him s 
5(8 
itisto preserve a flock from tbe ravages of 
this mischievous but insignificant creature, or 
to rid it of the pests once these have made a 
lodgment There is no preventive or cure 
except dipping the sheep into a solution of 
some substance which will kill the iosect, and 
the repetition of it to destroy those which 
come from eggs that have not been affected 
Scabby* Sheep.-Fig. 237. 
by the first dipping. There are various prep 
arations used; the most effective are carbolic 
acid and a mixture of tobacoo and sulphur. 
These are kept ready for use by makers whose 
notices, like that of Little’s Chemical Sheep 
Dip, appear from time to time in the business 
columns of the Rural. Where these cannot 
easily be procured a substitute is made by 
steeping four ounces of tobacco and one ounce 
of sulphur, to each gallon required, of boiling 
water, but not boiled, for six hours, until the 
strength is exhausted. The temperature of 
Female Scab Inrhct, Upper axd Lower Sides.—Kio. 238 
the liquor is then allowed to drop to 120 
degrees, whea it is poured into a trough or 
tank and kept at this heat by the addition o 
hot liquid as it is cooled by use. The sheep 
and lambs, too, if necessary, are dipped com¬ 
pletely in the bath with the exception of the 
head, and while in the bulli, the scabs and 
blisters are thoroughly broken up and loosened, 
corn cobs being useful l'or this purpose. This 
part of the operation is indispensable,to reach 
the insects in their burrows in the skin. Two 
minutes are quite sufficient for tbe bath, even 
in bad cases, hut when the bath is used as a 
preventive or for the purpose of destroying 
ticks—another injurious pest of sheep—one 
minute is enough. A properly arranged pen 
with a floor to catch the drippings from the 
wool should be provided to prevent waste of 
the liquor. This method is practiced with 
large flocks, but for small ones it may be sufli 
cient to give the sheep a good washing with 
Male Scab Insect.- Fig. 239. 
the dip, taking care that theskm is completely 
dressed with the liquor, and if there are any 
scabs that these are thoroughly broken up and 
the raw spots under them well soaked. It 
pays to apply this bath as a precaution where- 
ever dinger of infection is to be feared, or 
even as a relief from the distressing but less 
destructive tick, as the washing of the wool 
and the comfort from the bath have the effect 
oT improving the quality of the wool to a con 
siderable degree. 
Pain) ijasbaabii). 
CREAMERIES MAKING SKIM CHEE8E. 
A correspondent from Bradford County, 
Florida, asks for the address, in the Rural, 
of some of the principal creameries in the 
United States where cheese—not of the oleo¬ 
margarine variety—is manufactured. 
Creameries, of the kind referred to, are lo¬ 
cated throughout several States where dairy¬ 
ing is made a specialty, the greutest number 
being found orobably in New York. 
Perhaps as good a point as an y in the State 
where a considerable number will be found in 
successful operation, in a small circuit, is in 
Chenango and Madison Counties. Among the 
large operators in Chenango, I can refer to 
Messrs. White and Boteford, of Sherburne, 
N. Y., who have the management of 16 skim 
cheese factories: Wm. G. Hatch, of Lebanon, 
Madison County, is largely interested in the 
business, and J. B. Wadsworth, of Morris- 
ville, N. Y operates some 19 creameries. 
Quite a number of these establishments cau 
be found in tbe vicinity of Quakertown, Penn 
sylcania and o'the Quakertown Dairymen’s 
Association, reference may be had to H. F. 
Johnson and Joshua Bullock. E. G. Harrison, 
of Hulmerville, Bucks County, Pa., Creamery, 
could direct to nearly all the creameries in 
Eastern Pennsylvania. For the Green Plane 
others A. S. Cadwallader, of Yardleyville, 
Pa., would give all the desired information. 
For the New Jersey creameries, J. C. Tatam, 
of Woodbury, N. J., who is connected with 
the Woodbury creamery, could give a list of 
creameries in the State, as they are mostly 
located near each other, or in one section of* 
country in New Jersey. X. A. Willard. 
CONCRETE BUILDING. 
The advantages of concrete for building are 
the strength of the material, the rapidity with 
which the concrete sets and becomes firm and 
solid, and consequently the ease and cheapness 
of the work; the convenience and cheapness 
with which the materials can he procured; 
the simplicity of the work, by which the cost 
of skilled labor is avoided; Its dryness, warmth 
in Winter, coolness in Summer and its bealth- 
fnlness and, lastly, its adaptability for all 
kinds of work and all places, as it cau be used 
both in tbe dry and the wet. For dwelling- 
houses,barns,basements,cellars, dairies,spring- 
houses and cisterns it is unequaled. The mate¬ 
rials cau be procured anywhere, the bulky part 
of them, viz , stone, gravel and sand, which 
form ten elevenths of the finished concrete, 
cost nothing in most cases and the cementing 
material is so cheap as to be everywhere 
available. This is either common lime, hy¬ 
draulic cement, or a mixture of these in varied 
proportions; one of each; two of lime to one 
a 
«-> _ ... 
barrels more of gravel can be used, as the 
mortar will be much stronger. 
