342 
O 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
JUNE 4 
Industrial Cofits, 
THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 
PLAN OF THE BUILDINGS. 
Paris, May I2tb, 1878. 
The Atlantic cables have robbed tbo European 
correspondent of a good deal of the interest and 
still more of the importance that used to be at¬ 
tached to his communications io the days when 
they had the freshuess and piquancy of absolute 
news. Now the most exciting and significant 
items of intelligence are flashed with lightning 
speed across the waters, and the beat the cor¬ 
respondent’s laggard letter can do is to give de¬ 
tails of information which, in the rapid current 
of modern affairs, has already become always at 
least a trifle stale and generally at best some¬ 
what, insipid. Moreover, it is his rather dis¬ 
couraging lot that the scenes and incidents an 
account of which would afford the moBt attrac¬ 
tive subjects to his descriptive pen, are precisely 
those which the oablegrara has already detailed 
with an exasperating minuteness that leaves 
little that is fresh for him to relate. 
It would be pleasant to be the first to set forth 
to Rural readers the magnificent pageantry con¬ 
nected with the opening of this the third Interna¬ 
tional Exhibition held in the brilliant capital of 
France; to describe the impressive spectacle 
presented by the entire garrison of Paris, eighty 
thousand strong, drawn up along the route 
traversed by the Marshal President on his way 
to the ceremony, or forming his imposing escort; 
to particularize and describe the notable person¬ 
ages, headed by the comely Prince of Wales and 
the stalwart Crown Prince of Denmark, that 
rode beside him; to set to words the musical 
crash with wbioh the arrival of the august party 
was greeted by the twenty-six military bands 
of Paris which were stationed near the Exhi¬ 
bition j to depict, or try to, the splendid 
scene in the gorgeous rotunda of the Troea- 
dero, where princes, nobles, senators, represen¬ 
tatives, the grand officials of the State and its 
worthiest citizens, together with the representa¬ 
tives of all civilized nations and of all enter¬ 
prising journals assembled to the number of 
seven thousand to see the soldier ruler of 
the most warlike race in Christendom throwing 
open the finest display of the aits of peace 
which the world has ever seen, at a time when 
surrounding Europo is trembling beneath , .the 
tread of marshaling armies and the air is thick 
with rumors of approaching conflict. 
But this is a theme on which the telegram has 
long since anticipated in detail the efforts of 
the correspondent, and in casting around for an 
appropriate topic for tills first letter, none seems 
more timely than a brief account of the general 
plan of the Exhibition, which will be all the more 
intelligible to readers or the Rural on account 
of the illustrations of the buildings that enriched 
its pages before the writer had crossed the At- 
’antic. 
No exhibition was over designed on a grander 
fl cale, and none has ever more completely 
realized the conceptions of the aitiet who 
planned it. Only two years and one month 
before the Opening of the institution, the 
Champs do Mars and the highta of the 
Trocadero w<re bleak and desolate-looking; 
now towering masses of architecture, innumera¬ 
ble workB of art, painting, sculpture, deooi ation, 
fountains, flowers, and vast stores of industrial 
treasures all contribute to render those spots the 
most interesting and beautiful in the finest city 
on the globe. 
The distinctive feature of the present exhibi¬ 
tion is the marvelous palace on the Trocadero en¬ 
throned, in stone, on an eminence facing the 
Champs de Mars, overlooking Palis and com¬ 
manding enchanting views of loug reaches along 
the valley of the Seine. Its vast dome and glit¬ 
tering minarets, towering above all neighboring 
structures, make it conspicuous miles away; 
and it is satisfactory to know the Municipality of 
Paris has decided to buy it as a mu etnu and art 
treasury after the close of the the Exhibition. 
