o 
254 
ally known aB “bellows;” and in the prairie 
States it is comparatively rare. There is no 
certain cure for it, but broken-winded horses 
will, if properly fed, do a great deal of service^ 
though the work assigned them should be slow. 
The feed should be in a small compass, and 
given regularly four or five times a day. It 
should consist of oats, beans, wheat straw 
chaff, turnips or carrots, with at night a little 
bright, hard stalked hay, free from dust. 
Clean, cured corn stalks, in small quantity, 
have also proved beneficial. Grain and grass 
should be the chief feed in Summer, and grain 
with roots in Winter. Water should be al¬ 
lowed sparingly at a time, and the horse 
should never be used for an hour or two after 
being fed or watered. Arsenic in small doses 
is a favorite remedy with dealers, as in nearly 
all cases it effects a temporary cure more or 
less complete. They usually begin with three 
grains a day, increasing to five a day in a 
week, and continue for three or four weeks, 
giving from ten to fifteen grains daily to¬ 
wards the end. As the appetite is morbidly 
ravenous, leading the affected animal to eat 
the litter, etc , the bedding should be removed 
by day and the horse be muzzled by night. A 
lump of rock suit at one end of the manger 
aud a chunk of chalk at the other have been 
found beneficial. 
THE DIFFERENT GRADES OF WOOL. 
J. W. A., Urbana, Kans. —What are the 
different grades of wool; what varieties of 
sheep produce them, and for what purposes 
are they used ? 
Ans. —Wool is classed as fine, medium and 
combing. Fine wool is from Merinos and 
their grades; medium is from native sheep, 
South Downs and other Down breeds; comb¬ 
ing is from Cotswolds, Lincolns, Leicesters 
and their grades. A grade of Merino wool is 
called delaine, because it is used for making 
goods known as delaines; it is of longer staple 
aud less curl than the ordinary Merino fleece. 
Fine wool is used for broadcloths, ladies’ 
clothing goods and the best underwear; me¬ 
dium wool is useu for men’s common clothing, 
hosiery, shawls, blankets, aud the poorest 
grades, chiefly imported as we have none so 
poor, are used for carpets. Combing wool is 
used for men’s goods, for worsted, goods, al¬ 
paca cloths, braids and small-wares, and the 
finest for buntings, for dress and the “stars 
and stripes.” which for the first time in our 
history are now made from native wool. Wools 
are graded accoi ding to their fineness, strength 
and quality of fiber, and their fitness for cer¬ 
tain uses. There are many kinds of wool in 
a fleece, and a person expert enough to sort 
out all these kinds is paid very highly for his 
work. The various grades of wool are super¬ 
fine, fine, medium and coarse. In our markets 
wools are classed as super, or choice Saxony, 
equivalent to XX; full blood Merino, equiva¬ 
lent to X; three quarter or half Merino; quar¬ 
ter Merino; common aud combing. 
SIX-ROWED BARLEY, 
D. R., Clarence Center, N. Y, I forward 
samples of six-rowed barley brought from 
Russia, is there more than one kind of six- 
rowed barley ? A prominent Buffalo brewer 
advised that all this sort here now should be 
kept for seed, as he never saw any barley that 
was so he > vy—this weighs49 lbs. to the bushel. 
It has a stiffer straw than ordinary barley and 
does not “ tangle down” when over-ripe. 
Ans. —Four rowed aud two rowed are the 
kiuds of barley commonly grown in this coun¬ 
try. The former is botanically known as 
Hordeum vulgare, the latter as H. dis- 
tichum. In Europe there are two kinds of 
six rowed barley—the large six-rowed and 
the small six-rowed, known respectively as 
H. hexastichum densum, and H. hexastichum 
sanctum. The last is the most common and 
ancient variety, frequently represented as 
plaited in the hair of the goddess Ceres. H. 
hexastichum is commonly knowu as Autumn 
or Winter barley. It is always sown in the 
Fall and ripens the first in Summer. There 
is also iu Europe another variety known as 
the fan, spatt or battledore barley—H. zeo- 
criton. Change of climate and soil often im¬ 
prove the same variety of grain and this is 
very likely the case with this. This six-rowed 
barley has a smaller kernel, and stiffer straw 
than the two-rowed. Barley will always be 
plumper and do better on land where it has 
not been raised for some time. 
