IPT © 
62© 
increased gradually and unnoticed, until 
this year they hive eaten the leaves so ex¬ 
tensively that the damage is every where ap¬ 
parent. The little worm just hatched is found 
feeding very early in the Spring, even while 
we still have suow fqunlls. They keep con¬ 
cealed near the crown of the plant, feeding on 
the leaves while they are still inclosed or just 
unfolding from the stipules. The larvre, 
when full grown, measure a half inch in 
length. They are tapering towards each 
end, and thus readily curl themselves up in 
a hall form when disturbed. They are pro¬ 
vided with a pair of fleshy tubercles to each 
segment answering for feet, and they man¬ 
age to crawl about in quite a caterpillar 
fashion. Their color is green, with a clearly 
defined white dorsal line extending the whole 
length of the back, while some are of a cream 
color with a yellow dorsal line. The earliest 
matured rerort to the ground about the first 
of June; the latest do so about the end of 
July. When just under the surface they 
fashion a very “cute,” little cocoon, 'bout the 
size of a large green pea, made so that it close¬ 
ly resembles Brussels net. The rotind meshes 
are of the > iz j of the body of a small pin. At 
first the color of the cocoon is green, but 
finally it changes to a brown. In !0 days the 
beetle emerges and immediately begins feed¬ 
ing on the foliage as when in the larva 
state. In lute Summer and Fall the pests are 
found flying about a good deal. Where they 
are numerous, a piece of clover looks very 
much ns if infested by grasshoppers, where 
everything is devoured but the stalk and 
blossom. In such a field I have gathered a 
handful of the cocoons by digging over a 
square foot of ground. In pieces of clover 
■where they a re numerous at all it is found 
they destroy the plant entirely. Especially 
in the fields where the clover is cut for hay 
is it most evident and earlier fatal. They be¬ 
gin feeding on the new shoots and leaves as 
fast as they grow, devouring everything but 
the stubble from which the bay w r as cut. 
Thus in 10 or 15 days not a plant will be 
found alive. Thus it is the most signal of 
any of the insects preying on clover in speedi¬ 
ly and utterly destroying the life of the 
plant. 
The beetle is a true curculio. It has a very 
prominent beak, extending downward and its 
antenna? are distinctly elbowed. The thorax 
is narrower than the body. The color is a 
dark brown, or earth color, with an ochre 
line on center of thorax, extending faintly 
down the en<ure of the elytra. The sides of 
the body are distinctly marked also in an 
ochre shade. There are a few faint tufts of 
black, and also a number of rows of punc¬ 
tures on the elytra or wing cases. They 
measure a little over three-eighths of an inch 
long by more than an eighth in width. The 
pest is a native of Europe, but is not reported 
as doing inj urv to clover there. I find that 
London-purple mixed with plaster, sprinkled 
on clover leaves where the insects are feed¬ 
ing, kills even the beetles, and the worms 
are more certain to perish. It should be sown 
with a plaster sower in the Spring of the 
year before the foliage is very high; indeed, 
at the time plaster is generally sown on 
clover. One bushel to the acre is considered 
the right rmount for a manure to the clover, 
and less than a pound of London-puurple is 
sufficient to the bushel. However, the em¬ 
ployment of this remedy is very questionable 
on account of the danger of stock breaking 
into the lot and feeding on the poisoned 
foliage, and the inhalat'on of the deleterious 
dust by the horse and driver. 
As regards these three noxious insects, we 
find one of them nn enemy to each of the chief 
valuable points of clover. The Clover-seed 
Midge attacks the seed, and thus makes clover 
reed raising hazardous. The Clover-leaf Cur¬ 
culio feeds off the foliage, thus reducing the 
product of hay. The Clover-root Borer de 
etroys the root, and thereby giently lowers 
the worth of its greatest feature of giving 
fertility to the soil. Either of these species 
working singly would harm the general vigor 
and standard of the other parts not specially 
attacked; what, then, must be the damage 
done by the three working in conjunction! 
