THE RURAL I? EW-VORKER. 
but one plant of which will be removed later. 
This will make the plants one foot apart in the 
rows—the rows one foot and a half apart. Oor 
object is to ascertain, at any cost of time and 
labor, hot/) mudi wheat can be raised per acre by 
this Bystem of culture. The amount of seed 
wheat thus planted was at the rate of four quarts 
per aore. 
We have sown many varieties of winter wheat 
upon measured areas so as to test their relative 
values. 
The earth is dry even at the bottom of the 
plow-furrows, and many for this reason are not 
able to prepare their land for wheat. 
No frost yet. 
f^ueehs Co., L. I. 
SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS TOR THE 
HOMESTEAD. 
A JERSEY FARMER. 
WO. I, THE CELLAR. 
In many esses, the deadliest foes to our com¬ 
fort and health are permitted to lurk withiu our 
dwellings or in the closest proximity to them. 
Just as there are few people who are perfect in 
every way, so there are few houses that are per¬ 
fectly clean. In front, and even within the 
been thorough ventilation, and the air would 
have been cooled as much as possible. When a 
cellar has become damp, it may be dried very 
rapidly by putting a bushel of freshly burned 
lime in it iu a box. The lime will absorb suf- 
iioient moisture to dry the air of the collar thor¬ 
oughly, and when the lime becomes damp from 
saturation, it may bo removed and spread upon 
the grass around the house or in the poultry 
yard for the fowls to peek at. The lime will 
also completely absorb auy carbonic acid which 
may have been evolved from decaying vege¬ 
tables ; and, in short, it will be a very good sub¬ 
stitute for ventilation, as it will both purify and 
dry the air. In this way it wilt pay very well to 
keep a box half fall of lime in the cellar, at all 
times ; the lime will always be worth its cost to 
use for making compost for the garden. The 
box should bo only half full, because as the 
lime absorbs moisture it swells and falls to 
powder. 
PENNSYLVANIA STATE FAIR 
house, it may be scrupulously neat and clean, 
hut the b.iok yard or some attachment thereto 
may be iu a very objectionable condition. The 
weak spots about country houses are the cellars 
and the hack yards. From the nature of things, 
it. is difficult to keep these in a satisfactory con¬ 
dition. There are good housekeepers who are 
discouraged about their cellars, especially the 
present season, which has been unusually warm 
and damp. Nearly every cellar iB damp and 
moldy, else it is close and has a smell of the 
oartb, earthy; and to begin at the bottom of 
the question of sanitary arrangements of the 
homeslead, the cellar naturally comes first. 
Without any preaching about what cellars ought 
to be, and what they are, let us consider liow a 
cellar may he made dry, cool and airy ; Ter a 
dry, cool and airy cellar is what every house¬ 
keeper knows to bo perfection iu the cellar 
way. 
IA DAMP CELLAR 
is damp either for want of drainage or of sufli- 
cicnt or proper ventilation. Ventilation is easily 
provided for by due attention to the laws which 
regulate the condition of the atmosphere, but to 
effect complete drainage is sometimes very diffi. 
cult. When the house is situated upon a hill¬ 
side with a clay subsoil, water often comes from 
the ground above, and rises from the bottom of 
the cellar. It is an easy matter to prevent this. 
A deep drain carried at least two feet below the 
le\el of the cellar, so as to cut off the water 
bowing from above, will cure the evil at once. 
