THE 
BUBAL 
NEW-YOBMEB. 
JULY IS 
as it is to )iim of tlio West, that the newly 
opened market for fat cattle and fresh moats, 
which wo have fonnd in Great Britian, shall 
be developed as fully and as speedily as is 
practicable, and the influence of such an ex¬ 
hibition as that arranged for at Chicago, vil' 
be an important factor in developing this trade- 
We hay- more good cattle in this country than 
most of onr British friends behove, and it will 
do good to collect together a large number of 
the best specimens. 
But aside from this, there is another field 
i^wbieh such a show will do much good—that 
of educating our own people. There are still 
many thousands of farmers who do not really 
believe there is any advantage in “improved 
stock"; who do not appreciate the value of 
such stock. Somewhat indirectly, it is true, 
hut still in an important Ferre, a first ciasp show 
of first-class fat stock will he an educator to 
such persons; perhaps more ?o than are the 
exhibitions of breeding stock at our fairs. 
A ' i i»ba slvv.v will give a capital opportunity 
f >r testing the correctness of the claims made 
for diflVreut breeds. If the Hereford will make 
a better fat ox at a given age than will the Short- 
Horn ; if the Cotswold is to be preferred to 
the Leicester for fattening : if there are better 
breeds than the Foland-China, the fat-stock 
show will give opportunity to demonstrate these 
things. 
No agricultural eveDt of the year is more im¬ 
portant, in its way. in England, than is the fat- 
stock show at Snithfield, London. It will not 
so he counted at the first, hut I believe in the 
future we will regard such exhibitions as among 
the most import ant of our agricultural shows, 
and that the Illinois State Board of Agrionltnre 
will look hack with pride to this first exhibition 
of the kind held in this country. I hope it may 
receive the attention its importance demands 
from the East as well as from the West. 
G. E. Morrow. 
Illinois Industrial University, Champaign. 
-- 
The sale of Bow Park Short-Horns at Brant¬ 
ford, Canada. July 11, under the auspices of 
the Canada West Farm Stock Association will 
comprise forty head of thoroughbred cows, 
heifers and hulls, all registered, or entitled to 
registry in the American TTerd B iok, besides 
Cotswold and Leicester sheep, and Berkshire 
swine. Details will be found in our advertising 
columns in this issue. 
Jatm (ftrmiomii. 
DRAINAGE. 
B. C. CARPENTER. 
DISCHARGE OF DRAINS COMPARED WITH THE 
RAINFALL. 
To ascertain the law which governs this mat¬ 
ter. Mr. J. Bailfv Denton, in the year 1856-7, 
caused observations of rainfall and discharge 
from drains to he taken during the months of 
October. November, December. January. Feb¬ 
ruary. March, April and May. The area experi¬ 
mented upon consisted of two kinds of soil: 
first, soil of a mixed nature, consisting of clay 
gravel end sand ; and second, ft very stiff clay 
considered hard and almost impenetrable. The 
mixed soil was drained by occasional and wide 
parallel drains sufficient to discharge the rainfall 
and deep enough to relieve tbo pressure of sub¬ 
terranean water. The play soil was drained 
uniformly by a parallel system of drains four 
feet deep and 2a to 27 feet apart. The total cost 
of draining the 800 acres inclined in the area 
experimented on. was .£3,857 10s. or $10,787. The 
discharge from the open soils was more regular 
than that from tlio clsys, probably because of 
their greater distance apart. 
The rainfall per acre was 227,240 gallons, and 
the discharge per acre on the mixed soil was 
160 020 gallons, or about 71 percent, of the 
rainfall; on the clay soil it was 59,936 gallons, or 
about 21 percent of the rainfall. The reason 
why clay discharges less than loam is doubt less 
fonnd in the fact, that it has greater power or 
retaining water by capillary attraction ; thus 
Professor Sciutflf.r, of Tnbingen, found thufc 
100 pounds of dry soil would retain the f 'Bow¬ 
ing amount of water, that would not fl w off : 
Sand. 
I.oainy soil, 
fJlav lnani.. 
Pure clay.. 
,?■ pounds. 
.10 
.50 " 
.70 " 
Observations conducted by Mr. J min Dickin¬ 
son, of Eigland, for eight years gave the fol¬ 
lowing mean values of the discharge ns com¬ 
pared with the rainfall: October to March, 75 5 
percent: April to 8’ptember, 7.1 per cent; 
average 42.4 per cent. fir. Tiucey. in 1849, 
made some experiments in regard to the drain¬ 
age of certain val’eys rear Boston, and concludes 
that the discharge varies from 45 to 44 per cent. 
of the rain-fall. 