What other cultivated plant has been preyed 
upon by three extremely injurious insects at 
the same time—not insects which are omniv¬ 
orous in their choi e of plants; but ones which 
select, as these do, clover as their only food 
plant. 
Wayne County, N. Y. 
3trb0ricwUm*jfti. 
THE FORESTRY CONGRESS. 
(Rural Special Ilepivt) 
On Monday afternoon, August 21, at two 
o’clock, the Forestry Congress began its 
opening session at Montreal, Cans da. Over 
100 gentlemen were present, including learned 
professors and influential citizens from va¬ 
TUI RUBAI NEW-YORKSII. 
rious parts of the States and the Dominion. 
The Hon. H. G. Joly, Quebec, was chosen 
temporary chairman, and Professor F. B. 
Hough, Washington, D. C., secretarv. Ac¬ 
cording to arrangements made at the last 
meeting at Cincinnati, the Congress was sub¬ 
divided into three parts known as sections A 
B and C, over which Prof. Hough. Dr. Warder 
and Dr. Saundere presided, respectively. 
In Section A the first paper read was by 
Jos. Fay, of Massachusetts, ou “Forest Fires” 
in which he recommended that new forestal 
plantations should he made in blocks of 10, 
20 , 40 or even 100 acres, divided from each 
other by spaces of 100 feet or more. Dr. 
Chas. Mohr, of Alabama, read a long paper 
on the “Geographical Distribution of Hard¬ 
wood Trees in the Gulf Region.” He men¬ 
tioned 18 representative species as strictly 
confined to the region below the 35th degree 
of latitude, and continued with an exhaustive 
discussion of some 78 species adapted to more 
northern latitudes. 
“Tree Planting by Railroad Companies” 
was the next topic which was discussed by 
Dr. F. B. Hough. He gave some interesting 
figures on the use of railroad ties. He said: 
“If we assume that they average 2,500 to the 
mile, we have a quarter of a billion in use. 
They average eight feet in length, and about 
seven inches deep and eight wide, giving 
the contents about three cubic feet apiece, 
or, in all, 6,000,000 cords. If piled cord- 
fashion, they would form a pile four feet 
high, eight feet wide and 4,575 miles long. 
Placed end to end they would spau the earth 
15 times at the equator or in one line would 
reach miles beyond the moon. “The number 
of ties thatcan be cut from an acre of 
woodland,” laesaid, “ varies exceedingly, but 
at 500 to the acre, we shall need to cut over 
from 60,000 to 100,000 acres every year to 
meet this deraaud. At the rates assumed, 
there should be from 18 to 30 acres of wood 
land for every mile of single-track road. 
Taking 25 as a safe average, it follows that 
there should be somewhere 2,500 acres in forest 
for the maintenance of every hundred miles 
of track. This is equivalent to a belt of wood¬ 
land rods wide along the road,or about 
three times the width of the right of way. 
The other papers road in Section A were 
“The Rational Method of Tree Pruning,” by 
N. H. Eggleston, of Massachusetts; “The 
European Larch” bv David Nicol, Ontario; 
“The Coppice for Village and Farm” by M. 
C. Read, of Ohio; “Forest Trees Most Suita¬ 
ble for Streets, Lawns and Groves,” by T. B. 
ter. They grow to be very large, often GO 
feet high, and from three to four feet in diam¬ 
eter. So, Mr. Burson believes that, after 
taking into consideration the certainty of 
growing when transplanted, the rapidity 
with which it grows, the value of the timber 
when young, the usefulness of the fruit for 
the table and the leaves for silk worms, we 
have no tree of more value—the Catalpa ex¬ 
cepted—for our Western prairies, both for 
present and future generations than the Rus¬ 
sian Mulberry. 
In Section B our esteemed contributor, Dr. 
J. A. Warder, of Ohio, read an exhaustive 
paper on “Tree Planting for Railroads." 
To grow a forest of any extent, deserving the 
name, requires a large capital. Not only for 
land, material and labor, will money be re¬ 
quired, and a good deal of it, but the returns 
will necessarily be slow. The long rotation 
of most trees puts the profits of the harvest 
beyond a generation of men, hence they who 
plant can rarely expect to reap. This tree 
planting, however, is to be a permanent and 
a sure investment of capital. 
