THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
DEC. 7 
compound word expresses the condition of the 
stems of the forest trees: it is “hide-bound.” 
The unhealthy bark and adjoining tissues have 
gradually lost vitality, and the center of the 
tree having no real life, the active functions of 
the stem are reduced to a narrow compass, or 
ring. In the shade of the forest and in positions 
to which it has long accustomed itself, such a 
tree will thrive probably after a fashion, but on 
the open lawn, the Btrain of transplanting and 
other adverse influences will be sure to over¬ 
come or stunt the practically half-dead tree. 
The larcer the tr< e. moreover, the more difficult 
alwuvs becomes the operation of transplanting 
T'lir fiv. well grown nursery trees, ton to twelve 
feet . igli tul one sud « half inch in diameter of 
stem ».t a i oint one foot from the ground, will 
always (ventually bUipass. in size, beauty’ and 
fair defence has taken. Is it not plain that no 
short article can mete out justice to pears, and 
define their management, or name the qualities 
and seasons of the best ? 
GUIDES TO SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 
One of (lie first questions asked about the 
fruit is: “What, kinds do you prefer for each 
season?” Of course, no one can answer for 
every taste or section ; for, bough some pears,like 
the Bartlett, are at home and thrive wherever 
the fruit will grow, others are only good iu 
certain localities, States or latitudes. These 
local fruits can only be told by trial, made by 
one’s self or his neighbors. The best oue 
can do is to give a list, to fit the purpose and 
the room for planting. There are some varie¬ 
ties. which, by their high quality, suit the home 
supply, that are thrown away if planted for 
market. There are, indeed, some few small 
pears, of such luscious texture and flavor, that 
they are welcome at the family table or the 
stalls. But, as a rule, the market, wLile eager 
for high quality, seeks it iu me largest pours. 
Auother guide to making out a list to plant, 
is the homo space that can be spared for the 
fruit. Many iu confined city grounds, can only 
indulge iu a single tree. Some who eujoy a 
warm wall side, or the shelter of a fence, seek 
the right kinds to train on trellises. Then, as 
the home enlarges its area, two or Lhree and 
more trees will find space to spread themselves. 
On large grounds, a good crop for every seasou, 
to delight your table and friends, can spare to 
the'market quite an item from each, to swell 
your cash. I find all ready to make gain out of 
their over-stock of fine fruits. I have known a 
good many rich men to stint their families, in 
order to get but a pittance for their ill and ig¬ 
norantly picked and managed fruits. 
CHOICE VARIETIES. 
First, theu, if you can enjoy but one tree, plant 
a Bartlett. It will give as sure comfort and good 
regimen to you and the little ones, as any in the 
wholo round of kinds. If two are all your space 
will take, in the fair treatment of other fruits, 
put in a Bwrlett and »8hel:lou ; or if you want 
one a litttle earlier, a Bt-urro Oiil'.-.rd aud a Shel¬ 
don ; and if your soil is deep and rich, a Bart¬ 
lett or Giffard and a Saokel. Iu such places 
the Ssckel swells to a glorious size, for that 
queea of pears. If you would try three : say 
Giffard, Hull and Lawrence. Tnese will carry 
your pear supply well towards New Year’s. 
Should your space allow a regular train of the 
fruit, from early to latest, say Giffard, Hencart 
B irtlett, Hall, Sbeldcn. Dos Nonnes, Anjou, 
Lawrence, Niles, and Easter Beurre. All these, 
except the Lawrence, are above medium, some 
quite large. B.ingl *rge, it jou want to sell, 
Borne buyers are’atways ready. 
So, if yon plant largely, either iu Lome ground 
or the orchard, locking to sell your fruit, plant 
the best of the large varieties. Small pears 
must he very flue, nod large of their kinds, 
to sell well. I find Blow sale for any small pears, 
but Dearborn's See ding aud the Seokel. The 
golden yellow, aud real excellence of the Dear¬ 
born, aud the supreme quality of the Socket 
command a market. 
