JAN.34 
which is used mainly for wrapping plug to¬ 
bacco. I have grown the White Burley by 
way of experiment the past year, but it does 
not prove desirable for producing cigar¬ 
making leaf. The leaves did not grow large 
in size, and when cured the color and texture 
were inferior to those of other varieties. 
Where a quince orchard has been estab¬ 
lished there will be many young sprouts which 
should be carefully removed to promote the 
vigor of the tree. If far enough away from 
the stem, the sprout may be planted, and with 
good care in five or six years it will bear 
enough to pay its way. My own orchard is 
thus yearly extending with young trees of 
different ages. Home from which I picked 
only one or two quinces this Fall have made 
a growth from which I expect next season 
half a puck or a peck. In fact, 1 hope to make 
the quince orchard double its product each 
year from young trees now ready to come 
into bearing, and that for several years to 
come. Without discarding my present stock 
I shall this coming Spring make a plantation 
of Rea’s Mann noth, a new variety which 1 
consider a desirable acquisition, though by 
giving good care and plenty of mulching with 
salt, I can make the old varieties as large as 
are wanted in the markets. 
Monroe Co., N. Y. 
$20—a difference preposterous and not at 
all in agreomout with results obtained by me 
with this meal or sustained in comparative 
results with others. That the values assigned 
are entirely fictitious can be seen at a glauce, 
for cotton-seed meal does not cost $12 per ton. 
1 have recently purchased a car lot and $01 
was the market price, and, furthermore, such 
cotton seed meal as has come into my hands 
on the basis upon which the table in question 
was made, would be valued at nearly $80per 
ton. If this process of reasoning should be 
pursued with our other nitrogenous foods, it. 
would be found that in our market they could 
be purchased for less than the assumed value. 
To give to albuminoids a money value high 
because of their supposed high theoretic value 
as nutrients, is absurd, if money value is sim¬ 
ply their market value. I desire to pursue this 
matter further and in regard to the theoretic 
relative value because our farmers are every¬ 
where being mislead by this imported view. 
Prof. Storer some time since iu the Rural 
gave an interesting article on palatableness. 
1 doubt very much indeed whether mere 
taste can be converted into the more solid 
fleshand bone or that it has much if anything, 
to do with digestibility or assimilation. Prac¬ 
tically in indifferent hands it has everything to 
do with the success of the varying sources of 
food uutrients, because a palatable food is 
consumed iu larger quantity than an unpalat¬ 
able food. Our steel’s require IT to 18 pounds 
of hay a day for maintenance fodder for ev¬ 
ery 1000 pounds live weight. If a food is only 
palatable enough to Induce the consumption 
of this amount, then there will be no 
growth. 
But suppose the food is palatable or made 
palatable by any process, then 20 to 25 pounds 
or more may be eaten and growth be induced in 
proportion to excess food consumed. It so 
happens that our albuminous foods are u.ll 
quite palatable, and it is easy to obtain the 
desired amount of con-nun ption of albuminoids 
and in a not costly form. The only cheap 
sources of carbhydrates are—as in straw, 
swale hay, etc—not in a palutable form, and 
it is quite diilicult to get enough of those 
eaton to furnish the necessary supply of carb¬ 
hydrates. In fact, I do uot so succeed with¬ 
out resorting to grain and more grain has to 
be furnished to bring this supply up to daily 
needs than would have to be used to bring up 
the daily supply of albuminoids to the re¬ 
quirements of the animal. Hence those farmer 
students of German tables who have worried 
themselves most ubout albuminoid supply, 
furnishing them and overlooking the question 
of proper supply of carbhydrates, mistake in 
so doing. L may state a case in my experience. 
