OCT 7 
that wintering is only precarious as men are 
ignorant or careless ? With the requisite 
knowledge, and an equal amount of care, it is 
more than probable that universal success 
might come with every Winter. 
• PREPARATION. 
As Mr. Poppleton says, to insure safe win¬ 
tering preparation should commence early in 
the season. The colonies should be kept 
strong, and should be kept breeding, by stim¬ 
ulative feeding if that is necessary, till well 
into September, that there may be the proper 
number of young bees. Some bee-keepers 
ridicule this idea, but such men as Jones hold 
it to be very essential. 
As soon as frost comes, at least as early as 
October 1st, when the work of the year is 
over, the bees of each hive should be given at 
least 30 pounds of good capped honey in frames 
that are at least two-thirds or three-fourths 
full. If from too close extracting, or a poor 
honey yield, the requisite amount is not in 
the hive, then the bees should be fed at once 
that they may have time to get all capped 
before the cold weather prevents work. Don’t 
guess at the amount of honey, but weigh, that 
there may be no mistake. For feed, we may 
use good extracted honey, or, better still, 
granulated sugar made into a rich sirup by 
dissolving in water and heating till it boils. 
If we use hives with tight-bottom boards we 
can follow Mr, D. A. Jones's method, and turn 
the honey right into the back of the hive after 
we have raised the front. It we have separ¬ 
ate bottom boards we may use any of the 
convenient feeders. In feeding we must be 
careful to feed late in the day, and not to spill 
any feed about the apiary, or we may have 
trouble with robbing. Should any bees get to 
robbing, which will he denoted by fighting 
and a great commotion in front at the en¬ 
trance of the colony being robbed, we should 
either cover the entrance of this hive with 
wire gauze, or else nearly close it with blocks. 
In two or three days the entrance may be 
again opened. 
After we have given the bees sufficient food, 
we should, by the use of the division board, 
confine tbe bees on the frames which contain 
their stores, and exclude all others, so that 
the bees will have only to warm the part 
of the hive actually used. Above this cham¬ 
ber we should place fine, dry chalT or sawdust, 
which, for convenience and neatness, had bet¬ 
ter he confined iu a sack. If we are to winter 
out-of-doors, either in chuff hives or with 
chaff or sawdust packed about our hives, we 
should put similar chaff or sawdust cushions 
at the sides of the Winter combs, just outside 
the division boards, which latter had better 
not reach quite to the bottom of the hive. 
In all the combs to be used in Winter there 
should bo cut a small central hole, so that the 
bees can easily pass through from one comb 
to another. These may be cut when we weigh 
the combs. 
TO SECURE AGAINST COLD. 
Many, with Mr. Poppleton, prefer chaff 
hives. These are double-walled at the ends of 
the frame, with a six-inch space filled with 
fine chaff. Thus we see that with the cush¬ 
ions alieady mentioned the bees are surround¬ 
ed on all sides with a protection from the 
cold. By the use of chaff hives their friends 
claim that they can winter successfully,and 
that they are protected against “Spring 
dwindling.” Others object to the cost of 
these hives and to their weight, which makes 
them hard to handle, and many think them 
unsafe in very cold Winters, perhaps because 
they were not fairly tried. 
Owing to these objections, others, who wish 
to winter on the summer stands, place a box 
outside of the hives, leaving a space of ten or 
twelve inches, which they fill with chaff or 
sawdust. It is arranged so that the bees can 
lly if the weather is so warm as to incite ac¬ 
tivity, with this protection Expense and ill 
success have robbed this method of mauy of 
its friends? 
CELLAR WINTERING. 
Probably no method has so many friends in 
the Northern States, where wintering is a 
vexed question, as that of cellar wintering. 
This is high praise for the cellar, as there are 
to many poor cellars that we should expect 
too many failures to keep this style of winter¬ 
ing in good repute. If we may judge from 
experience, a properly constructed cellar, with 
the proper preparation already referred to, 
will never fail. 
The cellar should be entirely beneath the 
earth, and be so ventilated that the air should 
always be sweet, and the temperature always 
uniform at about -15 deg. F. While it should 
never be more than two degrees warmer than 
this, it will do no harm if it is five degrees 
colder at times. The best way to secure this 
is by sub-oarth ventilation. A four-inch pipe 
should extend from the bottom of the cellar to 
connect with a stove-pipe iu the room above. 
