under water for a brief time. Give a dose of 
jalap or castor oil. 
Rheumatism .—This is caused by exposure 
to cold and wet. Place the fowls in a warm 
place; fee d cooked meal and potatoes, 
twice a day. I 
White Oomb.—F mall white spots / 
sometimes appear on the comb. Give 
stimulating food, with green vege- I 
tables ; also ten grains of flowers of \\ 
sulphur, one grain calomel, every V 
other night; anoint the comb with ft 
fresh lard. This is Tegetiueier's reme- n 
dy. After all that can be said about ft 
remedies, let every poultry man re- n 
member the old adage. “ An ounce of ft 
prevention is worth a pound of cure." V 
J. w. D. (? 
As for ourselves we have had no ex¬ 
perience with this affection of raspberry 
canes at the Rural Grounds, hence we 
have no feasible method to recommend for 
staying the progress of the disease other than 
the cutting aud burning of the affected canes. 
The subject is worthy the close study of fung- 
ologists and to them we must look for some 
suggestions as to preventing the spread of the 
disease; how the fungus lives from year to 
year, if it does; how it propagates itself etc., 
etc. Such information the horticulturist will 
be glad to receive. 
nursery upon trees that have not been trans¬ 
planted, or why does he not destroy trees 
that have become well established after trans¬ 
planting? 
The facts are, that the roots of the trees are 
so mutilated in transplanting that they can 
not furnish sap to make a new growth of 
wood and baik on the long, naked stem of the 
tree, standing in the hot Summer sun, and po 
there are patches on the southwest side which 
become dried up, and the bark dies; then the 
dead, fermenting sap attracts the beetle, and 
she deposits her eggs in this congenial locality. 
It is never worth while to dig the borers out, 
because they will all be hatched out and gone 
before Winter. It would be much better to 
shade the South side of the tree to prevent its 
drying up, and paint over all the dead 
patches to preserve the wood from decay. 
The Round-headed Borer is the great pest of 
orchards in many localities and destroys trees 
and a smaller species (Cyclocephala immacu- 
lata. Burm ) It is very easy for the uninitiated 
to conclude that the Injuries are due to Llgy— 
rus. In regard to the Flat-headed Apple-tree 
Borer (Chrysobotbris femorata,) G. W. is quite 
correct in his facts, but not entirely so in his 
conclusions. Apple trees in young orchards 
are quite subject to sun scald, and Chrysobo¬ 
tbris femorata shows a great preference for 
these injured parts, or for parts bruised or in¬ 
jured from any other cause. But she can if 
necessary make the injuries with her own 
jaws. This is about, the truth of the matter, 
which with the further fact that the egg or 
young larva is frequently drowned out in 
vigorous trees, will explain the difference of 
opinion existing on this subject. 
THE RAGINE WAREHOUSE MILL, 
IHiscfllarttous 
As the grading of grain is brought down 
finer and the farmer is com¬ 
pelled to put his wheat, oats, 
etc., into market in best con- _ 
dition to secure ihe best g gp 
prices, it i9 well to call at¬ 
tention to the improvements | IJ 
lately made in fanning mills. 
Our illustration (Fig. 305) || 
represents the Racine Ware- ||m 
house Mill, made by John- || 
son & Field, Racine, Wis. 
These mills have great clean- | 
ing capacity. They are 
made for strength and du¬ 
rability, the irons being ex¬ 
tra-heavy and all the wear- 
ing parts of chilled iron, I 
making them light-running 
machines either for hand tr 
power. • 
The hurdles have side 
spouts attached to them, 
enabling the ooerator to 
clean the tailingsin tbesame 
operation that effects the 
separation of the wheat. 
This saves considerable time 
and labor. The mill cleans and grades all 
kinds of small grains. The firm also make 
double warehouse mills and small farm mills. 
This ailment can be cured easily in i 
the following way: Take a very small, (j 
Rtiff wire; double it together, have a 4 
loop at the end three quarters of an 1| 
inch long and from oue-eighth to three- A 
sixteenths of an inch across the open- Ij 
ing; twist the wire together above the \i 
loop to stiffen it. The whole should be ft 
or five inches long; the lower end V\ 
of the loop should be pinched to gether ft 
tight at the point; catch the chick; dip V' 
the loop in kerosene oil; Insert it in ft 
the wind pipe; p»ss it down gently 1! 
until it reaches the small opening into W 
the lungs, then turn the wire slowly on W 
drawiug it out, and the worms will get k( 
fastened in the lower end of the loop ^ 
and be brought out. Dipping the lot p Ffg ' £0? ‘ 
in this oil serves two purposes—or.e, to make 
the worms loosen their hold; and, the other, 
it will cause the chicks to throw out the 
bloody muscus from the throat. The contri¬ 
vance is illustrated at Fig. 303. w. N. 