Its rotunda, which accommodates 7,000 per¬ 
sons, was the scene of the inaugural ceremony 
on the first of May, and here also the prizes will 
be distributed at the uluse of the Exhibition on 
thefilsti f next October. One on each aide of 
.the huge dome, two towers rise aloft to the hight 
of 250 feet, and from the elevated position of 
their foundation, tbeir summits oro the highest 
points in Paris. Flanking the rear of the ro¬ 
tunda, and spreading in two elegant semi circles 
to the right and left, are the wings, fully double 
tue length of the facade of our Capitol at Wash¬ 
ington. These are occupied by exhibits of glass, 
porcelain wares, statuary and fine arts generally. 
Terraces with colonnades front these wings and 
overlook the beautiful garden which slopes down 
to the quay by the river, aud which is adorned 
with a fine cascade of thirty feet fall, aud eight 
large fountains surrounded by many smaller 
ones, the lowest and broadost of all throwing up 
a jtt to the hight of eighty-throo feet, liero 
and there in the garden, from the midst of trim 
lawns and brilliant flower-beds, rise houses illus¬ 
trative of Oriental architecture. There too are 
.conservatories and hot-houses guy and odorifer¬ 
ous with all species of flowers that delight the 
eye or perfume the air in every part of the 
world, to Bay nothing here of a host of other 
charming novelties the mere mention of whioh 
would crowd this page. 
Quitting this delightful art department and 
crossing the Seine by that memorial of Prus¬ 
sia's crushing defeat by the first Napoleon —the 
Bridge of Jena, which has lately been broad¬ 
ened and strengthened—beyond the lines of tbo 
street cars, rises, on the Champs de Mars, the vast 
fagade of the industrial Exhibition, 2.315 feet 
in length and 1,145 feet in breadth. Surround¬ 
ing this also is a wide garden stocked with flower¬ 
beds, hot houses and ornamental lakes. To the 
right are models of handsome cottages, to the 
left models of foundries and manufactures, 
whose designer evidently believes that utility 
and beauty are by no raeaus inseparable; while 
the lawns are skirted with innumerable kiosques 
for the sale of newspapers, refreshments, guide 
books and the thousand and one other needs or 
conveniences of pleasure-seeking excursionists. 
Passing into the Exhibition through the main 
or oeutral entrance, a magnificent scene is pre¬ 
sented by the Street of Foreign Nations, a 
thoroughfare eight huudred yards long, bordered 
by housee of every order of ancient and mod¬ 
ern architecture ; while at intervals tower aloft 
gigantio statues symbolical of the various na¬ 
tions near whose exhibits thoy Bt&nd. The 
Prince of Wales ’ gorgeous Indiau pavilion comes 
first, then a shapely model factory ; then a 
row of pleasure villas. Next comes the modest 
and by no means handsome structure repre¬ 
senting American architecture, aud beyond that 
Sweden, Norway, and Italy are represented in 
brick, wood and marble. Then Japan, China, 
Spain, Austria-Hungary, and Russia are followed 
by Switzerland with novel cottages and dairies, 
aud Bolguim with curiously fretted town-halls. 
Then Greece, Denmark, South America, Morocco 
Lnxumbnrg, Monaco and Portugal stand in the 
order named. These houses stand to the right 
of the Grand Street, and the arohltectu ral 
Bample of each nation forms the fagade, the 
frontispiece, to its industrial and art exhibits 
which lie behind. The whole of the left side of 
the street and the left wiug of the Exhibition 
building in tbo rear, are occupied by French 
houses aud by the French exhibits, so that 
France alone has chartered as large a space 
as all the other nations combined. 
The main building is chiefly of iron and glass 
and internally is laid outiu rectangular, oheq nar- 
like blocks, a plan which while very convenient 
for visitors and economical of space, detracts a 
great deal from the impression of vaBtness 
which so large a building is calculated to con¬ 
vey. Turoughout the whole area, every avail¬ 
able foot of Bpace seems oooupied, while a good 
deal of the machinery has been forced into 
annexes, forming not the least interesting 
part of the grand display- Although in this 
first screed, it would ho au ungrateful deed to 
notice the blemishes and shortcomings in a 
scene which has given me so much pleasure, 
yet it must not be supposed that either the man¬ 
agement, the bnidliugs or the nature and style 
of the exhibits are wholly without faults, but 
of these as well as of the chief attractions more 
shall be told the readers of the Rural in my 
future letteiB. Threber. 