SPERRY. 
J. M. R., Plaiafield, N. J. —How much 
spurry seed should he sown to an acre ? I have 
heard it will grow ou sandy loam where the 
clover will not “ take;” that it is better than 
clover for cattle, and that when turned under 
it is a good green fertilizer. 
Ans, —According to the Department of Ag. 
riculture’s Report for 1805, the analysis of 
spurry is as follows:—Water, 7.7; starch. 2.3; 
woody fiber, 12.0; albumen. 2.7; gums, &c., 
5.2; phosphate of lime, 0 8. As feed the per¬ 
centage of flesh formers in green spurry is 2.7; 
of fat-formers, 2-3; total nutritive percentage 
in 100 pounds, 5.0; whereas in green red clover 
the percentage of flesh-formers is 1.5, fat- 
THE BUBAL MIW-TOBIEB. 
formers, 2.7; total nutritive percentage in 100 
pounds, 4.2, and in green white clover 1.5, 2.7; 
4.2 respectively. Spurry is not a clover; it 
belongs to the Pink family. In some parts of 
Europe it is cultivated, but it is little more 
than a weed in this country. Other forage 
plants are far better. Still, cattle like it and 
sheep thrive upon it. This is the extent of 
our information. 
WATERING CATTLE IN BARN. 
L. A. S., Cloverdale, Ind. I am building 
a 00-foot octagon, cattle barn, with nine foot 
basement under entire building: cattle to 
stand on floor above basement, in two rows 
running through center of barn, rumps to¬ 
gether, with manure gutter between. How 
can I water cattle conveniently in the stalls, 
the water to lie brought either from a cistern 
in basement, or a spring in the barnyard, 00 
feet away, and 10 feet lielow the cattle. 
Ans.—T he simplest way would be to lay a 
pipe from the spring, below the reach of frost, 
and bring it into the barn, and have a pump 
there and give the water to the cattle either 
in pails or from a trough in front of them, 
which may be filled by means of a rub¬ 
ber hose A force pump is very conven¬ 
ient for this purpose. If the cistern is ele¬ 
vated a few feet from the ground, the water 
can be drawn by a hose and given in the same 
way. The water trough may ruu under the 
feed trough, or there may be a trough for 
water at the side of each feed trough, and all 
of them may be connected by a pipe with 
branches to the troughs. 
INDIGESTION IN LAMBS. 
J. W. H., Dryden, N. Y. My lambs, from 
four to six weeks old are taken suddenly sick, 
being uuable to stand up or hold their heads 
up. Wheu first taken, they breathe rapidly, 
and they seem slightly bloated, I am feeding 
clover hay and mangel wurtzels. Name the 
cause of the trouble and a remedy therefor. 
Ans. —The cause is indigestion andoverload- 
ing of the paunch with undigested food. The 
bloated, swollen stomach presses upon the 
lungs and interferes with their expansion, 
which is necessary to the breathing. The 
trouble may be caused by the ewes’ milk, which 
maybe injuriously affected by the mangels. 
If the ewes get a little bran with their man¬ 
gels, it might remove the trouble. Give the 
lambs a tablespoonful of the following mix¬ 
ture two or three times:—water, one pint; pre¬ 
pared chalk, one ounce; prepared charcoal, 
one ounce ; ground ginger, half an ounce ; 
thick molasses, half a pint. Shake well before 
using it. 
GUERNSEYS AND JERSEYS. 
J. F. <?., Mishawaka, Ind., wants a descrip¬ 
tion of Guernsey cattle as to siz' and butter 
production, as compared with Jerseys. 
Ans.—I n comparison with Jerseys, Guern¬ 
seys are considerably larger and hardier, are 
somewhat coarser iu appearance, Lut make 
better beef and are able to endure rougher 
weather and shift for themselves better. The 
calves are of lurge size at birth, and make 
heavy veals when a mouth or six weeks old. 