MANAGEMENT Gf LESS DESIRABLE SORTS. 
Let no one suppose that in the above lists, 
I have named more than a taste outof the very 
large number I deem desirable for either home 
or market. There are unny, large, fair and ex¬ 
cellent, which, though desiraole fur the home, 
are unfit to market very largely. Such are the 
pears that readily decay either on the surface, 
or at the core. Some of the very best, for your 
table, do this bo persistently, that neither you 
nor your customer will try them a second time. 
I think, however, much of this trouble may es¬ 
cape him who makes it Ins busmens, to watch 
and pick his pears just at tne ngat time. They 
will weli repay every man of leisure, who whiles 
away his years in the graceful care of fruits and 
homo. It especially concerns him whose sole 
eye to pears 1b their cult, lire and sale, as a busi¬ 
ness. Even those like Clapp’s Favorite, 
Dunmore, Bernre Superfine, etc, may be 
shielded from tbit evil, by picking and housing 
just those which have nearly reached ripening. 
This cannot he done by sending up Patrick to 
pick tho “floors.” His eye has not been taught 
the task, and he will surely make a clean sweep 
of the green as well as the ripening. 
PROFITABLENESS OF FRUIT. 
I will not spin out this “short article,” ex¬ 
cept to say that the pear should have a broader 
acreage on our farms, and that as the supply 
Bwells aud prices lessen we should be content 
with fewer dollars per bushel. At fair paying 
prices, there is hardly a limit to sales. Not 
half or a tithe of the acreage, oare and culture 
which mere profit invites is given to any fruit. No 
crop pays Letter than apples or pears. A short 
supply of the latter cannot he gained on very 
much for years. The crop is one, too, which needs 
and will pay for careful culture and harvesting. 
Tho fruit business is a vast industry. Year by 
year it swell.- in value with the growth of the land 
aud the more refined tastes of the people. No 
such young ration ever gave to fruit culture the 
like devotion, or made such strides in itB acre¬ 
age or improvement* Fine fruits are a national 
longing, and they pay. From what can you, 
year by year, be surer of a harvest in a crop or 
cash ? 
I finish with this counsel. Let more be done 
for a Bupply of winter pears. It is these, in the 
long run and the large way, that will pay beet. 
They require some study as to kinds and their 
keeping, not fouud iu books. These things must 
be learnt by watch and trial. To fair brains 
aud right care, it is no more troublo to have 
fine pears, tempting to look at and taste, all 
through the winter, than is needed by a Rhode 
Island Greening or a R ixhury Russet. 
KING OF THE PIPPINS 
This is an English apple which has proved to 
be bardy in the province of Quebec I he M int i- 
said by the Montreal Horticultural Society tn I.,- 
larger and more highly colored in Canada timu 
as grown iu England. Tho tree ih a strong, vig- 
IC1IVO- OK T1-1E 
orous grower and forms a spreading bead.'orced 
open by the weight of the fruit. It is an early 
aud unusually heavy bearer, killing itself, indeed, 
by overbearing if the fruit is nottbinm d.and be¬ 
ing therefore usually not long-lived. The fruit 
is large, sometimes very large, and never runs to 
small, even when heavily bearing. When large, 
it is roundish-conic ; when very large, oblong- 
eonic. Color, yehowish green, mostly covered 
with dark red and slightly marked. Cahx large 
and open; fioBh yellow, firm, juicy, sub-acid; 
season (in Cana 'a) Sept 10 to December. Use, 
kitchen and market This is a< giveu Jn the 
report of the Montreal Horticultural Society for 
1876. The fruit is quite abundant in the Mon¬ 
treal market during its season, aud brings a 
good price. The apple from which our drawing 
is made was kindly sent to us by Dr T. II Hos¬ 
kins of Vermont. 
everything else, transplanted foreBt trees with 
st'ms exceeding, say half an inch iu diameter. 
There is no easier tree to transplant from the 
forest than the Elm, but these statements apply 
to the Elm also. 