EXTRACTS PROM THE PROCEEDINGS 
OF THE WESTERN NEW YORK HORT. SOCIETY. 
SELECTION AND PACKING OF APPLES. 
The essays and proceedings of the Western 
New York Ilort. Society seem to ua to bo of un¬ 
usual general interest. We have read the re¬ 
port through and mado the following extracts 
which, though several of them have been 
printed before, are worthy of the consideration 
of a second reading: 
President Barry said ho thought the pros¬ 
pects of the orehardist in Western New York 
were never more encouraging than at the present 
time, and he would advise the planting of the 
apple extensively, under proper conditions, with 
as much confidence as ho ever did. The great 
markets of the world, with the millions of con¬ 
sumers, are just opening to us. We are near 
the great markets of our own country, and noar 
the places of shipment abroad. It is conceded 
that our apples keep better and transport more 
safely than those of more Western growth, aud 
we may always expect the readiest sale and best 
prices in foreign markets. Ono or two condi¬ 
tions, however, are indispensable. Careful 
selection of the fruits awl thorough packing. 
These are necessary for our own markets, but 
far more so for the foroigu market, as the loss 
arising from badly assorted and packed fruits is 
so much greater. Complaints are numerous 
from England on this subject, and the sooner 
our shippers understand aud act upon this mat¬ 
ter the better. 
His conclusion ia that there is no danger of 
apple culture being overdone in Western New 
York, always provided it be well done. 
NEW VAUIETIF.8. 
Mr. J. J. TnoMAS, one of tbe editors of the 
good Country Gentleman, allnding to the dis¬ 
play of southern fruit, especially of apples at 
the meeting of the Am. Pom. Society at Balti¬ 
more last September, mentions among the best 
tbe following: 
The Beauty ol tbe World, from Morganton, 
North Carolina, was very handsome, good size, 
and of very good quality, and ho was informed 
from tbo neighborhood of its origin ,that it is there 
highly prized for its quality, productiveness, and 
late keeping. 
Another fine o?ie is Hare’s Red Winter, a new 
seedling from Suffolk, Yirginia, not yet dissem¬ 
inated, of excellent quality, and he learns from 
where it is well known, that it is highly esteemed 
for its quality, late keeping, and good beariug 
qualities. 
ORNITHOLOGICAL, 
Mr. Hiram J. Jones, of Rochester, in an orni¬ 
thological paper, says that among those birds 
which have fallen in the estimation of many fruit 
lovers, may be named the Robin, whoso breast, 
bright and red, and whoso song so joyful, are 
wt 11 known to all. It is indeed sad that he who 
cheers us first in spring should ere the leaves are 
yellow, be driven from our midst. Exasperated 
beyond measure at his audacity, forgetting the 
multitudes of measuring worms, rose-sings, 
cabbage butterflies (in their larval condition), 
house-flies, table-flies and mosquitoes, which 
constitute Ms diet early in the season, we give 
him not a moment’s rest, unless beyond tbo 
reach of the shot from our gun. 
The Hawk or Owl carries off an occasional 
chicken, and pays for it by the loss of his life. 
But the good done in destroying field mice alone 
would pay for several dinners of chickens. Man 
must be short-sighted or be could not so soon 
forget the deeds of his best friends. 
grass or culture for orchards. 