The railways are already in possession of 
millions of acres; they hold large principali¬ 
ties of lands just where forests are most needed 
to meet their own enormous demands for 
future construction and repairs, as well as to 
supply the necessities of the rapidly increasing 
populations which they invite into the country. 
Some really important work worthy of note 
has been begun and has reached a degree of 
success. It was inspired by that intelligent 
forest advocate and student, Professor C. S. 
Sargent. Director of the Arnold Arboretum, 
near Boston. This refers to planting exten¬ 
sively by contract undertaken by Messrs. 
Robt. Douglas & Son, Waukegan, Illinois, 
with the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf 
Railroad, and also with a private gentlemen 
of wealth. These contracts are of such mag¬ 
nitude as to be of great importance, since 
they consist of one entire section for the rail¬ 
road and nearly as much on private account. 
On the 500 acres planted on private account 
the trees are planted 4x4 feet apart, except 
the White Ash which are set 4x2 feet. 
Of the Catalpas — all Speciosa — 100,000 
planted in the Autumn of 1878 and the follow¬ 
ing Spring, with three Summers’ growth, 
reached eight and ten feet, with a diameter 
of trunk two-aud a-half iaches. The 217,- 
000 catalpas planted the next season, with two 
Summers’ growth, had attained the hight of 
four, five, and even six feet. Despite the 
severe drought of 1881, those planted in 1881- 
Following this, a paper by Robt. Douglas, 
of Illinois, was read on the “Three-motion 
System of Planting,” a description of which 
Dr Warder has given Rural readers in one 
of his articles on Forestry. 
“The Canadian Cultivation of Catalpa 
speciosa” was discussed by Rev. Robt. Burnet 
of Nova Scotia. He set out 100 plants in 1880 
to test their adaptability to localities above 45 
degrees. Not a plant was lost by transplant 
ing. Frost had no perceptible influence on the 
young stems. In 1882 several of the trees 
were distributed in various sections of his 
county and good reports of vigorous grow th 
have been received. 
“Tree Planting on the Plains” was discussed 
by H. M. Pennel, of Kansas, who recommended 
the planting of the Black Walnut, Box Elder 
and catalpa. The White Ash grows well, buti 
like the cottonwood, is denuded of its leaves 
by a very industrious worm. He is convinced, 
though he has seen but few of the trees growrn 
that the Honey Locust will prove a valuable 
tree for Kansas. 
The Chairman concluded the session by 
reading a paper by J. S. Fay of Massachu* 
setts, on “Experiments in Tree Planting on 
Cape Cod.” 
SECTION C. 
The first paper read was on the “Commer¬ 
cial Value of Pruning” by John 8. Hicks 
of Roslyn, N. Y., but this subject has 
already been so fully and ably discussed by 
Dr. Warder in our columns, that further 
reference to it is unnecessary here. 
In the evening a general meeting was held 
at Queen’s Hal), on which occasion Hon H. G. 
Joly and Professor Hough delivered addresses. 
At the re-assembling of the Congress on the 
23d, it was moved that the organization of 
local associations be encouraged so that all 
parts of the North American Continent be 
represented at the Congress. The following 
officers were elected for the ensuing year: 
President—The Hon. Geo. B. Loriug; First 
Vice-President—The Hon. H. G. Joly; Second 
Vice-President—Dr. J. A. Warder; Secretary 
—W. 8. Little, of Montreal; Treasurer—Joseph 
S. Fay, of Massachusetts. The fixing of time 
and place for the next meeting was left with 
the Executive Committee, but Minneapolis, 
Minn, will probably be the place. d. h. 
BROADCAST MANURE DISTRIBUTOR. 
An English concern has brought out a new 
patent broadcast chain manure spreader which 
is illustrated by our esteemed London con¬ 
temporary the Agricultural Gazette from 
which our engravings are reproduced. 
