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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement I 
in long-eared myotis captured in coniferous forests (predominantly lodgepole pine) of the Rocky 
Mountains in southwestern Alberta (Barclay, 1991). Twenty-three of 34 adult females (68%) cap¬ 
tured foraging in 2002 in the foothills in the same region were reproductive (Solick and Barclay, 
2006b). In prairie badlands of southern Alberta, overall reproductive rates of 77 adult females cap¬ 
tured away from roosts during the lactation period in summers 2001-2005 was 57% (Lausen, 
2007). 
Fifty of 93 (54%) adult females captured in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests were 
reproductive during summers 1993-1995, whereas 18 of 23 (78%) were reproductive in northern 
Arizona pine-oak forests during summers 1994-1995 (Morrell et al., 1999). Bogan et al. (1998) 
reported ten of 23 (44%) females examined in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico as reproduc¬ 
tive in 1995 to 1997; C. Jones (1964) found 10 of 20 females (50%) netted over water in the Mogol- 
lon Mountains in New Mexico and Arizona to be reproductive during the months of June and July 
1957 to 1960. Geluso and Geluso (2012) reported a reproductive rate of 92% in 207 adult females 
captured over water in 19 years of netting at a pond in coniferous forest at 2,573 meters elevation 
in the San Mateo Mountains of New Mexico. During 1995-1999 in the Cibola National Forest of 
New Mexico, the ratio of reproductive females to non-reproductive females sampled in ponderosa 
pine forests of the San Mateo Mountains was 0.94, whereas this ratio was 2.73 in the lower eleva¬ 
tion pinon-juniper woodlands of the nearby Gallinas Mountains (Chung-MacCoubrey, 2005). A 
crude estimate of overall natality based on the cumulative totals of non-reproductive females and 
reproductive females captured over water across all years and studies is 68% (412 of 603 bats). 
Data concerning other demographic aspects of female reproduction such as age at first repro¬ 
duction and inter-birth intervals are not available in the published literature. 
Survival: We are unaware of any published literature with quantitative data on survival for 
this species. 
Mortality Factors: Long-eared myotis are subject to fatal rabies infections (for example, 
Constantine, 1979; Armstrong et al., 1994; Pape et al., 1999; Bogan and Cryan, 2000; Mondul et 
al., 2003; Blanton et al., 2007). Helminths, coccidial protozoans, and ectoparasites also have been 
detected in this species (Whitaker and Wilson, 1974; Rausch 1975; Duszynski et al., 1999; Lausen, 
2005), but impact of these infections on mortality of these bats has not been determined. The pres¬ 
ence of alpha-coronavirus RNA was detected in 2% of a sample of 52 seemingly healthy individ¬ 
uals netted over water in Colorado, but the significance of these viruses as possible mortality fac¬ 
tors remains unknown (Osborne et al., 2011). White-nose syndrome has not been reported for long¬ 
eared myotis. Hamm et al. (2017) discovered actinobacteria (including Streptomyces) with anti¬ 
fungal properties on wings of this species and postulated that actinobacteria may have defensive 
properties against the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome as it moves into western North 
America. 
Deaths of long-eared myotis due to entrapment in oil sludge pits in northwestern Colorado 
have been reported, as have deaths due to entrapment in water troughs (Finley et al., 1983). 
Residues of DDT and metabolites in M. evotis in Oregon following a forest-spraying showed no 
appreciable accumulation and no evidence for mortality (Henny et al., 1982). Maximum reported 
longevity is 22 years (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1982). 
Population Trend: Geluso and Geluso (2012) reported an apparent increase in abundance 
(based on numbers of bats captured) of long-eared myotis over a 34-year period at a pond in the 
San Mateo Mountains of New Mexico, after adjusting captures for variation in precipitation and 
year. 
Weller (2008) evaluated sampling design considerations for use of occupancy estimation mod¬ 
els to assess population status and habitat associations of long-eared myotis in the Pacific North- 