A great deal depends upon the mixing. If 
lime only is used, the mortar made as above 
mentioned, is put into a heap and covered 
with sand and left for two or three months, 
and then worked over as it is wanted, the 
more it is worked the better it becomes. If 
cement is mixed with it, this Is worked in with 
sufficient water to make it quite soft as it is 
w anted and no faster than it can be used, as 
the mortar sets hard very soon, and should not 
be disturbed afterwards. When cement only 
is used, this should be mixed with the sand 
dry and as evenly as possible and then wetted 
and worked into a soft mortar as it is wanted 
and no faster. In this case three barrels of 
sand to one of cement are used and seven bar¬ 
rels of gravel or broken stone. The gravel or 
stone is put into a heap, being first measured 
in a barrel, not by guess work, and the mass 
is then thoroughly wetted with water. The 
mortar beiug ready, however it may have 
been made, is spread on the mixing board, and 
the wet gravel or stone is thrown on to it, 
and worked in with a hoe. When all the stone 
is in, the mass is then shoveled over, throwing 
it into a new heap. This heap is then thrown 
back again with care to have every stone 
w'ell covered with the cement. No more 
cement is required than will cover the frag¬ 
ments or gravel or stone with a layer of it and 
fill the space* between them, and the more the 
mass is worked into the wall so that the gravel 
and stone are made compact, the stronger the 
work will be. For extra good work, it should 
bo beaten with a rammer, aud as the soft 
mortar works to the top more gravel or stone 
can ho worked in. This thorough working 
gives great sire ,gt,h. 
The manner of building is as follows: The 
foundation having been leveled aud made 
ready, a trench is dug out 12 inches deep and 
several inches wider on the oub-ide than the 
wall is to be. This offset will prevent rats or 
moles from working under the wall, for when 
they dig down to it they will turn aud run 
along the wall but will never go out from it 
to get around the offset. Besides, it strength¬ 
ens the foundation and prevents h aving by 
frost. The wall is then begun in the follow 
b 
_j_ L 
*V . — - ■ - r> 
of the right shape and size may be built in 
and drawn up as the wall progresses. Some 
ornamental base work may be done at the 
bottom of the wall if desired by laying an 
outer casing of brick (Fig. 243.) and window 
sills or caps matching a band of brick around 
the house may be laid in as shown at Fig. 244. 
Indeed a good deal of ornamentation may be 
made by the use of brick work laid variously 
or by coloring bauds of cement. The corners 
of the building may be made of brick or if 
not they should ho beveled off by placing a 
piece of board across the corner edge of the 
Figure 242. 
boxing, and this will greatly strengthen these 
weak portions. 
If the building is to be furred iuside, strips 
of board may be built iu the wall here and 
there to nail the furring to, but a- this material 
is never damp, the inside plaster may be laid 
directly on to the wall. To prevent damp 
from entering from the outside when this may 
b.) feared, the wall may be coated with hot 
asphalt and as this will be quickly absorbed 
into the wall a perfectly air and damp proof 
can be thus given. In placing the beams and 
joists for the floors, the ends of these should 
be secured by wooden pins driveu through 
holes bored at the ends and each joist should 
Figure 243. 
be laid upon a piece of board a foot long be¬ 
fore it is closed with the wall, this will 
strengthen both the wall and the joists. 
Introductory. 
Poultry raising, in the aggregate, is a vast 
and important interest, yet so evenly is it 
diffused over the country that few farmers 
make u specialty of it, and many consider it 
but a side-issue of farming—a matter of little 
importance. Indeed, on nutny a farm poultiy 
is considered simply as “a necessary evil’ — 
well enough to have around when “company” 
comes unexpectedly to dinner, or when a few 
eggs are wanted for culinary purposes. Far¬ 
ther than that fowl&are considered a nuisance, 
causing more trouble and consuming more 
food than their heads are worth. 
It is very easy to tell iu what esteem poultry 
keeping is held, on any given farm, by the 
care that is takeu of the fowls; by the con¬ 
dition of tbe poultry house, if such there for¬ 
tunately be; by the treatment the fowls 
Figure 244. 
receive iu the yard, as stoning, clubbing, and 
chasing with dogs; l>y the food they are 
given, if any, aud by their general appear 
unee. Where fowls are not properly cared 
for they soon become destructive and trouble 
some, invading the newly-made garden (espe¬ 
cially of a “ neighbor”), haunting every place 
where refuse matter can be found, getting 
into fields of growing grain aud tramping it 
down, scaling fences, fouling the barn floor 
and carriage bouse, until their owner very 
justly oonelud is that they are a nuisance and 
unprofitable. But all this is unnecessary 
where fowls have proper care and treatment. 