From near the bottom of tbe cellar there 
should be another pipe (six-inch tile is the 
best) extending for $0 feet through the earth, 
running below the frost line and then reach¬ 
ing the surface of the earth, where it should 
be protected by wire gauze, so that vermin 
could not enter the pipe. We see that as a fire 
is built in the stove the air is dra wn from the 
cellar and is supplied by the sub-earth pipe. 
This cools the air when the weather is warm 
and warms it when it is cold. I have known 
such a cellar to be in successful use for nearly 
half a score of years; and several others for a 
less time. Some secure ventilation by the 
usual means and keep the right temperature 
by a refrigerator, a cistern in the cellar, or a 
stream of water passing through it. The sub¬ 
earth plan is the most scientific, and works 
best. The cellar should be dry and quiet. 
The bees should be removed to the cellar 
before Winter sets in. The hives should be dry, 
if possible, when put in, and the bees should 
be set in so quietly that they would not be dis¬ 
turbed. Once in, we remove the covers, leav¬ 
ing the cushions on and opening the entrances. 
Thus arranged, we may leave the bees till the 
pollen of April bids us to prepare for the work 
of a new year. 
The only valid objections to cellar winter¬ 
ing is the labor of moving the bees and the 
danger of Spring dwindlings. The expense of 
moving is less than that of either of tbe other 
methods, and, If we properly eonflne the bees 
by use of the division board as they commence 
to work in Spring, we may have no fear of 
dwindling, especially it we have such a cellar 
as suggested above. 
I send you a few gooseberries raised by 
Mr. B. G. Smith, of Massachusetts. They are 
Whites • ith and Wellington’s Glory, both 
“white,” and almost indistinguishable, to¬ 
gether with Yellow Amber and Glenton 
Green. Tbe Whitesmith,Fig.335,is a very large, 
roundish-oblong, downy berry of good qual¬ 
ity. Wellington's Glory,Fig.336, is also a super¬ 
ior berry, large, roundish-oval aud downy. 
Yellow Amber, Fig. 333, is round, small to me¬ 
dium in size, and when well-ripened and 
freshly picked an excellently flavored berry; 
and the Glenton Green, Fig. 334, is roundish, 
hairy, of medium size and of fine flavor. 
In reference to his gooseberries Mr. Smith 
as the currant worm in a day or two will not 
unfrequently clear off all the leaves, I antici¬ 
pate his appearance aud sprinkle on the bushes 
some fresh pulverized hellebore.” 
William Falconer. 
Why Squash Vines do not hear. 
J. T. J.,asks (page 030) why his Gem Squash 
vine has no fruit set and the vine is 10 feet 
long. I can tell him. Two years ago my 
farm was in the hands of a tenant for a few 
months. He thought he woulJ raise a lot of 
Hubbard squashes and retire from business 
with the proceeds. So he emptied the manure 
cellar upon two acres and planted squash, and 
certainly tended them well aud had Bnormous 
vines. He “pointed with pride ” to more than 
one vine which ran 30 feet and over, a long, 
snake-like cord which seemed to want to go 
into the next field for an airing. But I 
observed none but male blossoms upon these 
vines, and very few fruit set upon any except 
those which had lateral shoots. And he re 
tired from business in the end only with dis¬ 
gust. Now I have grown squash and melons 
for years; and live among professional melon 
and squash growers who have learned to pinch 
in these rampant shoots, because these plants 
are really climbers and the main shoot is natur¬ 
ally only the supporter of the fruit-bearing 
branches which are the laterals. 
This, of course, would be known to any 
person who considers knowingly the nature 
)f the gourd-bearing plants. The same year 
I was growing squash in my garden, and, a 3 
my practice is, I pinched the main vine wben 
it met the vine from the next hill, or at about 
four feet from its root. Immediately side 
shoots appeared and these bore female flowers 
abundantly. When a fruit is set on a lateral 
shoot—or two if the vine is stroug—the end is 
pinched to strengthen the fruits, and so we 
get squashes and melons in abundnnee this 
way, while the other way one would get only 
long, trailing rope-like, barren vines with but 
a few fruits. Iu selecting fruit for seed only 
these taken from the laterals should be saved. 
