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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement I 
searches for carcasses at a neighboring wind power facility in southern Wyoming (Graver, 2002). 
One was found dead at a wind-generating facility in Alberta, Canada (Baerwald and Barclay, 2011). 
White-nose syndrome has not been reported for this species. Hamm et al. (2017) discovered acti- 
nobacteria (including Streptomyces) with anti-fungal properties on wings of these bats and postu¬ 
lated that actinobacteria may have defensive properties against the fungus that causes white-nose 
syndrome as it moves into western North America. 
Direct mortality due to environmental contaminants also has not been documented for this 
species. Concentrations of DDE and other organochlorines in long-legged myotis collected in Ore¬ 
gon in the 1970’s following a large-scale forest spraying with DDT were higher than in other 
species of bats sampled in the study area, but not at concentrations indicative of mortality (Henny 
et al., 1982). Monitoring for metals and radiation is planned for individuals sampled at a uranium 
mine site in Arizona (Hinck et al., 2014). 
Population Trend: Geluso and Geluso (2012) reported no apparent declines in numbers of 
long-legged myotis captured intermittently over a 34-year period at a pond in the San Mateo Moun¬ 
tains of New Mexico, after adjusting captures for variation in precipitation. Ellison et al. (2003) 
compiled a database of 290 observations of colony sizes at 186 locations in 13 western states. Four 
annual counts each spanning four- to 21-year periods from one summer colony and two hibernat¬ 
ing colonies in caves in South Dakota and Washington were analyzed for trends, but none were 
detected (Ellison and other, 2003). 
Weller (2008) evaluated sampling design considerations for use of occupancy estimation mod¬ 
els to assess population status and habitat associations of long-legged myotis in the Pacific North¬ 
west. Occupancy was determined using both captures in mist nets and echolocation recordings dur¬ 
ing four surveys at 51 carefully selected sites in Washington, Oregon, and northern California. 
Occupancy was estimated based on a series of habitat models (including successional stage and 
conservation reserve categories) that were ranked using Akaike’s Information Criteria. They were 
detected at 32 sites (observed occupancy of 0.627). Model-averaged detection probability estimates 
were 0.358 ± 0.06 (SE) and overall occupancy estimates were 0.754 ± 0.13 (SE) using the best 
ranking model. Point estimates of occupancy were higher in late succession/old growth habitat 
(Weller, 2008). 
Species dynamic distribution models were constructed using Bayesian hierarchical modeling 
techniques for 12 species of bats in Washington and Oregon based on an eight-year monitoring pro¬ 
gram; bat activity was sampled with mist nets and acoustic detectors, and the analysis accounted 
for detectability and annual turnover in bat occurrence (Rodhouse et al., 2015). This species did not 
show a decline in occurrence probabilities with time (Rodhouse et al., 2015). 
Management Practices and Concerns. — Given the fair amount of research completed on 
forest use by this species, long-legged myotis have been recommended as a focal species for meas¬ 
uring the effects of habitat manipulation prescriptions on snag density in the Pacific Northwest 
(Kroll et al., 2012). Forest management that provides tall, large-diameter snags exposed to sun 
would favor this species in the Oregon Cascades (Ormsbee and McComb, 1998). In studies of 
roosts of several species of bats including this species in Douglas fir forests of Oregon and Wash¬ 
ington, Arnett and Hayes (2009) recommended retention of all large snags that protrude above the 
canopy, have limited canopy closure, or are located near edges of gaps or stands. They also rec¬ 
ommended maintaining patches of snags in older (greater than 40 years) stands, particularly in 
upland rather than riparian areas (Arnett and Hayes, 2009). 
Because of the short half-lives (less than three years after discovery) of typical snags used by 
long-legged myotis in the drier forests of the eastern Cascades of Washington and Oregon and the 
Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Lacki et al. (2012) recommended that forest management be designed 
