«r 
might bo saved and the profits of dairymen great¬ 
ly increased by tho proper manufacture of two 
products. But he failed to produce any show¬ 
ing of the difference between “ wasting" skim¬ 
med milk on hogs, and making it into cheese for 
tho “ home trade.” St. Lawrence Co., dairymen 
havo during past years, strenuously opposed 
the use of the skimmer iu cheese factories, aud 
the manufacture of cheese from skimmed milk. 
Aa compared with other sootious of tho State 
where different notions have prevailed, their 
profits have been large, and they are now uni¬ 
formly thrifty, with a world-wide reputation for 
tne excellence of their cheese. These are facts. 
During the past season a very few cheose-mak- 
era in that county practiced skimming, and as 
the make of skimmed cheese in the whole State 
was smaller than heretofore, it realized a little 
better prices and made fair returns to tho 
makers, if they do not count the loss of reputa¬ 
tion worth anything. I find, however, by con¬ 
versation with tbe intelligent dairymen of that 
county that those who have made butter aud havo 
fed their skimmed milk to tho hogs, havo made 
more profit than those who havo made two di¬ 
rect products out of tlioir milk. Had I not been 
hurried, it would have been possible to make an 
6 xact showing of results to substantiate this 
statement which, I respectfully suggest to Prof. 
Arnold, is opposed to his idea that milk fed to 
hogs is wasted. Equally good results have been 
realized also from feeding to calves, and so long 
as the meat supply of tbe country is so Beaut, 
aud its oost to the consumer so high as at pres¬ 
ent, these must be tho most 'profitable list* to 
which skimmed milk can he put. 
The manufacture of skimmed choose is the 
curse or American dairying, and if the makciain 
figuring tho profits they havo realized from its 
production, will offset the account with the 
losses they have sustained through a diminished 
homo consumption and the inj ury to their reputa¬ 
tion in every foreign market where a skimmed 
cheese has been sold, they will find the balance 
to “ profit aud Iobs” very much increased and 
transferred to tho other side of the account. 
Aud even if there be an increased temporary 
profit, it does not require much reasoning or 
foresight to see tbe position into which competi¬ 
tion will ultimately drive our dairy interests, if 
a constant effort is not made to maintain the 
highest possible standard for our products. 
night, driving home from their parties, balls, Ac., 
singing so happily and also so musically, often 
accompanied by instruments, that it made me 
believe these Oanadians are decidedly the most 
contented and cheerful people to be met with. 
The way to become a good driver of a team, 
tandem fashion, is, first of all to sit behind some 
horses which have long been accustomed to run 
ia this way, and any one can soon understand all 
about handling tho horses and driving either 
from practice or from lessons given by a profes¬ 
sor. Any one having leisure and means might 
take a trip to Qnebeo, and by hiring a team from 
a livery stable, he would bo completely at home 
in driving in a week, and in two or three weeks 
would bo as good a “ whip " as one of 20 years 
standing. This, of course, is meant to apply to 
anyone who has been a horseman in other re¬ 
spects before. 
Now, about four-in-hand : the driving of four 
horses that have been used to be driven so, is 
very easy, and is also very safe for there is no 
danger of their turning short, or coming back, as 
ono horse is a check on tho other. There are 
thousands of four- and six-horso teams in Penn¬ 
sylvania and Maryland aud my eldest son, when 
only 16 years old, has driven five aud six into aud 
through Baltimore many times. Throughout 
the whole of a very large district in those two 
States four and six borso or mule teams are 
used, tho teamsters Bitting on the near hind 
horse, and having merely a single rein ruuning 
to the near Bide leader. These common farm 
teams are only mentioned to show how easy it is 
to break horses to go steadily and safely, for 
these have no check on them but the single 
rein. 
A gentleman by practicing can readily “get 
his hand in ” so as to drive four at any pace be 
chooses up to full speed. When I was a very 
little boy there was a Captain Pinfield who, 
living on an estate near Nowport-Paguel in 
Buckinghamshire, used to amuse himself by 
driving four-in-hand along the turnpike road 
loading from there to Northampton. He had 
three of the best trained four four-in-hand teams 
in England or, I should say as good as any, for at 
that time there were horses much better fitted 
than our present animals for traveling long 
distances and hard riding. Captain Pinfield 
would overdrive aud get a team rather shaky 
and then he would let them do light work on his 
farm till Ihey became clear and all the puffs had 
disappeared. There were coaches at that time 
in all directions and the Captain would run his 
four-in-hand team round a coach, time after 
time, aa it was goiug along at its usual pace of 
about ten miles an hour. This was tho same 
neighborhood where a gentleman named Osbla- 
diston who kept a pack of fox hounds rode 200 
miles on horse-back in ten hours. This wa 3 
done around a race-course by changing horses 
every four miles, about 15 horses havmg been 
used, ono of which was ridden as many aa seven 
or eight times. 
fully grown, they aro two and a half or three 
centimetres long. They may .bo found from 
April to October, of all ages, feeding on tho 
loaves of cabbage, mignonette, stock, nastur¬ 
tium and other members of tho mustard family. 