Now J. T. J. will know why his Gem Squash 
has set no fruit. s. 
QvboriculiuvaL 
FORESTRY.-No. 10. 
DR. JOHN A, WARDER. 
the combined small contributions of the many, 
in sums that they can spare by using economy, 
are able when thus aggregated, to carry on 
works that would usually be possible only for 
the rich landed proprietors. 
Tbe railways are already incorporated, and, 
thanks to the lavish aid of our Government, 
many of them are in possession of millions of 
acres; they hold large principalities of lands, 
where forests are most needed to supply their 
own enormous and constant demands for 
future construction and repairs as well as to 
supply the necessities of the rapidly increasing 
populations which they invite into the country. 
And this, too, is just where, for the sake of 
their influence upon climate, the forests are 
most needed, for it is firmly believed that the 
disastrous storms, hurricanes aud cyclones, that 
seem to be bred upon the open, arid plains or 
upon the mountains beyond them, will at least 
be greatly modified, if not entirely prevented 
on the plains whenever a sufficient amount of 
the territory in question shall have been 
covered with trees. 
The railroad corporations are wealthy and 
abundantly able to carry on such works. 
Years ago some attempts were made by the 
Pacific roads to plant along their lines. These, 
however, were rather experimental, and in¬ 
tended to prove the possibilities of tree-grow¬ 
ing on the plains. From a lack of practical 
knowledge on the subject by those in charge, 
and from want of perseverance and support 
by the managers of the roads, these spasmodic 
efforts were abandoned during the financial 
panics. At piesent, the Northern Pacific, 
under the persevering efforts of Mr. Leonard 
B. Hodges, and the Union Paci3c, with the 
enthusiasm of J. T. Allan, sustained by Laud 
Commissioner Burnham, have again under¬ 
taken the good work, aud within the past 
two years they have been planting groves 
about the stations along their lines, even where 
irrigation was necessary to sustain the trees. 
Experiments are also being made with more 
extensive plantations of trees which are in¬ 
tended for utility rather than for mere orna¬ 
ment and comfort. 
On another great road some really import¬ 
ant work has been undertaken and has already 
reached a degree of success that is worthy of 
note. This wa3 inspired by that earnest and 
intelligent forest advocate and student, Pro¬ 
fessor Chas, S. Sargent, Director of the Ar¬ 
nold Arboretum, near Boston, This refers to 
planting extensively by contracts undertaken 
by Messrs. Robert Douglas & Son, of Wauke¬ 
gan, Illinois, with the Missouri River, Fort 
Scott and Gulf Road. This firm have also 
a contract to plant nearly a section (500 
acres) for a gentleman of means who is so 
pleased w ith the results already attained that 
he is looking for another tract to be planted, 
being satisfied that it will be a profitable in¬ 
vestment. 
These contracts are of such magnitude as to 
be of great importance, and are therefore laid 
before the public in these columns in the hope 
that they may prove a guide and a stimulus 
to other corporations and other enterprising 
nurserymen and planters to enter into similar 
engagements. 
The data here presented have been derived 
chiefly from private correspondence wiih the 
gentlemen engaged in the work, and in part 
from an account in the Boston Herald, which 
bears evidence of being semi-official, and 
therefore the account is considered perfectly 
reliable. 
The forest plantation occupying a section 
of land is owued by the M. B., Ft. Scott and 
Gulf Ry., and is located at Farlington, Kan¬ 
sas, in north latitude 37.30. The 300 acres 
planted on private account are four miles fur- 
tler south; both are deep, dry prairie land. 
The trees are set four by four feet apart, ex¬ 
cept the White Ash, which are four by two 
feet. This locality was considered rather too 
far south and west for most of our East¬ 
ern trees, though many species have been 
planted on trial, but as it seemed especially 
adapted to the growth of the catalpa and 
ailanthUB these have been most largely used. 
Of the catalpas—all Speeiosa, of course— 
100,000 planted iu the Autumn of 1S7S, and 
the following Spring, with three Summer’s 
growth, had reached eight aud ten feet, with 
a diameter of two to two-and a-half inches. 