COMPUTATION OF TABLE FOR DRAINAGE. 
From rhe tables for rainfall we see that 
shower 0 t recoding ore inch are rare, hut that 
about one-fourth of cur rain falls in these heavy 
showers. From that it is safe to conclude that 
if the drains are capable of conveying away the 
water that reaches them during the next 24 
hours after a rainfall of one in ib, little or no 
surface water will remain on the land during 
any portion of the year. * 
The amount of discharge as compared with 
the rainfall depends upon so many conditions, 
that it cannot be accurately stated; hut prob¬ 
ably will seldom or never exceed 50 per cent of 
the rainfall during the next 24 hours, under any 
conditions. In order to produce thorough drain¬ 
age—that is, to so drain land that surface water 
shali not exist on it ou an average louger than Fix 
hours oftener than onco a veer.— it is necessary 
to assume that the capacity of the drains pbould 
be sufficient to carry off, dnriug 24 hours, one- 
half the wateT that fell the previous 24 hours. 
The probability of the rainfall in ary day ex¬ 
ceeding one inch, is so slight that wo Bhall be 
safe in assuming the greatest ordinary rainfall 
to he one inch in 24 Lours, and the necessary 
carryiug capacity of the drains, one-half inch for 
the same time. One inch of rainfall produces 
3 630 cubic, feet per acre consequently our 
drains, to produce under all condit ions thorough 
drainage, should lie able to convey 1,815 cubic 
feet of water for each acre drained. 
Tue results in the following table accord well 
with my experience regarding the size of drains 
necessary to produce thorough drainage. Thus 
in the west portion of the College grounds is an 
area of a little less than nine acres, thoroughly 
drained with drains 60 feet apart. The fail of 
the main is 1 in 200, and it is a 4-inch tile. This 
is none too large, for the drain runs full several 
weeks each Bpring, and consiiering the perfect 
manner in which it works, I feel justified in con¬ 
sidering it the proper size. Until a very recent 
date wo did not proportion the size of tbo tiles 
to the area to he drained by the following table, 
and we have several instances where the drains 
are entirely inadequate for the work imposed on 
thorn. For instance, the main drain to tho or¬ 
chard, which was built several years ago, has an 
inclination of 1 in 20fl, and is a 6-inch tile. The 
whole area to he drained through this main is 
not far from 40 acres. The drainage from this 
area is oonveyed to the main by laterals with 
a considerable fall. The result lias been that 
for days at a time, although the main was mu¬ 
lling full, water lias stood on the surface of lie 
ground directly over it, in several places. 
For ordinary farm drainage, whore the dr ins 
are simply to mu under the low places on the 
surface of the fields, the water will be I mgeriu 
reaching the drains, and consequently I he acres 
drained by a given sized tile may be increased 
with perfectly satisfactory results. A vain, if 
flooding is of little moment for a few days at a, 
time, it may receive another corresponding in¬ 
crease. I would recommend that tho a’-eas in 
tho following table he doubled, for ordinary 
farm drainage, but they must he changed with 
caution if thorough drainage, such as a gardener 
would need, is desired. 
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To afford a simple rnle for those who wish to 
construct drains simply through the low places 
of a farm, and who do not possess means of 
ascertaining the fall, the following will probably 
be sufficiently accurate On the average the fall 
usually secured is about one in 200, and for ordi¬ 
nary farm drainage, doubling the results given 
in the table, we find that a drain of 2-inch tile 
will drain four acres ; 3 inch tile will drain ill£ 
acres ; 4-inch tile will drain 16,1s' acres; 6-inch 
tile will drain 45.6 acres; 8-inch tile will drain 
96.0 acres ; which rnle does not differ essentially 
from the one given by Waring in his work on 
Parra Drainage. The above rule is for casual, 
not thorough drainage. 
GRADE OF THE DRAIN. 