The oatstraw fed was slightly richer in carb¬ 
hydrates than the good hay. The good hay fed 
furnished to 850-pound steers in 22 pounds per 
day eaten, the full theoretical amounts re¬ 
quired and a very little more or 10.75 lbs. total, 
carbhydrates, while of oat straw enough only 
was consumed to furnish 4.07 pounds. To bring 
What wo wrongly call “artichokes,” but 
which are really a tuberous species of sun¬ 
flowers, are at once tho hardiost, the most 
easily grown, and the most productive of all 
root crops; and trials have proved that they 
are nutritious as well as acceptable to hogs 
and cattle; and, further, that they promote 
health and thrift, especially where corn is a 
principal food, as they modify its strength, 
much as the use of vegetables with meat con¬ 
duces to the comfortable feeling and good 
condition of human consumers. A writer 
says that a hog never seems more supremely 
happy than when he is allowed the run of an 
artichoke patch without a ring in his nose; 
that his improved looks and non-liability to 
cholera prove the usefulness of this variety of 
food. The structure and the use of the hog’s 
snout seem to prove it of themselves. The 
average of several reported measurements of 
artichoke yield gives it os from 400 to 900 
bushels, or ten times tho bulk of eoru, and 
five times the value, corn being used as part 
of the feed; that is, that ono bushel of corn 
and two of the roots are better than 
two bushels of corn. In the smooth, light 
soils of the West, where corn is the princi¬ 
pal and sometimes the only grain crop, these 
tubers can be grown and gathered with great 
ease. They seed themselves, tho most careful 
picking by hand or snout always leaves some 
srnaLl pieces behind, which will make vigorous 
and productive plants in the next year, But 
as those will be unevenly distributed, and 
the surface will be left in slovenly condition, 
regular planting and one or two passages of 
the cultivator are most profitable. The gath¬ 
ering is very easy with a potato digger and a 
wide coal fork for gathering up. In the open 
plains, where defence from sweeping winds is 
needed, the tall, firm stems left standing 
through the Winter afford protection more 
effective than a bight wall or fence, which by 
presenting a complete harrier seems to aggra¬ 
vate tho rebounding and plunging pressure of 
the wind. In such exposures a lino of ber¬ 
berry plants, with a barbed wire stretched 
above it is probably the best permanent de¬ 
fence against both trespassers and sweeping 
wind. w. a. w. 
Domestic Havana is being profitably 
raised in several of the tobacco-growing sec- 
sections of the Northern States, where grow¬ 
ers receive from two to four cents per pound 
more for it than for the seed leaf varieties. 
The plants arc generally grown from seed 
taken from partiuily accinfiated plants or 
from those from imported seed grown two or 
three years in this country. Plants of Ha¬ 
vana tobacco occupy less space when growing 
than the seed-leaf varieties, being taller but 
less spreading, and therefore they may be 
planted nearer together. Iu this way nearly, 
or quite, as large a yield can be produced 
from an acre, with greater expense, however, 
iu the cultivation, harvesting, etc., as there 
are more plants and more leaves to handle. 
Unconsidered Injuries to Apple Trees. 
I wish to ask E. B. S., who complains, page 
830, that some insects have killed the bark of 
his apple trees, in patches, dose to the ground, 
whether he is quite sure that it is any kind of 
of an insect that is injuring them. From his 
description of the condition of his trees, I am 
inclined to think that they have been in some 
manner bruised, perhaps by cultivation. A 
very slight hit from the w hi I lie trees, cultiva¬ 
tor or harrow will ultimately cause the bark 
to peel off, even though no injury is apparent 
at the time. If E. B. H. cultivates his or¬ 
chard the mystery is, in my opinion, solved. 
Cattle and horses should not be allowed to rub 
themselves against the trunks and limbs of 
apple trees, especially when tho bark starts 
easily, neither should persons stand on the 
limbs with hard, solid boots on. The injury 
done may i ot be apparent at the time, but af¬ 
terwards we discover patches of bark gone 
and wonder what kind of an insect has done 
the mischief. Nelson Ritter. 
Onondaga Co., N. Y. 
The tobacco plant is susceptible of great 
changes from climatic influence, cultivation 
or selection. Havana seed, imported from the 
island of Cuba and planted in the Northern 
States for several years, using seed each year 
from plants grown the previous y ear, will be¬ 
come so acclimated as to produce plants and 
leaves which are veiy similar to those of the 
seed leaf varieties. For this reason in select¬ 
ing seed plants from which to save seed for 
future planting, great care is uec ssary to se¬ 
lect those plants that have the best-developed 
leaves, otherwise the strain of the variety will 
deteriorate. It is also supposed that “ white 
veins ” are often tho result of carelessness in 
selecting the most desirable plants from which 
to take seed. This is the reason why, in pro¬ 
curing seed to produce tobacco for market, it 
is important to obtain a good article. Grow¬ 
ers generally are aware of this danger, and 
grow their own seed from carefully selected 
seed plants or obtain it from experienced and 
careful growers who always produce good 
crops. a. a. o., jr. 
arm 
ccmomtj 
VALUE OF FOOD NUTRIENTS, 
YOKUM .FARM NOTES, 
PROFESSOR J. W. SANBORN, 
TOBACCO-GROWING NOTES 
In the Rural of November 20. E. W. Stew 
art gives tables of relative food values. These 
German tables are now of very frequent quo¬ 
tation both by speakers and the press. Farm¬ 
ers are advised to buy foods on these tables 
as a basis, lean but think it is a serious mis¬ 
take to thus buy. Without entering into the 
discussion as to whether the German feeding 
ratio is correct for a country of different cli¬ 
mate and with crops, so far as shown, of di¬ 
verse chemical composition, I do venture to 
say that the prices of food 
nutrients as fixed by tho 
Germans are misleading. 