AN ARTIFICIAL NURSE, 
Dr. L. F. Lock® of Nashua, N. H., deserves 
credit for the introduction of an artificial 
foster mother that may sometimes be found 
very useful to the owners of a litter of young 
pigs. There is no other domestic animal so 
prolific as the sow or whose numerous pro- 
gency is so valuable, or at the same time is 
subject to so many accidents and misadven¬ 
tures. Prominent among these are the cannibal 
propensities of the sow; difficult parturition; 
absence of milk and the various disorders 
which affect animals at or after the birth of 
their young. Each one of these mishaps in¬ 
volves th*- loss of the litter unless some resource 
is at hand to avoid or prevent it. An effec¬ 
tive means of saving the youDg pigs is this 
device of Dr, Locke which is illustrated on 
this page. It is a very simple affair: a tin 
pail having several small spouts near the bot¬ 
tom and upon e-cb spout on India rubber 
nipple. All that is required to use this, is to 
put the young animal’s mouth to the nipple 
and let it suck, when after once drawing its 
food from it, it is sufficiently educated to 
need no more lessons. The same device will 
be invaluable to the farmer who makes a 
business of rearing early lambs, for there is 
frequently some unfortunate young creature 
which is deprived of its maternal support at 
the most critical portion of its early life, and 
again, as the writer, in his experience of this 
busiuess, has often found the help afforded by 
a small quantity of new cow’s milk will hasten 
the growth of a young lamb in a remarkable 
way. One precaution in its use may be required 
which is,not to overfeed these young creatures. 
A very small quantity of milk, warm from 
the cow or warmed even a little more, is suffi¬ 
cient, and it is better to give as small a quan¬ 
tity as one ounce at a time, eight timesa day, 
than four ounces at a time, twice. A little 
and often is the rule and a young child would 
be delighted to take charge of tbe feeding and 
would be quite capable of doing it if the pail 
is replenished by a competent older person. 
i)or.tieii Ultra l 
Artificial JSukse.— Fig. 304. 
in tbe nurseries as well as In tbe orchard. The 
eggs are deposited in the soft, green bark and 
for three years the larvae are busy in their 
silent work of destruction. Not one tree in a 
hundred can be raised to bearing size and age 
in thi* locality, unless tbe borers are cleaned 
out every year. It is not an uucommon thing 
to find a tree from two to four Inches through, 
completely girdled just under ground, so that 
a slight wind blows it over. I dissolved pot¬ 
ash in water and with a large watering pot I 
poured it around the roots and upon the body 
of about 200 trees, young and old, in May. 
The solution was so strong that it killed all the 
grass and leaves it touched, but d id not hurt 
Ihe trees, and it makes them look green and 
healthy. After contemplating the works of 
the Round-headed Borer with a knife and 
crooked wire, I think I can see innocence 
perched upon the brow of the flat-headed grub 
and i feel like defending him from all the at¬ 
tacks of “bugologists.” G. w. 
REMARKS BY PROP. C. V. RILEY. 
On this article I would make the following 
FUNGUS ON RASPBERRY CANES, 
Some time since a subscriber, Mr. H. S. 
Kneeland, of Haring, Mich., sent us a section 
of raspberry cane—variety Davison’s Thorn¬ 
less-bearing a species of fungus growth, a 
correct representation of which we give at 
Fig. 30S. Of this fungus there is as yet compara¬ 
tively little known. In the Rural of Oct., 
15. 1881, page 703, will be found a short article 
on this subject giving as full information as 
could be obtained at the time. Mr. Ellis there 
pronounces the fungus to be “ closely allied 
to the production known as Ascoohyta Ruti 
I S ’* * * It belongs to that class 
of productions known as im¬ 
perfect fungi, being probably 
the first stage of development 
in the growth of some ascotny- 
cetous fungus.” In this con¬ 
nection we may quote from a 
letter of Mr. Grove Wright, of 
Rock Falls, III, Concerning the 
fungus he says: 
“It first appears on the young 
canes in the form of small, 
rusty patches which grow 
larger during tbe Summer, but 
cea-e their growth with the 
maturity of the plai t, I men¬ 
tion this fact to correct the mis¬ 
take of some who attribute this 
disease and its results to the ef¬ 
fect of a cold Winter. A little 
observation will convince any 
one that the canes which ere 
free from these rusty patches 
this Summer will be free from 
the “ blight" ne? t season. The 
bark dies under thece patches 
of rust nud in the Winter the 
wood dries and sometimes 
cracks open so that a eareles- 
observer would, very likely, 
conclude that the col>1 weather 
really did the mischief. Next 
Bummer most of these diseased 
caues will bloom and give the 
promise of an abundant crop, 
but the fruit will dry up from 
want of sufficient nourishment 
and the crops wil 1 be u failure." 