From what has already been said in reference 
to the capacity of a drain, it is seen that the 
r 
greater the fall the greater is the amount of 
water that will pass threugh in a given time, 
other things being equal. For this reason the 
fall should be as great as possible within 
certain limits. It is possible to have drains so 
steep that the water, instead of entering the 
drain at the joint, will run along the outside of 
the tile, and finally undermine and destroy the 
drain; thi s danger is to be anticipated only for 
large drains where there is a great deal of water, 
and never for small drains, which serve only as 
feeders. The limits of steepness for main drains 
that convey mneb water, we may put at from one 
in ten to one in thirty, depending on the tenacity 
of th? soil. The least grade admissible depends 
entirely upon the- mechanical execution. Drains 
cannot t e laid like water pipes, alternately de¬ 
scending and ascending, hnt they must descend 
continuously from tbrir commencement to their 
null-t. If laid with any portion ascending from 
the commencement, even though that portion 
may nit rise above the head, the drains,not 
being light, will let out at their joints much of 
the water from above them, the ground at that 
point being constantly wet, and the objects for 
v! ich tbo drains were laid will entirely ho de¬ 
stroyed. It is not material that uniformity of 
descent be preserved, but although it makes 
little differeuce b rw much the grade changes, it 
is absolutely necessary that it always changes in 
the Fame mannel*. That is, as yon leave tho 
outlet, yon must continually go up, though you 
may ascend at times much faster than at others. 
N rw, the greater the ascent in a given distance, 
the leas danger is there of giving any portion of 
the drain an inclination in the wrong direction; 
but if the ascent is small, any mistake of this 
kind becomes exceedingly difficult to deteot. 
Probably any one could s-e that, an inclination of 
one in fifty was not a level line, but an inclina¬ 
tion of one in five hundred ie qnite a different 
thing, and there are few persons that, could de¬ 
tect the difference from a level Hue, or even tell 
which end was the highest. Great care is 
necessary to keep a c mtimial descent or ascent, 
whichever tho case may he, and with a. less in¬ 
clination than one in five hundred, the difficulty 
becomes so great that, oxcopt in cases of extreme 
necessity, it should not he resorted to. 
It is thought to be better to have the steepest 
grades for the drain nearest the outlet, as in 
that case the water from above would run rapid¬ 
ly off without any deposit of silt. Bat this con¬ 
sideration very seldom can be taken into account 
in practice, as the drains must be made to nearly 
conform to the surface of tlio ground on the 
score of economy. 
HII.T BASIN. 
When a grade changes from a greater to a less 
ou the way to the outlet, it is a good plan to 
build a small well about six inches deeper than 
the drains, and bricked or stoned np. Tin's well 
or basin may or may not extend to the mp of 
the ground; the inside diameter may be from 
12 to 18 inches. The drain which flows out of 
this well should have its first tile laid about 
three inches below those tbftt empty into this 
well, or, as it is technically called, “ silt basin." 
The object of this is to break the current of 
water which is flowing through the tile, and thus 
cause a deposition of all matter, technically 
called silt, held in suspension in the water. This 
silt can he cleared out at any time by removing 
tbo cover to the top of the basin. The silt basin 
also affords the advantage of allowing an ex¬ 
amination of the workings of the tile at any 
time, without the trouble or expense of digging 
up the drain. The silt basin can be profitably 
put at the junotion of two or more drainB, and is 
usually located in such a position only. 
THE LOCATION OF DRAINS. 
For the economic construction of drains 
nothing is more important than their location, 
compared with the land they are expected to 
drain. Often the choice of a location may make 
half the difference in the oost of a drain, and 
time spent id locating a drain should not be 
counted as lost, for a had location can never be 
remedied. No definite rules can belaid down 
for the location of drains in all cases. Usually 
the outlet must be at the lowest paint in the 
area to bo drained, and from this the main must 
be laid up tho depressions or valley a, and from 
the main at. various points branch drains or later¬ 
als are to be laid. That is, the main drains 
usually follow tho lowest portions of the field, 
and receive tho feeders or laterals, which drains 
make an oblique angle with the main drain, and 
run from the main drain direotly np tbo slopes 
to bo drained. 
This method of running the laterals is now 
universally conceded to give the best results, 
though in the early days of drainage, a consider¬ 
able number of agriculturists advocated and 
practiced the method of laying their drains ob¬ 
liquely across tho slopes. After the drain is 
constructed, the outlet Bhould be built so as to be 
a permanent record of tho existence of the drain. 
It is best to build, at right angles to the direction 
of the drain, a stone wall laid in masonry, and 
with foundations below the reaoh of frost. 
Through this stone wall Bhould pass tho laHt or 
outlet tile of the drain ; this tile should have a 
diameter one inoh greater than the remainder of 
the drain, so that its end may be grated to keep 
A 
out vermin, without obstructing tho flow of water 
in the remainder of the drain. 
THE SURVEY. 