In tbo report of the committee assigned to re¬ 
port upon the merits or demerits of certain sys¬ 
tems of fruit culture in Wayne County, orchards 
used as pastures for hoge and sheep seem to do 
well. The animals fertilize tbe ground with 
their exaremouts, eat the fallen apples, worms 
and all, and are true generals in the Codling 
Moth war. In addition to this, the constant 
rooting of the hogs koeps the ground partially 
cultivated, and if they do not cultivate sufficient¬ 
ly, a handful of com planted hero and there, will 
set the animal plow-share in motion and cultiva¬ 
tion ensues. The orchards whioh are properly 
cared for in this manner are almost universally 
known as very productive, usually annual bear¬ 
ers. And in tbo war which aeemB to wax warm 
between the advocates of oleau culture aud grass 
in orchards, may not this bo a kind of neutral 
ground whore the white flag of truce may be un¬ 
furled and good crops of frnit grown; for in 
this Bystom we have some grass, some culture, 
and good, sound apple* or pears. 
The system ef keeping orchards in grass from 
year to year with annual supplies of mulch, 
muok or fertilizers, and only plowed at remote 
periods of time if at all, has raised the most op¬ 
position among fruit growers aud its advocates 
have boon unsparingly denounced. It was tbo 
plain matter-of-fact statement of this mode of 
culture by a member which raised such a com¬ 
motion in this Society two or three years ago, 
that he was not able to make a fair exhibit of 
his course of non-culture. 
Orchards in Wayne Co. which have been oared 
for by this system are fully as productive, if not 
more so than by any other, if we except, perhaps, 
one,the land of whioh is seeded to grass, timothy, 
red top or orchard grass ,(not clover, the roots 
are too long), and then where an annual mulch is 
applied, or manure, or manure and muck, muck 
alone, or composted with lime or with gas lime. 
The length of the new growl b of the branches 
of the treeB is the tongue, which the tree doctor 
examiues, and applies the remedies at the right 
time, of tbe proper material and in proper quan¬ 
tities. It is a dangerous fact to publish that au 
orchard can be kept in grass for a long series of 
years and yet be profitably productive. But it is 
nevertheless true. 
A number of orchards was visited in Cayuga 
County. All good managers find it uocessary 
for the success of young orchards to cultivate 
the trees for several years after setting out. 
When planted in grass, the growth is feeble, and 
they are long in reaching beariug size. As they 
become older, the roots run deeper and they are 
less retarded by grass growing near the surface. 
A curious example occurred iu this connection 
when trees of large growth, when set out, or two 
inches in diameter, grew more vigorously than 
smaller trees, or Buch as were only au inch iu 
diameter when removed. Both were set iu 
grass; but iu taking up the larger trees it was 
necessary to dig much deeper in order to seoure 
the roots, than in digging tho smaller ones. 
These deep roots when set, were down beyond 
tho reach of the grass roots, and hence the rea¬ 
son that they made the best growth. But in a 
portion of the orchard well cultivated, both 
large and small greatly exceeded the others in 
vigor. 
Tbo effect of cultivation on young trees was 
distinctly exhibited in one instance, when a line 
of apple treeB had been planted along the road¬ 
side, one portion of the adjacent field, about 
eight feet from the trees, being cultivated in corn. 
imparted twice the growth to the trees that they 
had where grass oocupied the adjacent field. 
When the soil of the county is a strong, rich 
loam, there is lesB difference between cultivation 
aud grass iu tho growth of young established 
orchards than in lighter soils; and the difference 
is less in deep than on shallow soils. As a gen¬ 
eral rule, young trees when six or eight years 
old, make a growth in & clean mellow Boil about 
twice or three times as great as in compact grass 
sod. 
One of the finest full-bearing orchards in tbe 
county belongs to Giles Landou. It shows in a 
remarkable degree the benefit of manure, and 
good treatment generally. It has been set out 
twenty-three years, and the tree tops have be¬ 
come so broad that cultivation has been discon¬ 
tinued, although the troos were set tbirly-six 
feet apart. It is top dressed every two years, 
and lightly pruned annually. 
ROADS. 
Mr. J. J. Thomas, above quoted, makes some 
excellent remarks in au essay upon Pnblic Roads. 