The 317,000 Catalpas planted the next season, 
with two Summer's growth, had attained the 
bight of four, five and even six feet, despite 
the severe drouth of 18SL Those planted iu 
1S8L—155,000 catalpas—in one Summer made 
a growth of 18 to SO inches, with the terrible 
drouth of that year which ruined the grain 
crops of the region. In the Fall of last year 
388 000 were planted, from which the tops 
had been cut off above the collar as they were 
put into the ground. 
Theuilanthus, after growing two years, had 
reached six and eight feet, with diameters of 
two inches. Here is a total of 800.600 catal¬ 
pas. 
On the other tract, the following areas and 
species were planted: 
Yellow Amber.—Fig. SS3. Glenton Greks.—Fig. 331. 
says in a note to me: “It is commonly be¬ 
lieved that English gooseberries cannot be 
successfully cultivated in Massachusetts, but 
my experience has proven otherwise. My 
bushes are planted on the north side of a 
hedge fence, in partial shade, where sunshine 
reaches them for two or three hours in the 
forenoon and afternoon. The soil is a strong, 
rich loam, some 34 to 30 inches deep; sub¬ 
soiled and uuderdrained. I fertilize abun¬ 
dantly with cow manure, as the gooseberry is 
a gross feeder. I prune severely (I practice 
the “spur" system) any time from November 
till February, and thin out one-half to three- 
fourths of the berries when they are about 
one-third grown. When convenient, I mulch 
around the bushes witu salt hay (sedge hay 
cut from the salt marshes, but this is not in- 
Wuitesmith— Flo. .'135. Wellington's Glory.— Fta :s«i. 
dispensable. For the past two or three 
years I have not mulched at all, and my suc¬ 
cess has been as good as wheu I practiced it. 
During nine years’ culture, iu two or three 
instances only have I discovered mildew, and 
then but very little—not enough to injure the 
berries. At the exhibitions of the Massachu¬ 
setts Horticultural Society I have been 
awarded the first prize for English gooseber¬ 
ries annually from 1877 to 1883 inclusive, 
with the exception of 1876, when I did not 
exhibit. 
Vigorous foliage is of much importance, and 
Tree-planting for Rail-roads. 
Joint stock, Forestry Companies. How it is 
done. Contracts. Details. Species used. 
Some excellent suggestions were advanced 
by the New York Post or by the Nation 
newspaper (they are both combined now. 
Eds.) intended to show how large operations 
in forestry might be carried forward by the 
combination of capital united and applied to 
this object by joint stock companies. The 
contributions of many persons, even those of 
limited means, could thus be brought to bear 
upon the subject effectually and the company 
could be enabled to carry forward operations 
of a magnitude that would be altogether 
beyond the ability' of most individuals to con¬ 
duct separately and thus a number of persons 
could unite in a work, the undertaking of 
which would be impossible for most of them 
separately. 
To grow a forest of any extent deserving 
the name requires a large capital; the land 
must be purchased aud put in order, whether 
we pursue the plan of conservation of natural 
woods, or by planting and sowing anew. Not 
only for lands, material and labor will money 
be required, and a good deal of it, but the 
returns from the investment will necessarily' 
be slow. The long rotation of most trees puts 
the profits of the harvest beyond a generation 
of men, hence they who plant can rarely ex¬ 
pect to reap. 
This tree planting, however, is to be a per¬ 
manent and a sure investment of capital, and 
being for awhile without annual returns it 
has little attraction for the poor man who 
aeedB to keep his capital in active circulation. 
Like insurance, it is a continuous drain until 
the trees are established, but when they reach 
maturity the returns are eminently satisfac¬ 
tory. How many persous are constantly 
burying their surplus means in the hidden 
recesses of the earth by taking Btock in com¬ 
panies to explore and develop the mines that 
may never striKe a lode—after many years of 
painful waiting—before the glittering ore 
appeal’s in the coveted divideuds. They are 
led on by the hope of the eventual returns. 
It is true that the forest is also a long in¬ 
vestment, but being liable to few casualties it 
is a certain and safe depository for our meaus 
where bounteous nature is ever adding to the 
capital. The trees ore growing while we are 
sleepiug, aud a well-mauaged forest is ever 
increasing in value; in it the rich lode may be 
worked continuously, the veins are never ex¬ 
hausted nor cut off like those of the mine, by 
horse-back nor fault. Hence the desirableness 
of such an investment, and in the corporation 
