microsatellite loci from 31 individuals from 
northern Arizona do not indicate important conservation issues concerning genetic diversity of this 
species (Walker et al., 2014). 
Management Practices and Concerns.— Earthen ponds constructed for livestock use 
appear to be important sources of water for spotted bats, and maintenance of water in these ponds 
during times of drought has been recommended (for example, Mollhagen and Bogan, 1997; Cham¬ 
bers et al., 2011; Bogan and Mollhagen, 2016; Geluso, 2017). 
Eumops perotis californicus — Greater bonneted bat (Family Molossidae) 
Conservation Status. — National and International Designations: U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service (1994, 1996a,b): Species of Concern (inactive, former Category 2 candidate for listing 
under the U.S. Endangered Species Act). Bureau of Land Management (2010a, 2011b, 2017): Sen¬ 
sitive Species (Arizona, California, Nevada state offices). International Union for the Conservation 
of Nature (2017): Least Concern. NatureServe (2017): Species Rounded Global Status G4, Appar¬ 
ently Secure; Subspecies Rounded Global Status T4, Apparently Secure. 
State Designations: Arizona Game and Fish Department (2012): Tier IB Species of Greatest 