Mr. E. Williams, of Mont¬ 
clair, N. J. says, “ If we knew 
that this fungus always main¬ 
tained the characteristic ap- 
Fig. 303. 
pearance so we could always 
GRUBS AND BORERS, 
It would seem that the harmlessness of the 
manure grub was shown in the Rural of 
July 20, so as to put the matter beyond 
doubt with nil who read it; but there are 
hundreds of the Rural readers who would be 
afraid to use manure infested with grubs on 
ground for strawberries, for fear the grub 
would change his diet from decayed veget¬ 
able matter to green roots. I have tried to 
show one of my neighbors that tbe straw berry 
grub is a three-year grub and scarcely related 
to the manure grub, which takes wings in less 
than six months, but he thinks the manure 
There is no other imp^ment more needed 
on tbe farm to-day than a potato-digger that 
is constructed to do thorough work; none that 
will save more labor and time 
mmi 
Cultivation.— Dr. Sturtevant's Bulletin, 
No. 5, is before us: “ThatcuItivation,”itsays, 
“by forming a loose soil upon the surface 
which acts a* a mulch, conserves the water to 
the soil is a fact which is well established, and 
should be more commonly appreciated. For 
the purpose of offering numerical values 
which shall exuress the influence of cultiva¬ 
tion, we have tried the following experiment: 
Oak boxes of one cubic foot capacity were 
madeof half '-b c, uff and »borouyhly soaked 
with oil. The G it >ms being removed, the 
frame was forced down into the earth iu the 
corn-field and (lie bottoms afterwards put iu 
position. We thus had a foot cube of soil in 
its natural position. The surface of the earth 
in one box was left undisturbed, while the 
surfaces of two boxps were kept cultivated. 
wm 
Ijgiiii 
pi 
recognize it and confine its ravages to 
The Racine Warehouse Mill.—Fig. 3u5. 
By weighing these boxes the gain or loss in 
one species of plants, it would be a point 
gained; but from my observation l am quite j 
firmly convinced that raspberries of the 
Antwerp class contiguous to the diseused 
Black-caps will become affected and as se¬ 
riously injured by the spreading of this fun¬ 
gus, but it shows or develops iu such a differ¬ 
ent form or appearance as not to appear like 
the same disease, but this subject is so subtle 
and intricate and has been so little studied 
e.en by specialists that we know positively 
but little about it. ” 
grub would be longer-lived if he had more 
healthful food. So it is in regard to the flat¬ 
headed appb tree borer, because he is found 
under the bark of trees which were healthy in 
the Spring, he gets the reputatiou of destroy¬ 
ing the trees. Even those who claim to be en¬ 
tomologists often speak of it as very destruc¬ 
tive to apple and maple trees the first Sum¬ 
mer after planting. Now, if this flat headed 
borer will eat the bark or sap wood of green, 
healthy trees, why is he never found in the 
comments: There is no question but that the 
grub most commonly found in manure heaps 
is, as a rule, harmless to growing vegetation. 
It is the larva of Ligyrus relictus (Say) and 
is believed to go through its transformations 
to tbe beetle form iu one year. Several other 
somewhat similar grubs, however, are quite 
injurious to strawberry roots, and undoubted¬ 
ly prevail most where such beds are enriched 
by manure. Among such are the common 
white grub (larvae of Lachuosterna fusts) 
weight is assumed to measure the evaporation 
which has taken place from each. From July 
2fith to Aug. 1st, six days, the cultivated soil 
evaporated at the rate of 606 gallons per acre 
less than the undisturbed soil, or less 151 gal¬ 
lons daily per acre. From August 1st to 
August 10th, nine days, the cultivated soil 
evaporated 2,8(17 gallons per acre less than did 
the undisturbed soil, or less 2«3 gallons daily 
per acre. During the whole period from 
July 26th to August 10th, fifteen days, the 
saving of water effected through cultivation 