The milking capacity of the Guernsey is fully 
equal to that of the average J ersey,and the milk 
is usually as rich iu butter, which is even of a 
deeper yellow than Jersey butter. We do not 
know of any Guernseys that have brought 
such high prices as have been paid for some 
faucy Jerst-ys, but the prices usually paid for 
them are fully as high as those paid for ordi¬ 
nary Jerseys, if not higher, and they appear 
to be favorites wherever they have been intro¬ 
duced. 
HOW TO OBTAIN FOREIGN CATALOGUES. 
C. A, P., Queens, L. I. How can I obtain 
some of the most prominent foreign seed aud 
plant catalogues mentioned in the Rural of 
March 11. 
Ans. — Foreign nurserymen, florists aud 
seedsmen who send their catalogues to Ameri¬ 
can papers for notice, do so with the intention 
of advertising and promoting their business 
in this country, and upon application, will 
willingly send their catalogues gratis to who¬ 
ever may apply for them. And should you 
become a customer, your name will probably 
be entered in their address book, and in after 
years you will continue to receive their cata¬ 
logues unsolicited. As these catalogues are 
elaborately gotten up aud at great expense, 
we should advise that applicants for tbem in¬ 
close P. O stamps enough to pay the probable 
postage. U. S. postage stamps are of use to for¬ 
eign bouses doing business in this country—not 
as postage, but in other ways. 
HERD BOOKB. 
D. E. F., Liberty, Ind., 1. On what con¬ 
ditions are cattle admitted into Herd Books ? 
2, If one parent is pedigreed and the other 
not, will the offspring be admitted to record ? 
3. How many Herd Books are there. 4. Has 
the Galloway breed a Herd Book ? 
Ans.— 1, It varies with different Herd Books. 
The American Jersey Cattle Club requires 
affidavits and photographs and other evidence 
according to very strict rales. Other Herd 
Books require only a statement of the owner 
with the pedigree of the animal. 2. No. The ani¬ 
mal to be entered must be descended on both 
sides from parents that are entered themselves. 
3. There is a Herd Book for every breed and 
two for some, and occasionally three. 4 Tbere 
is a Galloway Herd Book in Scotland, but 
not in America ; nor is there here as yet 
any Herd Book forpolled cattle of any kind. 
MANGELS. 
77. W. B., Atchison, Kans. 1. What is the 
comparative value of mangels and corn as 
stock feed f 2. When should mangels be sown 
for a good crop, and how much seed per acre ? 
Ans —1. There can bo no comparison made 
between com aud maugets, they are so en¬ 
tirely different as food for stock, and neither 
of them can be fed alone. If a quart of corn 
meal is fed with a peck of chopped mangels, 
it will make an excellent ration for a cow, and 
twice as much would make a good feed for a 
fattening steer, but some hay or corn fodder 
would be necessary also. 2. Mangels should 
be sown from the middle of April to the end 
of May—the earlier the better ; from four to 
six pounds of seed per acre are usually sown; 
this large quantity is needed to get an even 
stand ; three-fourths of the plants are after¬ 
wards cut out, 
PLANTING THE RURAL CORN. 
L. S. Ely. The Rural com must be planted 
within one-fortieth of an acre. Each con¬ 
testant for premiums must count the num¬ 
ber of kernels planted. We suggest planting 
one kernel every two feet—thehi’lsor drills 
four feet apart. \Y e have au ooject in in¬ 
sisting upon wide planting. Fiat cultivation 
is preferred, but each contestant may do as 
he likes. The kind and condition of the soil, 
fertilizers or manures used and cultivation 
must be stated iu the report. The weather, 
situation of plot etc., should also he men¬ 
tioned. 
RURAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES. 
J. M. F., Nankin, Ohio. To settle a dis¬ 
pute;—A postmaster here claims that he can 
get the Rural for a year for $1.75; is there 
any dubbing combination by which the paper 
can be got for less than $21 
Axs.—There is no clubbing rate. We allow 
all agents 12)£ per cent commission, or they 
pay us $2 for each subscription and select pre¬ 
miums from our premium list, as they choose. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
E. A. S., Burns, N. Y. 1, A reclaimed, 
well drained, black-mucky swamp yields large 
crops of potatoes, but they are scabby, how 
can this fault be avoided? 2, What kind 
of grass is best adapted for seeding it for 
meadow. A part.of it is rather wet,and water 
stands on it iu Winter aud Spring. 3, Which 
is the best sort of corn for this section t 4, 
How can I get rid of the onion maggot. 
