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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement I 
1947a), at cabins in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties (Dalquest, 1947b), and at a bam in Col¬ 
orado (Barbour and Davis, 1969). They also were reported night roosting in a cave in Oregon 
(Albright, 1959) and a mine in Arizona (Barbour and Davis, 1969). Small numbers of night-roost¬ 
ing individuals also have been reported under bridges in northern California that were used as night 
roosts by much larger numbers of other species (Pierson et al., 1996b). 
Population Ecology. — Litter Size, Natality, and Female Reproduction: Three females 
each had single embryos in McKittrick Canyon in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas, 
(LaVal, 1973). Two females taken in the San Luis Mountains near the New Mexico-Sonora border 
had one embryo each (Miller and Allen, 1928; Anderson, 1972), as did three females taken at Wind 
Cave National Park in South Dakota (Turner, 1974). Two females taken near Colorado Springs had 
one embryo each (Barbour and Davis, 1969), as did two females taken in Jalisco (Watkins et al., 
1972), two females from Chihuahua (Barbour and Davis, 1969; Anderson, 1972), and one female 
from Chiapas, Mexico (Carter et al., 1966). One female taken in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas 
had a single embryo (Yancey, 1997). 
Reproductive rates of female fringed myotis captured over water were 57% {n = 37) during a 
three-year period (including drought and non-drought years) in the Jemez Mountains of New Mex¬ 
ico (Bogan et al., 1998). Thirty of 31 (97%) females examined based on captures at roosts and over 
water in the Mogollon Mountains of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona during June and 
July 1957 to 1961 were reproductive (C. Jones, 1964), and “about 90%” of a likely 51 females cap¬ 
tured at a maternity roost in Las Vegas, New Mexico during 1970 were reproductive (O’Farrell and 
Studier, 1975:370). In northern Arizona, 34 of 52 females (65%) taken over water in ponderosa 
pine forest were reproductive during 1993-1995 and seven of 13 (54%) females captured over 
water in ponderosa pine-oak forest were reproductive in 1994-1995 (Morrell et al., 1999). Twen¬ 
ty-two of 26 (85%) females captured over water during summers 1989-1996 in the Black Hills of 
South Dakota were reproductive (Cryan, 1997). Forty-four of 48 females (92%) taken both at 
maternity roosts and over water in Big Bend National Park, Texas were reproductive during 1967- 
1971 (Easterla, 1973). Fifty-six of 81 females (69%) captured over water in south-central Oregon 
and Washington during 2001-2003 were reproductive (Lacki and Baker, 2007). 
At Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado (including a drought year), five of 11 
(45%) females captured over water during 2006 and 2007 were reproductive (O’Shea et al., 2011a). 
In Boulder County, Colorado, 137 of 155 (88%) adult females captured mostly over water during 
multiple years (1995-2009) were reproductive (Hayes, 2011). However, elevation biases were not 
taken into account in this estimate (non-reproductive females occur at higher elevations than repro¬ 
ductive females in this region [Hayes and Adams, 2015]), and reproductive females may be more 
likely to be captured because they drink more frequently when lactating (Adams and Hayes, 2008), 
and are heavier when pregnant. The proportion reproductive for the cumulative total females taken 
over water over all U.S. locations and years was 75% (282 of 375 bats). 
We are unaware of any published literature with quantitative data concerning age at first repro¬ 
duction or inter-birth intervals in fringed myotis. 
Survival: We are unaware of any published literature with quantitative data on survival for this 
species. 
Mortality Factors: Little is known about causes of mortality in fringed myotis. Neonatal mor¬ 
tality is low, estimated at about 1% for a colony studied in an attic near Las Vegas, New Mexico 
(O’Farrell and Studier, 1973). Predation by house cats has been reported (Hoffmann et al., 1969), 
as has accidental drowning in a rain barrel (Bailey, 1931). Helminths, coccidial protozoans, and 
ectoparasites have been documented but no associated mortality reported (for example, Cain and 
Studier, 1974; Whitaker and Wilson, 1974; Duszynski et al., 1999; Ritzi et al., 2001). Deaths due 