The machine Fig. 289 was shown and tried 
in the Reading yard, covers a breadth of 12 
feet, and has a train of gears for different 
speeds. The real novelty is the chain delivery 
which, at the trials of the Highland and Ag¬ 
ricultural Society last year at Stirling, was 
proved, after a severe competitive test, a 
complete success and was awarded the high¬ 
est prize. The chains are of the open buekle 
pattern, of peculiar carrying construction 
for holding and conveying the manure, with 
corresponding drive wheels the teeth of the 
declivity wheel pushing out the manure, so 
that the distributing chains enter the manure 
box, each fink thoroughly cleansed for its 
fresh supply of manure. It can be adjusted 
for sowing any quantity per acre of the differ¬ 
ent kinds of artificial manure, either alone 
or mixed with ashes. It has high wheels, and 
is an easy draught for one horse over ordin¬ 
ary plowed laud or Winter or Spring grain; 
and the close proximity of the delivery 
chaii s to the ground prevents the manure be- 
iug blown about. From the way the teeth 
of the drive wheels clean the chains there is 
no tendency to clog, even when the manure 
is damp or sticky, so that compost for grass 
lands can be broken sufficiently fine and 
screened, and either distributed alone or 
mixed with artificial manure. At Fig. 290 the 
implement is represented as arranged for 
carriage. 
- 4 ~*~»- 
THE BUCKEYE FORCE PUMP. 
Herewith we present a couple of illustra¬ 
tions of the Buckeye Force Pump, made by 
Messrs. Mast, Foos &, Co., Springfield, Ohio. 
For ordinary use one of the best features 
about tbis pump is the simplicity of its con 
struction, which reduces to a minimum the 
risks of its getting out of order. One of the 
chief bothers in an ordinary force pump is the 
stulfing box, the packing of which must be 
frequently readjusted to keep the puuip effi¬ 
cient. Here this trouble is avoided. The 
valves are simple aud substantial, and not 
liable to clog with sand or dirt. As only one- 
half of the water in the cylinder is discharged 
with each motion of the handle, the friction 
Broadcast Manure Distributor.—Fig. 290. 
Ilurlbert, Ottawa, and the “Preservation of 
Forests from Wanton Destruction,” by John 
Dougafi, of the N. Y. Witness. 
Mr. D, C. Burson, of Kansas, spoke in 
favor of the Russian Mulberry, which is 
rapidly becoming popular on the Western 
prairies. It is a rapid grower and stands 
transplanting almost equal to the cottonwood, 
but its great superiority over the cottonwood 
is that its timber is valuable, the tree orna¬ 
mental, and the fruit useful. The timber is 
used in the (Manufacturing of eabinet-ware, 
and for durability as a fence post it is not 
surpassed even by the Catalpa, or Red Cedar. 
It commences bearing at two years old, and 
is very productive. The fruit, which is about 
the size of blackberries, has a sub-acid, sweet 
taste, and is used for dessert; it also makes a 
pleasant light wine, and the leaves are largely 
used for silk-worm food. As to the rapidity 
of its growth, trees, the seed of which were 
planted seven years a;o, are now 25 feet in 
hight, and from six to eight inches in diarne- 
155 ,000 catalpas—in one Summer, made a 
growth of 18 to 30 inches, with the terrible 
drought that ruiued the grain crop. 
In the Fall of last year 288,000 were planted; 
from these the tops were cut off above the 
collar as they were put into the ground. The 
ailanthus after growing two years has reached 
six and eight feet with a diameter of two 
inches. 
On the other tract the following amounts 
and acres were set out: catalpas 75 acres; 
ailanthus 40 acres; White Ash GO acres, set 
two by four feet, which required 326,400 
plants, making a total of 530,400 trees planted. 
The catalpa plantation of 4x4 feet Mas been 
easily cultivated aud has required no pruning. 
The trees that have three years’ growth re¬ 
quired little care the third Summer, aud 
pruning can be entirely dispensed with. The 
tops shade the ground and prevent the growth 
of weedo; they n-o very uniform in size, so 
that they will stand 2,500 to the acre of con¬ 
tract size four to six feet. 
Manure Distributor (on the road).—Fig. 289. 