Allow me to illustrate by a short, anecdote. 
Twenty years sinoe my father moved from the 
woods with great labor and care, several large 
Elens at leaBt eight inches iu diameter of stem. 
T. oy grew aud did well, for forest trees ; indeed, 
they attained large dimensions. About the 
same time, it not the same year, two rows of 
Elms taken from a nursery, wnro planted along 
a street in the neighborhood. Soil and general 
conditions were very much tho same. Yet to-day 
the nnrsery-grown Elrm are the largest, thrift¬ 
iest and decidedly tho most shapely; the “ hide¬ 
bound ” forest trees having hardly increased at 
all in size of stem. If you must move forest trees, 
avoid, if possible, any that have grown about 
swamp'' oi in dense woods, Belectiug rather trees 
from open fields or lawns. Iu any case retain 
every particle of root-fiber you can. 
WINTER PLANTING FOR LARGE TREES, 
There is a general impresbiou abroad that any 
large tree, a foot in diameter of stem, if need be, 
may be transplanted with safety, provided it is 
moved with a frozen ball of earth around its 
roots. Doubtless this plan works well iu many 
cases, where the distance of transportation is 
short, sud toe handling quickly aud easily ac¬ 
complished. Muon experience in moving trees, 
both with and without lrozeu balls, has con¬ 
vinced me that the chances are, on the average, 
better without the frozou ball or freezing weath¬ 
er. 1 do not under take to explain why this is 
so. but simply givu it aB my experience, aud 
rather to my sm prise, the experience of very 
many to whom 1 have referred the matter as to 
respected authorities. Perhaps the injury to 
the frozen tree comes from a jarring during the 
operation of moving, that vibrates throughout 
its structure aud, in some way, disarranges its 
organization ; hut t will not elaborate this theory. 
Reasons are roadily given for most things, but, 
then, they are always true iu part only. Natural 
conditions arc decidedly complicated. Alter all, 
it is safer to fall back on the fact, after the 
maimer of Fallstaff, and hazard no reason what¬ 
ever. 
Flushing, L. I. 
[ It seems to us under the system of removing 
trees with a frozen ball, that the best parts of 
the roots, the fibers, are left in the ground from 
which the tree is taken, and that the frozen 
ball preserves only the larger and less valuable 
roots.—E ds.] 
^rionrultural 
EVERY-DAY NOTES, 
SAMTJEI, PARSONS, 
TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES FROM TNE WOODS. 
It seems a very simple and economical opera¬ 
tion to merely transplant an Elm from a piece of 
woodland lying near the very honse perhaps, or 
at least on the farm. Great size is obtained at 
little cost, and the farmer is thus enabled to do 
lawn planting wit:! materials produced bv his 
own land. Lawn planting would indeed become 
very simple, if this were tho ca.»e. Let us look 
at the matter squarely. Trees in the woods are 
invariably crowded, shut out more or less from 
sun and air, aud their roots confined among the 
multitudinous fibers of other trees. Now let them 
be transplanted with all the skill possible, and 
iu any case, their environment changes utterly 
Surfaces of branches always heretofore shaded, 
come into full sunlight; roots always matted 
and crowded together, not only hav3 free and 
unaccustomed room, but are fully exposed to 
the swayiug influences of the wind. Iu addition 
to these sudden changes and hardships such 
trees are obliged to endure, another one is added 
by professional tree planters, wben they out 
back the tree to a bare pole, and thus allow the 
sun, frost and Bleet to Btrike vertically on a large 
wound. Tho monstrosities and scars arising 
from this treatment are often perceptible 
throughout life, whereas if the tree is merely 
relieved of its heavy branches, aud enough be 
left to feed or assist tho flow of the sap, it will 
soon loose all appearance of having been 
pruned at ail. Elms fare best under the opera¬ 
tion of removal from the woods, and many en¬ 
tertain the idea that they continue to do perfectly 
well, because they live and grow. 