“ Good roads,” he says, “ facilitate the at¬ 
tendance of public worship, bring lectures and 
publio meetings within easy access, favor fre¬ 
quent mails, arid thus become virtually civilizers 
aud educators." 
He did not propose to furnish a treatise on 
road-making, hut there are two ways iu wbieh 
they may be improved with so small an outlay, 
that these will bear repeating at least three 
hundred times in each year. One mode of im¬ 
provement is tho removal of stones from the 
track. A single loose stone, whioh might be 
thrown out in two seconds, is sometimes struck 
by wagon-wheels fifty times a day. or more than 
ton thousand times in a year. Tea thousand 
blows of a sledge-hammer as hard, on ono 
wagon, would probably demolish it entirely, and 
the stone does no less harm because it divides 
its blows among a hundred vohioles. There is 
therefore probably no investment that would 
pay a higher rate of profit than a few dollars’ 
worth of work iu clearing publio carriage tracks 
of loose and fixed stones. If a single stone, 
thumped against ten thousand times a year, 
costs tho community fifty dollars (that is, half a 
cent damage for each time), and could be re¬ 
moved even with a half minute iu labor, or ono- 
thousaudth part of a day, then tbe fifty dollars 
would be saved by tho applioation of two mills 
iu United States curreney, leaving a very hand¬ 
some margin of profit. If these figures are 
wrong in auy respect, please correct thorn as far 
as you ploase, aud still the showing will he a 
good one. 
Another method of improving the public 
roads, is by tile-draining. In Borne places, from 
one to two months, or even more, iu eaoh year, 
witness tho passage of wagons, carriages aud 
buggies, plowing through inud and ruts six 
inches to a foot deop, which would become hard 
and dry iu one-fifth of the time, if one or two 
good tile-draius oxtendod lengthwise with tho 
track, with an opening for the water at every 
depression. Tho ditch might be partly or 
wholly filled with gravel above the tile. We 
often see large quantities of gravel drawn and 
deposited at mnoh expense in the road-bed, 
when no adequate drainage has been provided. 
The gravel is spread on the Boft earth, whioh as 
soon as soaked with rain or melting snow, 
becomes mixed with tho gravel by passing 
vehicles, and in a short time the whole is cut 
into deep ruts. A perfect drainage below w’ould 
prevent such a waste of labor, aud give a hard 
and dry foundation with a smooth surface above. 
SMALL FRUITS. 
Bpoaking of small fruits, the remark is mado 
that it is possible for three huudred bushels of 
strawberrios to bo grown on one acre. Two 
hundred bushels is not an extraordinary yield, 
yet one hundred buBbela per acre might be over 
the average, for thore is inuob poor culture. 
One hundred bushels of raspberries is a satis¬ 
factory yield, but often above the average. 
Currants, gooseberries and grapes yield gener¬ 
ously, with good culture and congenial soil, and 
are highly profitable, if the best varieties are 
selected. The blackberry is perhaps the most 
profitable of all, in sections of country where it 
does not winter-kill. 
ASSORTING AND 1'ACIUNO APPLES. 
Professor Lazendv, of Cornell University, in 
a paper upon gatlieriug and marketing apples, 
says that far too little attention is paid to this 
matter of assorting apples. Take three b irrels 
of what is termed good fruit, as they are or- 
diuarily put up, and divide them into two bar¬ 
rels of first aud one of sooond quality. The two 
barrels will sell for more money, and give a 
better return than the throe unassorted. They 
had a good illustration of this in their own ex¬ 
perience, at the University, tho past season. 
One of the practical lessons given to the horti¬ 
cultural students, in connection with the in¬ 
struction in tho class-room, is picking and bar¬ 
reling apples ready for shipmout. This work 
is supplementary to a course of lectures upon 
fruit culture!, which ia given during the fall 
term. Au experiment was conducted, which, 
in its results, clearly indicates the importance 
of carefully sorting aud grading fruit for market. 
The students picked enough of tho Tompkins 
County King apple to till Bix barrels. Two bar- 