They are supposed to have four or live genera¬ 
tions in a year, the last generation passing the 
winter in the condition of chrysalids. At this 
stage of their lives they aro exposed to view or 
can be discovered with ease, and it ia at this 
time they can bo destroyed with the least expen¬ 
diture of work. 
It is tho habit of the caterpillar, when its time 
has come, to leave the cabbage-heads and seek a 
convenient place for tho formation of its chry¬ 
salis. For this purpose it crawls into the corner 
formed under tbo copings of fences or under tho 
projecting edges of clapboards, or hides under 
stones or boards or in a crevice iu a fence or 
wall. Here it spins a loose mass of silk iu which 
it entangles its hindmost feet. lidding the 
body horizontal it then spins a thread of many 
strands, which forms a loop inclosing the body 
and attached by both ends to the board above. 
The shedding of the caterpillar skin soon fol¬ 
lows, aud tho chrysalis appears. 
The chrysalids are about two centimetres long, 
sharp-pointed at iho head and taperiug at the 
opposite end, with a sharp ridge on the back of 
the fore-part of the body aud a saddle-shaped 
hollow j ust behind this ridgo. They are light- 
brown iu color. As will be seen by what I have 
said above, the pupas ale not inclosed in 
any cocoon or concealed in any way. It is 
true they may he formed within a pile of 
boards or in some similar place where they 
are difficult of access, but the presence of such 
resting-places and the absence of others will 
be a sufficient indication to the intelligent gar¬ 
dener of the searches he will need to make. 
Tho destruction of the pupas by flro or crush¬ 
ing is simple enough, but now comes a further 
consideration, showing that practical entomology 
fails to bo practical if it is divorced from the 
more technically scientific entomology. A large 
proportion of the pupas aro attacked by a min¬ 
ute parasite (Pteromalus puparutn,) which is 
four-winged, of a golden or coppery rod color 
with a green head, and is three millimetres long 
with a wing-stretch of four or five millimetres. 
Fifty or more of these parasites find food aud 
shelter within one pupa of the butterfly. In 
destroying the infested pupa, therefore, a great 
number of tbo best friends of tho gardener are 
also destroyed, It is difficult to separate the 
infested from tbe uiiinfestcd pupas; at any rate 
it’s not worth wbila to attempt to do so. A de¬ 
vice may be adopted which I recommended to 
the Brazilian government in 1371, when em¬ 
ployed by them to devise measures for the pro¬ 
tection of coffoe-treos from destructive iusoots. 
This is, to place tho gathered ourysalids iu a 
wire cage, out of doors, so that when the para¬ 
sites hatob, they may escape freely, but when the 
uniufested butterflies hatch they may not be 
able to escape. For this purpose, any box, 
however rude, covered on one or more otherwise 
open sides with a \v re netting of centimetre 
meshes, will answer. As the chrysalids put into 
this box would necessarily lie one upon another 
in au unnatural manner, they should not be al¬ 
lowed to get wet by rain or snow, so as to bo in 
danger of molding or rotting; they should he 
placed under cover and not more than two or 
three layers deep. At the samo time they 
should not he exposed to artificial warmth, for 
not only might such warmth be inj urious to tho 
parasites, but it would bo very likely to hasten 
then - development, and bring them to maturity 
while there was no proper opportunity for them 
to deposit their eggs. 
Entomologist, Cambridge, Mass. 
vestigation, it is of the highest, importance that 
we eliminate every possible source of error from 
our methods. A fact in science must ho a fact, 
not a supposition or a guess ; and after we have 
established it, our next desire is to find its prac¬ 
tical bearings on tho work wo have in hand, out 
of which wo gain a livelihood. 
Then, iu answer to tho interrogation of where 
w’o should look for new questions to solve, or 
old ones that are not yet settled, I will say that 
in tbe production of uo.v varieties of flowers 
and plants for (ho greeu-houso and border ; new 
and hardy improved vegetables for the garden; 
new and hardy fruits for tho orchard ; now and 
better adapted grains for tho fields, there is an 
opportunity of originating things that aro really 
new to the whole world. And when it comes to 
tho adaptation of methods of culture and kinds 
of fertilizers especially suited to these new 
things, wc may be working upon au old princi¬ 
ple, but our detail of facts will bo new. 
