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THE DAIRY COW. 
HENRY STEWART. 
Vaccine Variola Cow Pox. 
One of the most annoying diseases to which 
cows are subject, is pox, or variola. It 
would be trifling in its effect upon the cow 
were it not- that it affects the teats and ren¬ 
ders milking difficult, or almost impossible ; 
and that when it appears in a herd it goes 
through the whole of it. This disease is an 
eruptive, contagious fever, communicated by 
a special virus reproduced by the disease. 
The history of the disease is as follows : 
Fig. 13. 
When the owner of a cow is milking the 
animal, he discovers that she is uneasy and 
restless, and on searching for the cause may 
find oue or more hard nodules in the skin of 
the teat, which arc painful to the cow when 
pressed. The milk also falls off somewhat in 
quantity. In a few days these nodules ap¬ 
pear at the surface in the form of round, in¬ 
flamed spots, somewhat raised above the skin, 
and depressed or jutted in the center. 1 he 
form and position of these spots are similar to 
that shown in the engraving, Fig. 13, and they 
usually' appear upon tho teats in the position 
shown. In three or four days the spots are 
found to contain liquid matter, and, if care is 
not taken, are broken and may become raw 
sores which are difficult to heal, which, in 
fact, sometimes result very disastrously and 
even fatally. 
By-and-by the contained liquid becomes a 
thick, yellowish pus which dries into a seal) 
and this in time becomes loose and falls off, 
being replaced by newly-formed skin. When 
one case is out of the way another appears, and 
in a herd of twenty or more it may continue 
the whole Sumrupr in its passage through the 
herd, giving constant annoyance. During the 
progress ol‘ the disease the udder is inflamed 
and tender, and the teats are quite painful 
when pressed ; so much so that milking in the 
usual manner is impossible. Recourse is then 
bad to milking tubes (Fig. 13) which are made 
of silver and carefully inserted into the teat, 
being lubricated with lard or sweet oil to 
prevent irritation of the lining membrane of 
the organ. The ruilk flows through the tube 
and the udder is easily drained dry without 
any inconvenience to the animal. 
This disease is readily communicated to 
mankind and to horses, and spreads from cow 
to cow, being usually conveyed by the milker 
whoso hands and clothing soon become in¬ 
fected with the virus. The matter contained 
in the vesicles is the true vaccine virus used 
for inoculating persons as an antidote to the 
more dreaded and virulent small-pox, and in 
its effect upon mankind occasions no worse 
disturbance than the slight fever, and some¬ 
times glandular swellings incident to theoper- 
rupture or forcible removal of the vesicles or 
scabs before the contained matter has dried 
and hardened. This is best done by the nse 
of the milking tubes and by softening the teats 
and allaying the irritation by cooling, emol¬ 
lient applications, such as the simple cerate of 
the druggists or the prepared cosmoline or 
vaseline jelly which is both emollient and 
antiseptic, being a preparation from petrole¬ 
um. The only medicine required is a dail 
dose of one ounce of hyposulphate of soda 
in the feed, given as long as the eruption 
lasts. The same may be given to the other 
cows or heifers in the dairy or stable as a 
preventive or as a means of very much light¬ 
ening the results of an attack upon them. 
During the continuance of the disease the ef¬ 
fect upon the milk is either imperceptible or 
very light. When at the first outset the udder 
becomes hard and inflamed, the milk curdles 
prematurely and will often thicken if brought 
to a heut of 150 degrees. There will some¬ 
times be white specks in the butter caused by 
the coagulation of portions of the milk, and 
perhaps by the presence of secreted matter in 
it; but in general there is nothing in Die milk 
that would indicate that the cow was ailing in 
any way. Nevertheless, as the disease is a 
blood diseaso and the blood has been subjected 
to the action of a special virus by which the 
disease has been produced, and as the milk is 
a direct product from the blood, it is at least 
subject to suspicion and should not be used by 
persons who are particular as to the purity 
and wholesome character of their food, which 
they are wise in demanding should be above 
suspicion. 