VAN'S VIEWS, 
air current, is to make an opening near the bot¬ 
tom and another at the top. The warm air ris¬ 
ing flows out at the top, and the cold air of ne¬ 
cessity flows iu at the bottom, or, if cold air 
flows in, it forces the warm air out. Now wo 
want cool, dry air in the oellar. The cooler the 
air, the drier it is, because as the air cools the 
moisture iu it is condensed and becomes visible 
as dew or water. The air is cooler at night than 
in the day time, and it is also drier then as the 
moisture is mostly deposited as dew. In the 
early morning, as the air has cooled during the 
night, the moistnre has been condensed and it 
is dri r than ac any other time. Ho that the 
best lime to air the cellar, or indeed the whole 
house, is early in the morning. But the air 
should not be permitted to flow iuto a cellar from 
the surface of the ground because there it is 
saturated with moisture and is at what is known 
as the dewpoint. If it is taken about 12 feet 
above the surface it will be drier and will be free 
from many injurious germs which are can Wl 
But the drain should be carried at least twenty 
feet upon each side of the house to prevent a 
lateral inflow' of water. The drain should he 
dug about twelve feet from the house. A plan 
ol a drain properly laid out for this purpose is 
given at figure I. The drain should be begun 
at the point a and carried in the direction indi¬ 
cated to h, which is the outlet. Obviously the 
direction may he changed to suit the character 
of the ground without detriment, if the house is 
cut off from the soakage of the water from the 
high ground. 
The drain should be made narrow at tho bot¬ 
tom and scooped out to fit the tile which should 
be at least two inches in diameter. A three-inch, 
or even a four-inch tile wmuld he better because 
tbis drain may be made the key to a complete 
system of drainage, not only for the cellar, but 
for the overflow from the roof and from the 
kitchen. The benefit of such a thorough system 
will be apparent to every thoughtful owner of a 
house. The drain should then be partly filled 
with stone for two or three feet, and with gravel 
for another foot; then filled in with earth. This 
will effectually cut off the flew of water. (See 
fig. 2 ) \Y here it is impossible to make such a 
drain, a wet cellar may he dried by sinking a 
well in it, and laying a feeding-drain all around 
the cellar to conduct the water to it as shown at 
fig. 3. The drain should bo at leabt 18 inches 
deep and the well six or eight feet. This well 
should he bricked or stoned up, and covered with 
a flat stone or arched over. If a pump is fitted 
into it, it may be made very useful in the kitchen 
above, il only for washing and cleaning pur¬ 
poses. If a force pump and 100 feet of hose 
with a nczzle are provided, the washing of the 
windows, with some watering of the garden, 
may be done very conveniently. It may be very 
useful when the water iB only occasionally pres¬ 
ent in the collar, to carry the well down to a por- 
A. L. Haskell, Lake Pleasant. Pa., exhibited 
the Haskell Sulky Hay Rakt—the only successfu 
sulky revolving rake made—it is the old revolv¬ 
ing rake attached to w’heels. This implement 
can be operated by a boy ten years old ; it is well 
made and has been iu successful operation 
(eight hundred being iu use in Erie Co.) for the 
past ton years. Its weight is only 275 lbs. 
John Dodds, Dayton, Ohio, took first premium 
on tho Reindeer So If-dump Rake—this rake took 
the same premium at this fair last year and also a 
special award of merit at the Now Jersey State 
Fair—In competition with most of the principal 
rakes. 
The judges confessed to an inability to make 
discriminating awards to the implements, be¬ 
cause of the general excellence of the display. 
Space forbids tho mention of many names famil¬ 
iar to Rural reader's. 
The Apples, Grapes, Farm Prooucts, Flowers, 
eto., were very good and the Domestic 
Eoouomy departmfnts were replete with the 
newest and most convenient appliances for ad¬ 
vancing the comfort of the family. All depart¬ 
ments “ drew " well until about two o’clock each 
day, when there was a general slumpede to the 
race track to witness “ agricultural horse trots.” 
Your correspondent begs to thank Secretary 
D. W. Seiler, an 1 Win. Chandler, Supt. of live¬ 
stock, for courtesies rendered. k. 
NOTES PROM THE RURAL FARM 
O. 
FLOOff or TUB CELLAR. 
the outlet for wann air, which escapes at d. 
Mary mistakes are made in ventilating cellars 
for want of an accurate knowledge of the be¬ 
havior of the atm< sphere under different con- 
ditic as. 
ILLINOIS STATE FAIR 
The Twenty-sixth Auuual State Fair of Illi¬ 
nois opened at Freeport, in the northern part of 
the State, on the 16th Sept., under favorable 
auspices; as the day was bright and pleasant, 