Probably the richest field for discovery in hor¬ 
ticulture to-day is in the production of now va¬ 
rieties adapted to special systems of culture, or 
to peculiarities of climate and situation that in 
themselves are unchangeable. 
REQUISITES IN EXPERIMENTING. 
As to just the method to pursue in carrying 
on tbeso experiments, I cau condense in a few 
sentences my own convictions. 
1 st. Tbore must be a basis of knowledge from 
which to work ; that is, one must know some¬ 
thing of what has been done—and how to go to 
work upon tbo ease in baud ; he must under¬ 
stand how to so simplify bis work that tho re¬ 
sults Bhall not be rendered nugatory by compli¬ 
cations. 
2nd. There must he a distinct purpose in view. 
I do not mean by this a point to prove, for this 
iu itself would so warp tho experiment a8 to ren¬ 
der its results worthless. He who closes aa ex¬ 
periment by the comment on the results, that he 
knew it would come out so, was not lit to perform 
tbe experiment at all. By a definite purpose I 
mean that one should have a clear notion of 
what he is at work upon, so as not to bo led off 
from careful observation in tbo direction or his 
experiment. 
Sd. An experiment needi to he performed with 
groat care. It must not bo put off or shoved 
aside for anything else when it demands atten¬ 
tion. If it is worth attempting, it is worth ail 
the care necessary to make it perfectly satisfac¬ 
tory. 
4th. Iu performing an experiment there should 
bo absolute honesty. The moment we doubt the 
veracity or ono who experiments, wo lose confi¬ 
dence in any result ho may give us. It will not 
do to think a certain result is seen—one must 
know it. There is nothing that is to be done iu 
this world that requires a greater degree of 
veracity and honesty than this matter of experi¬ 
ments ; and when ono prominent experimenter 
fails in this regard, we are apt to distrust others 
even more than when a minister falls from the 
path of rectitude. 
5th. Experiments should be performed with 
liberality. I refer now more particularly to hor¬ 
ticultural experiments. They should be the 
property of all who will bo benefited by them. 
The time, money, and thought put into them 
should be donated freely for the good of tho 
world. 
TANDEM DRIVING, &c 
GEO. W. GARDNER, 
In England this manner of driving, with one 
horse harnessed before tho other instead of, 
team-fashion, side by side, is confined to sport¬ 
ing men and gay young gentlemen, more of it 
being seen in Oxford than in any other city iu 
England. There the collegians who are, many 
of them, hous of the nobles, being restricted to 
short, leaves of absence, aud wishing to have a 
frolio, generally travel around Oxford iu this 
fashion with fast horses to he clear of the proc¬ 
tors and spies, and so go quickly many miles and 
have time for their fan. 
I have seen them 20 miles out of Oxford, 
though seldom so fur; and two raoing thorough¬ 
breds will run over the country in this stylo at a 
llyiug pace. The accomplishment of driving so 
as to go at the rate of 20 miles per hour safely, 
is soon learned, and it is wonderful to seo them 
turn a corner at snob a rate that one would 
think they must inevitably tip over. In fact, 
after tailing wine freely at their rendezvous, 
they will often drive recklessly and carelessly 
and go over at nearly every turn, but according 
to tho general rale iu such instances, Bacchus 
must havo shades employed to care for his de¬ 
votees, as it ia seldom any of these wild young 
fellows is Beriously hart. 
Iu Canada East, especially all around Quebec, 
there are no horses to be seen side by side on the 
farm—going to market or elsewhere it is one 
horse with a light vehicle, or two, one before the 
other. So rarely is a pair of horses seen side by 
side that when the writer’s son drove into 
Quebec, the people in the villages ou the way, 
would como outside of their houses to look at 
then - . There would often be 20 to 30 tandem 
teams goiug to a wedding and nothing thought 
of it. At funerals also they are common espe¬ 
cially during Bleighiug time, for the roads are 
then covered with snow for six or seven mouths 
to a great depth, and aro safely firm aud hard 
only for a certain width, so that a couple of 
teams with the horseB in each side by side could 
not pass when they meet without siuking in. 
Uso is second nature: everybody, boys and 
women too, can take the reins and drive along 
with all confidence. 
French Canadians aro the lightest hearted raco 
in the world and, although they can do notbiug 
ou their farms for months together ou account 
of the auow, I havo hoard them, night after 
EDWARD FOWLER'S SALE OF CHANNEL 
ISLAND CATTLE. 