Ans. — 1, Apply ashes, a handful in the hill, 
and drop the potato ou to it. This is the best 
tiling- to do; a little salt mixed with tbe ashes 
will prevent the wire-worms from working, if 
anythin' will—ten parts of ashes to one of 
salt. 2, For wet mucky land, Timothy and 
Red Top. It tak.’S 1 % bush, of Red Top to 
seed an acre, and one peek of Timothy—Red 
Top for the wettest pi aces, 3, The best variety 
of Flint such as you know is adapted to the 
climate Try Dent. too. 4, Dusting with 
fresh wood a hes, or with fresh air-slaked 
lime, or sowing fine bone flour in the rows, 
have heen found serviceable remedies. 
D. B., So, Manchester, Conn. 1. Wishing 
to seed with clover land already seeded with 
rye, will plaster benefit the iye aud help the 
clover to “ catch How much, per acre ? 2. 
How can 1 obtain the largest amount of Win¬ 
ter fodder from well manured and cultivated 
land ? My design is to sow with oats, to ho 
cut for hay before they ripen ; then follow 
with Hungarian Grass, using ground bone for 
the second crop. Would there be more fodder 
by sowing peas with the oats. If so, what kind 
and quautity per acre ? 
Ans.— 1. Plaster usually encourages the 
growth of rye and also of clover, whether on 
a sod or on a new seeding ; 100 to 250 pounds 
is the quantity usually applied, 2. You will 
get about double the quautity of fodder from 
oats and peas mixed as from either singly. 
Sow the Canada field pea, one-aud-a-half 
bushel per acre, with two and-a-half bushels 
of oats, aud cover the seed well. The seed is 
best covered with a cultivator: a harrow does 
not cover peas well. 
U A new Beginner," Methuen,Mass. 1, What 
seed and how much shall I sow on half an acre 
for hay t 2, What is the best feed for fattening 
pigs, how much a day aud how often? 3, 
What should be a cow’s feed five or six weeks 
before she “comes in?” 4, What after she 
has calved? 
Ans. —1. Timothy and Clover the best—one 
peck of seed. Orchard Grass one bushel; or Red 
Top two pecks. 3, Corn meal and roots cooked 
—all they will eat three times a day. 3, One 
peck raw roots, t wo quarts wheat or rye bran 
and two quarts corn meal. 4, The same with 
two quarts more of corn meal, with hay all of 
the time; bright fodder corn is as good as hay. 
APB1L 45 
For the first few days, wet the meal in warm 
water and give warm water to drink. 
“ Young Fanner ,” Yorkshire, N. Y., 1, 
Name a dealer in Coolie dogs in this State. 2, 
A heifer that has just calved has a hole in the 
side of one of the teats in addition to the reg¬ 
ular one at the end—donble-teated, we call it 
here—is there any means of stopping this 
“ side issue ?” 
Ans.— 1, Herbert Mead, Lake Waccabuc, N. 
Y., is a breeder of Coolie dogs. 2, The side hole 
can only he closed by cutting it out and mak¬ 
ing a slit on each side of it. The skin around 
the hole must be removed and the wound then 
closed by a stitch, by which it will he made to 
unite, and in this way the opening will be 
closed. 
G. G., Dayton, Texas. How can moles, cut¬ 
worms, crows and other birds be prevented 
from eating up young corn ? 
Ans.—O ne year we kept crows and black¬ 
birds away by bits of bright tin strung be¬ 
tween poles set here and there. Some of our 
neighbors hire boys to scout about the fields 
with guns, firing at the birds whenever a 
chance occurs. Seed corn may be dipped in 
tar and then covered wiib ashes. This is a 
partial remedy. Tbe addition of a smaU 
quantity of aloes to the ashes, is a good plan. 
A. C. II., Belvidere, III, Where can I get 
the Burbank Seedling and the Rocky Moun¬ 
tain Rose Potatoes ? 
