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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement I 
reported from visual searches in the same study area the subsequent summer by Huth et al. (2015), 
who found 62 bats roosting in rock crevices on talus slopes. A single individual of this species also 
was reported roosting in the space formed between two stacked rocks on a talus slope at 1,300 
meters elevation in Pendleton County, West Virginia near the Virginia border (Roble, 2004). 
Warm Season Roosts in Buildings and Bridges: Eastern small-footed myotis will roost in 
small maternity colonies in buildings during warm seasons, but reports are rare. A colony of about 
10-15 bats was found roosting behind a shed door in Ontario during July 1953, one of which had 
been banded in a cave in winter about 16 kilometers away; another banded individual was found 
dead outside of a nearby home during the same summer that was 19 kilometers from its hibemac- 
ulum (Hitchcock, 1955). Eastern small-footed myotis were reported to form maternity colonies of 
12-20 bats in buildings by Merritt (1987; location unspecified). 
During searches for roosting bats in 145 buildings in Great Smoky Mountains National Park 
in Tennessee, this species was found in three structures, including a building occupied by people 
during the day (Fagan et al., 2016). Two of the three buildings were historic, one of which was 
occupied by a maternity colony of 17 bats in a rotting porch rafter in mid-June and early July, and 
the second by two adult females with two volant juveniles roosting at a ceiling-beam juncture in 
early July; the third building had guano deposits and a single dead bat (Fagan et al., 2016). The 
three roosts in buildings were in rocky upland terrain at elevations of 601-699 meters in sur¬ 
rounding habitats described as floodplain, oak-hickory, and hardwood cove forest (Fagan et al., 
2016). A maternity colony (greater than 18 bats) was also reported apparently roosting under cedar 
shakes on the porch roof of an old cabin in oak-birch-hemlock forest at 1,447 meters elevation in 
western North Carolina (O’Keefe and LaVoie, 2010). 
In addition to buildings, summer roosting of eastern small-footed myotis (including a mater¬ 
nity colony of less than 20 bats) in guardrail crevices and expansion joints in concrete bridges have 
been reported in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee (Barbour and Davis, 
1974; O’Keefe and LaVoie, 2010; Thomson, 2013), and use of bridges as roosts has been noted in 
Arkansas (Sasse et al., 2013). 
Night Roosts: Eastern small-footed myotis are known to use night roosts, especially at caves 
and mines, as has been observed in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Maryland (Davis et al., 1965; Hall 
and Brenner, 1968; Agosta et al., 2002, 2005; Johnson and Gates, 2008). 
Population Ecology. — Litter Size, Natality, and Female Reproduction: Litter size is 
reported to be one in general accounts (for example, Barbour and Davis, 1969; Whitaker and 
Hamilton, 1998), but few supporting data are available in the published literature. Natality esti¬ 
mates indicated high rates of reproduction. Three of four adult females captured in mist nets near 
roosting sites in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia during summer were reproductive (Moos- 
man et al., 2015), 10 of 11 adult females captured at roosts in western North Carolina and eastern 
Tennessee during summer were reproductive (Thomson, 2013), and each of 22 adult females cap¬ 
tured very near a maternity colony in North Carolina during July were reported to be lactating or 
post-lactating (O’Keefe and LaVoie, 2010). Fifty-nine of 62 adult females (95%) captured during 
mist-netting surveys in West Virginia were reproductive (Francl et al., 2012; based on captures 
between dates of June 6 and August 11 in 1998-2010). We are unaware of any published literature 
with quantitative data concerning other demographic aspects of female reproduction in the eastern 
small-footed myotis, such as age at first reproduction and inter-birth intervals. 
Survival: Hitchcock et al. (1984) provided annual adult survival estimates for eastern small¬ 
footed myotis banded at a hibemaculum in Ontario over a seven-year period during the 1940s. Cor- 
mack-Jolly-Seber estimates (± SE) were 0.76 ±0.11 for males and 0.42 ± 0.07 for females. The 
estimate for females appears unsustainable (see review in O’Shea et al., 2011c), but possibly may 
include permanent emigration, banding-caused mortality (Hitchcock, 1965; O’Shea et al., 2004), 