But the question which first arises concern 
ing poultry keeping is, Will it pay ? To this 
may be answered “ Yes” aud “No.” Yes, if 
the business is wisely and properly conducted. 
No, if it is uot. 
One error into wliich the amateur in poultry 
raising is apt to fall, is that of overdoing the 
matter, so that instead of coming out at the 
end of the year with a balance of cash on hand, 
he finds himself in debt. He builds fancy 
houses for his fancy fowls, both of which cost 
fancy prices, such that his bens must lay 
“ golden eggs” to remunerate him. Or, agaiu, 
a. 
3 4, S' l 
a. 
? * i 
- 
A. 
■ill 
i i 
[ 1 
_i r 
i r. i 
^- 
ar- x - ! - : — 
Concrete Building Illustration—Fig. 240. 
of cement; or a larger proportion of lime, as 
may be desired for the strength or purpose of 
the work. For a barn basement, a dwelling, 
house or any building of ordinary character 
lime alone may be used, arid if the lime is 
slaked and the mortar made a considerable 
time before it is to he used, it will be doubly 
strong and adhesive. For heavy buildings, or 
for such as are iu moist or wet ground or that 
are intended to be water-proof, clear cement 
should be used. One part of cement to two 
of lime w'ill make a mortar in which, when 
it is quite dry, a tenpenny nail cannot be 
driven any more than in a brick. 
The stone should be angular, and if a large 
proportion is round, it should be broken up 
into angular pieces; large stones can be worked 
into the concrete, but the best is made of 
broken stone from two to four or five inches 
in size mixed with three times the quantity 
of coarse gravel. The sand should be clean, 
coarse, sharp, and free from loam. The pro¬ 
portions used are varied; for instance, a good 
lime concrete is made of cne barrel of lime, 
two barrels of clean, sharp sand and two of 
coarse gravel. This may be used where stone 
cannot be procured. This is very much 
strengthened by the addition of one barrel of 
Figure 241. 
c ement—Itosendale, Akron, Newark, or any 
other American cement, the imported Port¬ 
land cement being no better, although it sets 
quicker aud costs about three times as much 
as the native cement; and with this additional 
cement four barrels more of sand and six 
ing maimer. Plank or hoard boxing is used 
made of boards or plank 12 inches wide 
and straight on the edge and 12 or 16 feet 
long; a number of cleats IS inches long are 
nailed with wrought nails clinched, across 
these boards so that the ends project from the 
edges as shown at Fig. 241. Enough of these 
boards are provided to make two high around 
the whole buildingon each side. One-inch holes 
are bored through the boards and cleats aud oak 
pins are made to fit the holes loosely; passing 
through both sides of the box. These pins are 
20 inches Jong, thus giviug three inches of 
projection outside of the boards. In the ends 
smull holes are bored, and a tenpenny nail is 
put in each (See Fig. 24U h ) to prevent the boxes 
from spreading. They are kept the right dis¬ 
tance apurt by cross cleats cut as shown at 
Fig. 240 a and which are laid across the boxes 
here and there. As one tier of boxing is 
filled with the oonerete and this is rammed 
down, another tier of boxing is placed on the 
firnt one and secured in the same way, and 
this is filled in its turn. As a whole tier 
around the building will make one day’s work 
there is time enough lor the first foot of con¬ 
crete to set before the next foot is laid on, aud 
when tie second foot is laid, the first tier of 
boxing is taken away. The nails being drawn 
and the pins pulled out, tbe holes left are 
filled in with cement; tha cross cleats are re¬ 
moved as the second boxing is put on. 
The third tier is then laid, the cleats In the 
boards serving as guides to place them and 
hold them at tbe bottom. Door and window 
frames are put in place as the wall is carried 
up, and the boxing is arranged to fit to them, 
so that they are built in firmly. The crosB 
walls are laid in boxing arranged as shown at 
Fig. 240 and these should go up with the out¬ 
side walls so that the uniou of the two is solid. 
Cleats, (a a Fig. 240) are nailed to the outer 
boxing to hold that for tbe partition walls. 
The chimneys and fire places are built in the 
partition walls as they go up. The fire places 
are built of brick in the usual manner and 
backed with the concrete. Stove pipes or 
earthen drain tiles may be built in the walls, 
as shown in Fig. 242 or a smooth block of wood 