With them albumen is not 
only the source of the al¬ 
buminoids of the body but ' 
of force, to a large extent 
of fat and to some extent of I' [M \ 
heat, and they have mag- " ,\4 
nified its value to four and /;||,S 
one-third cents a pound of jw> 
digestible albuminoids and 
assign to carbhydrates a * . 
value of only nine tenths 
of a cent a pound. They 
make it of the first moment 
t,o get albuminoids enough 
in the daily ration and 
seem to consider this more 
diilicult and costly than to / 
obtain the consumption of 
a sufficient amount of carb¬ 
hydrates, inasmuch as the 
coarser and cheaper foods, - - 
like straw, etc., contain a ^ 
large supply of the latter 
and a small supply of the - 3 
former. - s 
Messrs Lawes and Gilbert - 
» ,-,-jf 
as the results of their work, -'5 
have arrived at a somewhat ; 
opposite conclusion. As 
the result of five years’ 
work in from 30 to 40 ex¬ 
periments in many of 
which the foods were an¬ 
alyzed and in all of which 
the foods were weighed, 
the time covering, on an 
periods than those of the ( 
more difficult to encourage 
suiue a sufficiency of carb) 
RICHARD GOODMAN, 
The question is often asked, W hat variety 
of tobaccotsTiest < The varieties now mainly iu 
cultivation in the seed-leaf producing sections 
of the country originated from the Connecticut 
Seed-leaf, which is the only seed-leaf variety 
mentioned generally in seedsmen’s catalogues. 
From this hundreds of other varieties have 
originated, most of which bear local names 
and are not widely disseminated. Persons 
Polled Cattle vs. Jerseys. The Differ¬ 
ent Breeds of the Former. Jerseys 
not Likely to re Excelled as Butter 
Makers. Fancy Farmers and their 
Value. A Reply to “ Htookman ” tN 
their Behai.f. 
The discussion concerning polled cattle 
has been so lively and interesting that it was 
enough to read and enjoy it, and I had no 
thought of interfering until one of the com¬ 
batants asserted that 
“there are families of polled 
cattle that for the pro¬ 
duction of butter both as 
to quantity and quality are 
^ fully equal to the far- 
C ,V \ famed Jerseys,” and this 
V y V / also affords an opportunity 
L 1 l V ,»/’ for a dig at our friend the 
Kg, “ Stockman” who is per¬ 
il!', . { , 1 . sistent in his side-blows at 
Htk- n \ ' fbo Jerseys and their breed 
Polled Cattle 
are as ancient as the time of 
Julius Caesar by whom, or 
ono of his contemporaries, 
they are mentioned, ar.d 
tho Suffolk breed has been 
predominant and noted in 
former times for the largo 
quantity of milk which 
they yielded in proportion 
to their size and tho food 
consumed, and its rich qual¬ 
ity. They are not unlike 
tho Jerseys in many re¬ 
spects, being hardy to the 
degree of bearing careless 
treatment; of various col¬ 
ors, many yellow and 
mouse-colored, short-leg¬ 
ged, long in the carcass, 
deep in the rib and drop¬ 
ping much in the belly, 
and, like the Jerseys, they 
were always considered a 
very good poor man’s cow, 
as there are few soils or climates where from 
their size and form they will not only live, 
but, w;ith moderate care and attention, do 
well. The principal manufacture of Suffolk 
is butter w Inch finds a sale iu London ami 
it also produces, or did until recently, great 
quantities of skim-milk cheese which gave rise 
to the sayiug that Suffolk produced the best 
butter and the worst cheese in England. Ar 
Angus Polled Heifer, Winner of Champion Plate and Gold Medal at the Smithfield Fat Cattle Show, 
(After the Illustrated London News.)—Fig. 20. 
e, longer the ration of straw up in albuminoids would 
I find it be easier and cheaper than to bring it up in 
al to con- carbhydrates. This matter of feeding eom- 
economi- binations is of vast importance. There being 
contrary other matters of greater importance to which 
if E. W. executions should be taken, I will recur, 
Us he has it, cotton-seed meal I should opportunity permit, to the subject in 
100 pounds where 100 pounds I another phase, again, 
th $1, or $72 per ton ugainat I Agricultural College, Hanover, N. H, 
desiring good tobacco seed can best obtain it 
of some successful grower who grows his own 
seed from carefully selected seed plants. 
The White Burley is a widely disseminated 
variety, grown mainly In the Southern States 
for “cutting leaf.” for which purpose it is 
held in high repute. It is often cured so as to 
produce the grade known as “ fancy yellow," 
- 1 “•» yV 
ipf 