Ans.—T he Burbank Seedling can be had of 
J. A. Foote of Terre Haute, Ind., of D. M. 
Ferry aud Hiram Sibley, of Detroit, Mich., 
and of nearly all the seedsmen who advertise 
in agricultural journals. The Rocky Moun¬ 
tain Rose is not yet, we believe, offered for 
sale. Rose’s new Seedling is we suppose the 
American Magnum Bonum. This may be 
obtained as above. 
J. P. C., New London, Ohio.— Are Jerseys 
and Alderneys two separate breeds of cattle ? 
Ans.—N o; both names refer to the tame 
breed. The name Alderney was applied to the 
first importations into this country, and has 
persistently clung to the breed since then, 
although very few ever came from the little 
island of Alderney. Almost all the cattle 
known by tbe name of Aldernoys come really 
from the larger island of Jersey, and should 
be called Jerseys. 
F. 7?., Sioux Falls, Dakota, sends a couple 
of specimens of grass for name. 
ANS.—The “ wheat-looking” head seems to 
be Elyinus Canadensis, Wild Rye. No 2. re¬ 
sembles Panicum virgatum, a tall, strong¬ 
growing grass. It is not worth much. 2 he 
Wild Rye will grow on a great variety of 
soils and is relished by farm stock. The 
specimens were in a bad condition when re¬ 
ceived. 
D. B., Adrian, Mich. —Wouldilie use of salt 
be advisable with hen manure, plaster or 
leached ashes in the hill with corn ? Is salt a 
protection against the wire-worm ? 
Ans.—W e should not use salt in the hill. 
We should not useover three to live bushels of 
salt to the acre. This would do no harm if sown 
broadcast. See article on wire-worms in next 
issue. 
G. N., Sherbom, Mass.—Who is the rnanu- 
ufacturer of the cotton seed plauter described 
in the Century Magazine for January, aud 
exhibited at the Atlanta Exposition ? 
Ans.—K eystone Planter, Keystone M’I’g. 
Co., Sterling, Ill. 
A. M., Stcvensville, Mich., and several 
others, ask the address of Alfred Rose, who 
lately contributed to the Rural an article on 
potatoes. 
Ans.—A lfred Rose, Penn Yan, Yates Co., 
N. Y. 
A. L. C., Augusta, Ga.— Buhacli, we be¬ 
lieve, is the “Persiun Iusect Powder,” made 
from Pyrethrum cinerariaffolium, and adver¬ 
tised by a gentleman in California. Theseeds 
which the Rural sent to subscribers last year 
were P. roseuui, the flowers of which, when 
treated in the same way, make just as effect¬ 
ive an insecticide. 
George C. DeRolt, Penn Yan, Yates Co., 
N. Y., wants White Virginia Leaf Tobacco 
Seed, 
-- 
Communications Received for the Week Ending 
Saturday, April 8,1882. 
J. G. M.—N. II. R„ give us your experience, please. 
There are no articles we more value than the short, 
practical notes of experience of our wide-awake 
farmers. A. B. S., thanks.— D. R.—G. G.—G. C. DeB. 
—J. J. B.—T. Loomis, much obliged—E. N. B.—John 
U. Rich, we do not print your kind offer because such 
au announcement would bring you a great many 
more applications than you could HU — E. P. K., 
thanks-E. W. M.-C. W.-8. W. B.-Darius Rico, 
thanks for potatoes. Shall endeavor to test them.— 
H. s.—D. B. R.—G. B. B.—A. L, J.-Two raspberry 
(?) roots from E. N., New London, Iowa, thauks.— 
Plants from I. T. L. received.—J. E. G —H. O — 
F. H. L.-E C. O —W. C. R.-L. B.-R. T. S -D. E. W. 
—S. S. T.—J. B.— 3. A.—Alfred Vail, potatoes not yet 
(April 1) received.—W. Jb B., received. Many thanks. 
E. B.—J- A. W.— y. J. S.-S. B. P., thanks -D. F C.— 
j x —G. H, D.— M. J. S , thanks.—C. E. P-, thanks.— 
G. A. O., jr.,—\V. n. A.—N. V. G.-Uno.-l. P It— 
F. H. Thomson, have sent your cards to those who 
desire them.—H. M. D.—J. S.—A. T. P.—C. C. V. H.— 
B. F. J.—J. C.—R. A. N.—T. G. P.—B. B. H. —J. S.— D, 