The duration of the disease is from ten to 
twenty days, and if the cow is kept warm and 
free from exposure to rain or inclement 
weather, no complication is likely to occur. 
In some cases the disease passes off with a 
very slight eruption, a mere pustule followed 
by a scab upon one teat only, and that of a 
very inconsiderable character, being observa¬ 
ble, and the owner of the cow never susjiecting 
the nature of the slight trouble, even should 
lie give it a passing thought. But as cases are 
by no means rare in which tho disease has 
spread very quickly to other cows, and these 
have experienced a more serious indisposition, 
it is wise for the dairyman to be on his guard 
and use all necessary precautions as soon as he 
perceives the first indications of the disease in 
the herd. Then the sick animal should be iso¬ 
lated. She should be milked after all the 
others, or the person who milks her should 
not approach the other cows, and the precau¬ 
tionary dose of hyposulphate of soda above 
mentioned should be given daily for at least 
ten days, gradually reducing it after that 
down to one-fourth the quantity mentioned. 
To remove warts from a cow’s teats the 
following method is given by G. T. D., of 
Greenfield, III., who thinks the use of caustic 
and ligatures lately recommended in the 
Rural, too cmel. Take gimson leaves (leaves 
of the Jamestown-weed—Datura stramonium) 
boil them in hog’s lard until they form a 
greenish salve; then rub this on the wart two 
or three times a week for two or three weeks, 
and the wart will have disappeared. 
3mplniijcnts, &c. 
_J__ 
The “ Mound City” Feed Mill, made by 
J. A. Field & Co., of St, Louis, Mo., is an im¬ 
Jersey Heifer, Morning Star—Fig. 14. 
ation of vaccination. The virus will often 
remain permanently in a stable, and will 
cause every heifer which comes to milk in it, 
to contract the disease. When this is found 
to be the case the stable should be thoroughly 
disinfected by burning sulphur in it very lib¬ 
erally, by sprinkling carbolic acid freely over 
the floors, and by thoroughly white-washing 
the walls and the stall and other furniture. 
The treatment of the diseases is very sim¬ 
ple, if precautions are used to prevent the 
replaced at a trifling cost. The capacity for 
grinding oats and small grain as well as for 
fine grinding has been nearly doubled with¬ 
out diminishing tho crushing capacity. The 
manufacturers claim to make the only 
sweep power mill with cast-steel grinders for 
crushing and grinding com and cob, and that 
theirs is the only mill with sieve attachments, 
as well as the only mill that will thoroughly 
grind corn and cob, with belt power. The 
superior features claimed for these mills are 
the devices for diminishing the wear and 
lessening the power needed to perform the 
work. One of the strongest proofs of the ex¬ 
cellence of these machines is that other mak¬ 
ers are constantly infringing the patents 
that protect the various parts, so that 25 man¬ 
ufacturers and dealers have already been 
prosecuted to final settlement for infringement 
of these patents. 
-♦♦♦- 
The Johnston Harvester Company has 
ab’eady received orders for 1,000 wrought- 
iron harvesters for Russia alone, to be used 
the coming season 
provement on the well known Big Giant feed 
mill for which the same firm has gained so 
favorable a reputation. The crushing parts 
of both are precisely the same ; but in the 
•‘Mound City” the grinding parts are en¬ 
larged so as greatly to increase the capacity 
of the mills. The enlargement also adapts 
them for the reception of steel grinders by 
the use of which the grinding parts are ren¬ 
dered more durable, and when at length they 
have become worn out, they can be readily 
THE MATHEMATICS OF AN EVENER; 
OR BALKY HORSES. 
PROFESSOR I. P. ROBERTS. 
During the last year the Rural has had 
several very fine illustrations of two and 
three horse eveners; but the persons furnish¬ 
ing the drawings, appear to have proceeded on 
the principle that two figures 2 represent 
four, no matter how placed. Take, for ex¬ 
ample, the one illustrated in the issue of 
November 12; to simplify it, let us suppose 
that the force or power to move the load 
is expended at the two ends of the lever. 