A remarkable sale of Channel Island cattle 
took place at Harkuess’ Bazar, in Philadelphia, 
on the 10th of January. Edward Fowler, an 
old importer, and one of the largest buyers of 
Jersey cattle for the English market, brought 
over eleven Jersey oows anil heifer-, two Jersey 
bulls and six Guernsey cows and heifers, anil 
these were sold at auction, realizing the sum 
total of 67,685, or an average of 6381.25 for tho 
nineteen animals. One fine Jersey heifer, fully 
equal to the average, died on the passage. One 
had brought a hull calf, which was sold separate 
from the dam, for 605, but is included with her 
in tho above total and average. The Jersey 
females alone averaged 6-136 36. Tbe two bulls 
sold for 6500 aud 6200, respectively, and the 
Guernseys averaged 6364 16. 
Bids were made in a reckless sort of way. 
Two or three times a bidder raised upon his 
own bid. but was honorably protected by the 
auctioneer. A heifer, to all appearance barren, 
sold for 6375. An old cow. over ten Years old, 
but a really excellent one, sold for 6340. The 
heifer which had calved showed a fine bag and 
teats and, though offered without her calf, 
brought 6560—more than several equally good 
or better animals, which were near calving, 
brought; and yet, the chances were Bven that 
these would produce heifer calves. 
Tbo buyers wore none of them of especial 
note as brooders, aud tho highest prices were 
not paid for the best animals, except iu the cases 
of the bulls aud the Guernseys. It is clear that 
a good many people have been desirous of buy¬ 
ing good imported Jerseys, and so were willing 
to pay prices considerably above what equally 
good animals could ho imported for. So .shrewd 
a buyer as Edw ard Fowler paid not more than 
X80 a head, on an average, for the lot. Tho 
cost of setting them down upon the dock iu 
New York was not over l'2Q. Wbou reliable par¬ 
ties, good judges of those breeds, experienced 
as importers and as breeders, stand ready, at 
any time, to import to order, or go out and fill 
orders by personal selection, at a profit to them¬ 
selves of 630 or 6 10 a bead, it seems wild to pay 
such prices. It is certainly not too much to say 
that an equally good average lot of twenty ani¬ 
mals. of either breed, may bo landed here at 
about 6300 each. 
EXTERMINATING THE CABBAGE BUT 
TERFLY. 
B. FICKMAN MANN 
The winter months afford the best opportunity 
for tho extermination or at least the very groat 
lessening of tho numbers of the Cabbage-Butter¬ 
flies (Pieris rapre.) This butterfly iB probably 
very well known iu a general way to all the per¬ 
sons in tho Northern United States, who have 
had occasion to work in gardens where cabbages 
are grown or who are at all observant of tho in¬ 
sects that ily about out fields and roadways. It 
is of a white oolor, with a black dash at tho tip 
of the fore-wings aud a black spot on tbe front 
edge of the hind-wings above, and with two black 
spots ou tho underside of tho fore-wings. Be¬ 
sides those spots, tho male has one in the middle 
of the fore-wings above, und the female has 
two. Tho spring butterflies are much whiter 
than those produced later iu the seasou and 
sometimes lack some of tho black spots j occa¬ 
sionally bright yellow males are found and al¬ 
most never yel low females. The full spread of 
tho wings is about five centimetres. With a very 
little care there will be no danger of mistaking 
the common yellow clover-butterfly ((Julias Phil- 
odioe) for this. 
The caterpillars arc pale-greou, finely dotted 
with black, with a yellowish stripe lengthwise 
along the back, aud with a yellow stripe, formed 
of small, yellow spots, along each side. When 
AS TO THE SKIMMER 
3 . M. PETERS. 
I have never known a man to meet with much 
success iu his efforts to discourage another from 
carrying on a business which he found profitable, 
and so loug as a dairyman finds, or thinks ho 
finds, profit in makiug butter and cbeeBe from 
tho same milk, it will undoubtedly he a difficult 
task to completely stop the manufacture of 
skimmed cheese, It is possible, however, that 
the greatest profit is not to be realized from 
skimmed inilk by manufacturing it into choose, 
and if this fact can bo demonstrated, the most 
ardent advocate of skimmed cheese would, I 
presume, be willing to give up its manufac¬ 
ture. 
Prof. Arnold, in an address before the dairy¬ 
men of St. Lawrence Co., the other day, intro¬ 
duced the subject of skimming and his recently 
patented improvement in the manufacture of 
butter and cheeso from the same milk, by stat¬ 
ing how much substance w’as thrown to the hogs 
and “wasted" when bntter alone was made from 
milk, and went on to explain how this “waste’ 