No matter how carefully the drain is con¬ 
structed, it is liable to be obstructed or injured 
in some manner so as to make the whole in¬ 
operative, for 
" The best laid plans o’ mice an’ men 
Gang aft aglee.'’ 
It then becomes necessary to know the exact 
location of the drain in order to remove the ob¬ 
struction. This exact location may he preserved 
in various ways, but whatever method may he 
used, whether with or without instruments, it 
will be a method of surveying- If a permanent 
outlet is made as described, and a silt basin is 
made which rises above the surface, the whole 
system of drains maybe referred to these two 
points. I suppoee in this instance that all pos¬ 
sess means of measuring distance. For in¬ 
stance, if the main drain nra« straight from ILe 
outlet to Uie silt basin, the distance alone will 
be sufficient to thoroughly locate that povtioD. 
If it is not straight, measure a straight course 
from the outlet to the sill basin, and from that, 
and as nearly as possible at right angles to it, 
measure the distance to each bond in the drain. 
Record these measurements in a hook and also 
the general direction in which they were taken. 
If any small draiu loaves lliis drain, record the 
distance from its outlet to the main outlet, and 
also its general direction and length The drains 
beyond the silt basin can ho described in the 
same way, by fixing some kind of permanent 
monument at the end of each drain, or by giv¬ 
ing thoir general direction and length. YYlien 
no silt basin is constructed, the direction and 
lengths of the drainB should he staled, renum¬ 
bering that the most explicit direction is not 
north, south, east, or west, hut toward some 
well-defined permanent point, as the- corner of a 
building, a largo tree, etc. 
Whenever a drain paasos undc-r a fence on the 
college farm, it is our practice to set a post di¬ 
rectly over the drain, and so protected l>y the 
fence as to he quite certain of remaining a Jong 
time. No directions, however explicit, could 
cover all cases, but your own ingenuity would 
doubtless suggest a good method of marking 
the locations of the drains in any one case, if 
not exactly, yet sufficiently near for practical 
purposes. The result of ihis survey Bhould he 
fully recorded in a book that is certain to be 
preserved, and not left to the uncertain record 
in the tablet of your memory, I feel strongly 
the importance of preserving such a record of 
drains, for I have experienced all the uncer¬ 
tainty which results from the want of such 
a record. I have known quite a sum to he spent 
in redraining a piece of land, which had already 
been once drained, and the old drains could, 
with the expenditure of a few dollars, have been 
put in a good condition—all because no one 
knew of their existence, and having an outlet in 
a different place from tho now drains, they 
were not found until it was cheaper to finish 
tho new than repair tbo old. 
At the College all drains arc surveyed with 
a surveyor's instrument in tho following man¬ 
ner : We first pass over the drain with the 
transit or compass, taking the bearing of every 
portion of the main drain and laterals. Then, 
commencing at tho outlet, we measure toward 
the other end of the drain with a chain and set 
stakep every fifty feet; these stakes are num¬ 
bered consecutively from the outlet, and are 
called stations. Tho station stakes are directly 
on the center line of the ditch. Two feet to 
the right of each station stake wo sot two other 
stakes, one of which is driven until its head is 
level with the surface of the ground, the other 
iB made smooth so that its surface can readily 
be marked and left projecting out of the ground 
12 to 15 inches; the first of these last stakes we 
denominate a “ peg,” tho other is used merely 
to show the depth that the bottom of the ditch 
is to be, below the top of the peg.—To be con¬ 
tinued. 
--+-♦-♦-- 
HAY AND HAY-MAKING. 
REPORTED BY A. M. VAN AUKEN. 
The Brown County, Wisconsin, Horticultural 
and Agricultural Society held its J tine meeting 
at the farm of Stephen Barden, in the town of 
Howard, on Saturday, Jnne 1st, the subject for 
discussion being that which heads this article. 
The disoussion was opened with a paper from 
Thomas Beunet, who, after a little preliminary 
skirmishing, said that tho question of dollars 
and cents should cause us to look to the interest 
of our Btock, if we did so for no other reason. 
It waB a losing job to let an animal lose in the 
winter what it bad gained in the summer,and then 
to have “deacon skins’' to bring us pocket- 
money in the spring; hut there waB a higher 
principle, that of humanity to dumb brutes, that 
should keep us from starving them on poor hay. 
He oited several cases to show that by giving 
good feed we would gain one year in the growth 
of an animal, and that an animal could be kept 
thrifty on good hay and pasture. By way of 
illustration, lie said that he had bought some 
wood from a man, which was to he good hard 
wood, but which when delivered, proved to he 