From the Fig. 516, I judge that the point of 
attachment to the load is some 113-si inches in 
the rear of the two points where the power is 
applied at the ends of the levers. This is an 
“evener” only so long as it is at an exact 
right angle with the line of resistance. 
If either horse chance to be even the small¬ 
est fraction of an inch either ahead or be¬ 
hind, it is so no longer, but becomes an “ un- 
ovener.” 
The following diagram, Fig. B, represents 
the entire lever (evener) as 60 inches long 
with the point of attachment to the load 11% 
inches in the rear of the points of the applied 
force. Let it be supposed that the resistance 
of the load is 1,000 pounds; each horse would 
then draw 500 pounds at the end of his 30- 
inch lever. But if the near horse moves six 
inches ahead of the off one, that is, a-a reaches 
lines 1-1, his lever will be only 26 6-8 inches 
long and he will draw 541 pounds, while the 
other horse’s lever will be 31% inches long 
and he will draw 158 pounds. 
If he moves 12 inches, that is, a-a reaches 
lines 2-3 ; his lever will then be 21% inches 
long and he will draw 597 pounds; while the 
off* horse’s lever will be 32% inches long and 
his draft only 402 pounds. 
If the near horse moves another six inches 
in advance, his lever will be but 13 inches 
long and his portion of the load will be 708 
pounds, while at the same time the off horse 
will be drawing only 291 pounds at tho end of 
his 31%-ineb lever; that is, the near horse 
draws as much as his mate and 417 pounds 
more. 
With such “eveners” is it any wonder 
that the free and high-mettled horse is 
the balky one ? His valuable zeal to move 
the already perhaps too heavy load of 500 
pounds eventuates in Ws total discourage¬ 
ment wheu 208 pounds are added to it. If 
three horses were put to this •' evener ” with 
the load as above, and a-a, at lines 3-3, the 
near horse would draw 472 pounds, the off 
horse 194 pounds, and the center horse would 
draw 97 pounds with his off trace and 236 
pounds with his near trace. This would be 
rather discouraging as well as galling. 
Perhaps 99 out of every 100 pair of double- 
trees (whiflle-trees) both for two and three 
horses are constructed in a measure on the 
same principle that I have illustrated or just 
the opposite; see Fig. A. In the latter, the at¬ 
tachment to the load is three inches in front 
of, instead of behind, the force thut moves it, 
and here the slow horse instead of the fast 
one is placed at a disadvantage. 
Just now we are hauling brick, 4,000 at a 
load, over an unpaved road. They weigh just 
4,500 pounds; the wagon and the teamster 
will weigh not much short of 1,500 pounds: 
total three tons. I do not know how much 
power it takes to move this load in the worst 
places, but supposing it to be 2,000 pounds, 
and the evener is us shown in Fig. C if at a 
critical point in a mudholo, one horse makis 
a misstep and his end of the evener falls back 
13 inches, he will then have to draw not only 
as much as his mate but 195 pounds moi’e, and 
Another Marvelous Jersey. 
Jersey Belle of Scituate astonished the 
world by a yield of 705 pounds of butter a 
year; but was beaten a little later by another 
Jersey, Eurotas, whose yield was 778 in 11 
months and six days; but Jersey Queen is 
likely to bear off the honors from both. She 
is from a herd imported by E. F, Fairbanks 
& Co., of Vermont, and when* a few days 
old was purchased, with her mother, by D, 
Harvey, of Peaeham in that State. When 
nine months old she was sold to a farmer of 
that town for $32. Six months afterwards she 
was bought by Mr. Hoyt of the same place, 
who owned her for several years, having no 
other. The last year he had her, he kept a 
strict account of all the milk and butter she 
produced, aud at the close of the year he 
found she had n ade 746 pounds of butter. In 
1879 she was sold to Josiah Emerson of Bar- 
net, Vt., for $1,000. He. christened her “Jer¬ 
sey Queen” aud put her into careful hands. 