But it makes a vast difference how one lives 
and grows. There is a difference that needs 
no pointing out between two trees in a vigorous, 
growing condition, when one develops naturally 
and harmoniously with a healthy open bark, and 
the other throws out spasmodic, irregular 
growths that never continue harmoniously and 
in proportion to the growth of the stem. One 
HOW FAST YOUNG FOREST TREES GROW 
PROFESSOR W. J. BEAL. 
At Lansing, Michigan, near the center of the 
Southern peninsula, is located the State Agri¬ 
cultural College. Twenty yearB ago most of the 
surrounding country was a wild forest. It seems 
too early to awaken enthusiasm on the subject of 
forestry; nevertheless we have made a small be¬ 
ginning. Some of the reBultfl so far may inter¬ 
est readers of the Rural. 
A hard frost in l&Bt May, killed the early 
growth of many trees and checked them for a 
little while. In our collection, in the arboretum, 
there are not far from two hundred and seventy- 
five species of trees and shrubs. At this time I 
shall only speak of some ot the most prominent 
trees which we have planted for timber. The 
oldest of these were started from the seed or 
transplanted to this lot three years ago this fall, 
or since that time. The soil is a sandy loam 
and not what one would call strong. It is nat¬ 
urally well drained. An old road once cut the 
lot in two, at whi ’h place the land has been 
graded (Inwi, 
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Some people never read tables, hut this one 
will bear studying by those interested in trees. 
The weight of the tree is in ounces avoirdupois, 
as the trees were cut at the surface of the 
ground. It will be seen that the treeB grew 
small where the top soil was taken off. 
See, too, the effect on the trees which were 
once transplanted, as iu the case or me 
White Ash after oue year, the Butternut 
and the Black-walnut. The seeds, iu all oases, 
were planted soou after they wore gathered, in 
rows four feet apart. The tape line to learn the 
circumference, was applied six inches from the 
ground. The seeds of the Ashes, Oaks, Maples, 
Butternuts and Box Elders, all came up well 
without delay or accident. At the eud of two 
years, the Ashes were straight, clean, aud with¬ 
out a branch. 
In case of the three-year-old Ashes, Butternuts, 
Black-walnuts, Chestnuts, which were trans¬ 
planted after growing one year, they seem to be 
cheeked about one year in size of growth. 
Whether this difference will grow less or more 
remains to be seen. The single specimen of 
Ailanthus is already dam aired aud will Boon die 
to the ground. The Oitalpas have passed 
tbrongh two dreadful winters when the ther¬ 
mometer marked 32° aud 33° bUow zero. They 
were killed back, to some extent, yet the main 
trunks now all appear sound. The trees have 
grown well. List winter was a mild one, so 
duriug the past summer they made a tine growth. 
Three years ago. I transplanted three small 
Red or Slippery Elms from tho woods. They 
were then about four feet high. We generally 
consider this a slow grower, but these have all 
grown rapidly. One of them has this year made 
a growth, on one of its leading branches, of eight 
feet and six inches. 
In all oases, the trees have been well cultiva¬ 
ted and the land kept very clean all summer. 
In case of the Black-walnuts, the nuts were 
much disturbed by red squirrels in spring. Half 
of the nuts were dug up. The soil is probably 
rather too sandy for the Sugar MapleB to do 
their very beet, but they are very slow growers 
by the side of most others tried. Some Euro¬ 
pean Larches, some Norway Spruces aud other 
evergreens have done well, but the growth is 
less so far than with most other trees. A second 
species of Hickory—ono growing in the neigh¬ 
borhood—is on trial. The plants have grown 
one year, but like the Hickory given in the 
above table, the plants are feeble and small. 
Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. 
TOO LATE FOR CLASSIFICATION. 
The annual convention of the New York State 
Dairymen’B Association will be held in the 
Court House, Binghampton, on Tuesday, Wed¬ 
nesday and Thursday, December 17, 18, 19 
next. 
Circular of the Magie and Poland-China 
Swine, from Magie & Kumpler, of Oxford, 
Butler Co., Ohio. 