Since she came in, in the Spring of 1881, an 
accurate account has been kept of her milk 
and butter. By New Year’s she had already 
produced between 609 and 700 pounds of but¬ 
ter, and, at a lair computation for the rest of 
the twelvemonth, her record for the year will 
pass 800 pounds. Mr. Kinersou has lately sold 
her for $2,000 to A, B. Darling of the Fifth 
Avenue Hotel, this city, who is also the 
owner of the marvelous Eurotas. 
Milk and Temper of Tolled Cattle,—I 
see in the Rural some statements about polled 
cattle that are not correct according to my 
experience of over 50 years with them. My 
father came to this country from Scotland 
about eighty years ago, and bought the farm 
on which 1 now live. How he got the polled 
cows 1 do not know; but we have had them 
from my earliest recollection ; and t hough 1 
have not bred from a polled bull for more than 
forty years, I have never had less than three 
or four polled cows and they are uniformly 
good milkers and sell well, in color they are 
red. I sell one or two every year to dairy¬ 
men. They are not nearly so viciousashorned 
cattle. They can be housed the same as sheep 
and will not injure oue another. 
Westmoreland Co., Pa. M. M. Dick. 
OUR ANIMAL PORTRAITS. 
Jersey Heifer Morning Star. 
The accompanying portrait, re-engraved 
from the Agricultural Gazette (England), is a 
likeness of the Jersey heifer Morning Star, 
winner of the first prize aud silver medal at 
the recent dairy show held at the Agricul¬ 
tural Hall, Islington, London. At St. Mary’s 
show last May she earned off the first prize 
in a good class. The Gazette and the picture 
tell us she lets the deeply-cut, dished face, great 
bag aud particularly well-developed fore-bag 
of the high-class Jersey. She was exhibited 
at Islingtou by Mr. Francis Le Bvoc, of the 
island of Jersey, who sold her to H. S. Watts, 
of Hendford Park, Yeovil. 
persistence in following out a single purpose 
to its designed result?” “ Unstable as water, 
thou shalt not excel ?” 
Mr. Alton proceeds to give the best account 
he could collect in regard to the first begin¬ 
nings of this improvement. He says: “About 
the year 1700, or between that and 1770, some 
who resided in the eastern and southern 
counties of Scotland (Ayrshire is in the west 
of Scotland) procured cows of some English 
or Dutch breed, much larger than any others 
in Scotland; and when these were well fed on 
sheltered and improved lands, they yielded far 
more milk than the native cows. But when 
these large cows were turned into pasture in¬ 
ferior to that on which they had been reared, 
they fell short, in milking, as all cows that are 
not well fed will do.” Is not this exactly a 
repetition of our experience in America with 
the larger imported breeds ? 
Mr. Aiton thinks these large cows, though 
sometimes called “ Dutch,” were really of the 
Teeswater breed, the same from which has 
sprung the improved Short-horns of England. 
At any rate, he says, they were of a brown- 
and-wliite color. Similar cows were brought 
into Ayrshire in 1760, and “as they were pro¬ 
vided with the best, pasture,” they soon be¬ 
came popular with the best dairymen. Others 
tof these brown-and-whitc cattle were brough 
to different farms, and by crossing the hulls 
upon the native cows, improvement began to be 
generally seen, “where good care and feeding 
were not neglected.” And as these calves 
were larger and handsomer than the common 
stock, and wheu duly fed the females yielded 
much more milk, “ the hulls were preferred to 
all others,” says Mr. Aiton. So that to the 
use of grade bulls, mainly, we owe what 
“ blood” has done to make the Ayrshire cow, 
and grade bulls not from “ pedigreed ” stock, 
too. But not without good feeding and care. 
“From these,” says he, “the whole district 
has been stocked, and the breed has attained 
such celebrity that they have not only sup¬ 
plied “ every county in Scotland, but many 
iu other countries.” I leave these facts with 
the young dairy and other stock-breeding 
farmers of the Rural constituency, for such 
meditation and action as seem good to them. 
THE BUBAL NEW-YORKER. 
JAN. 44 
