HIAV 13 
box. Your own eyes saw the man put it in 
So you pay the dollar and take the box. 
Now, before 3 r ou open your box and lake 
out your twenty dollar bill (as you never will!) 
stop and analyze your motives. What are you 
trying to do? To get $20 for $1. To beat the 
man out of $10 and the soap. Isn’t that “ the 
truth about it?” Ani the only difference be¬ 
tween .you and him is that he is nineteen times 
as “smart ” as you, and has beaten you out of 
one dollar! You are just as dishonest, but not 
so sharp as he. Now open your soap box and 
you will find that it was “ not that box but 
another box.” 
On the whole, I am always glad when a 
green boy or man gets taken in and done for 
in this way. It opens his eyes. He sees where 
he missed it, and if he is at all sharp he’ll not 
get caught that way again. There was an old 
gentleman I knew who had two short fingers, 
and this was how it happened: When a boy 
he was “ logging ” in the Ohio backwoods with 
a yoke of three-year-old steers. The chain 
broke, so he slipped one big link through the 
other and said to himself, “Blame the black 
smith shop anyhow! All I want to mend the 
thing is a good wooden ‘toggle,’ just about 
as big as them two lingers; ” and, mechanics lly 
suiting the action to the word,he slipped “ them 
two fingers” through the link, to see if that 
was “about the size of it.” In telling about 
that transaction the old gentlemen always 
concluded with the remark, “And, by jingo, 
I seen where I’d missed it the very first jump 
them steers took! 
One thing is certain, he never used “them 
two fingers” to measure for a chaiu t gg'e 
again—not if the steers were hitched on! And 
if the victims of confidence games would be as 
sharp, the confidence business would soon 
cease. 
I have tried to make the dishonesty of being 
swindled specially prominent—that the victim 
is usually swindled by trying to cheat, some one 
else. But if you don’t care for the dishonesty, 
suppose we add the fact that it isn’t at all 
“smart ” to bet on the other man's game. He 
flips those cards or handles those little soap 
boxes as abusiness year after year, and knows 
what he is up to. 8uppose now he should 
come into your milking yard or stable and 
offer to bet ten dollars you couldn’t tell, and 
he could, which one of your cows gives the 
most milk in a year. You milk those cows 
year after year and know all about them. Of 
course, he gets beaten w hen he bets on you r 
cows, and,of course, you will get heaten when¬ 
ever you bet on his cards or his soap. And 
you ought to; for it is both foolish and dis¬ 
honest to have anything to do with such busi¬ 
ness. 
And yet it is simply astonishing how many 
people are swindled by trying to swindle some 
one else. A whole community of farmers 
near Columbus lately bought “smuggled 
broadcloths” of a couple of smooth gentlemen 
at $2 per yard below value (?) After the men 
were well out of the way the farmers found 
the goods were shoddy or half cotton, and 
they had paid far more than they were worth. 
Served them right! They were trying to de¬ 
fraud the Government, of its revenues; and 
instead, they found the men had lied and they 
were sold. This “ smuggled goods ” trick is a 
very old and very thin one. 
Several rich farmers in Highland County, 
were recently “sold” by trying to “sell” 
each other, as follows: Three well dressed 
“ business gentlemen,” in a carriage, called on 
farmer A, as the “ most influential farmer iu 
the county.” They proposed to start a limited 
other, and all got beaten. They were “sadder 
but wiser men.” 
And there are hundreds of these confidence 
games in which the dupes are themselves try¬ 
ing to cheat, and would not have been caught 
if they had not been themselves dishonest in 
intention. 
Of the other class of confidence games that 
appeal only to our avarice, I must speak in 
another number. 
land, with elms and Black Ash, Red Maples, 
and other trees of water-loving character. 
Here we may expect also in the higher lati¬ 
tudes to find the native spruces and balsams, 
while at greater elevations and even on rocky 
points, with the least moisture and soil, the 
Junipers thrive, and on the thin, sandy lands 
large areas will be covered with the Gray 
Pine on the Eastern mountains and with the 
P. contorta on the Western rangeB—while near 
them on the sandy flats the White Pine 
has formed our valuable forests, with the 
Red Pine grouped together on its favorite 
localities, to the eastward, and the Pinuspon- 
derosa on the foot hills and lower spurs of 
the rocky range, and far above the latter, on 
the high ridges odIv, do we find the Aristata 
and the Flexilis pines, the analogues of the 
Swiss Stone-Pine of Alpine bights, with the 
lovely Menzies and Douglas Spruces, and only 
on the rocks of the greater elevations appear 
the Engelmann Spruces. 
So with the hard-wooded deciduous trees, 
each has its favorite locality where it seems 
best to thrive, and hence to group itself, 
though iu many places several species may 
have similar habitats with the result of a 
mixed forest. Thus we often find the Sugar 
Maples, White Ash, hackberry and some 
oaks and elms, with Wild Cherry and Tulip- 
trees grouped together. Again, on more 
clayey lands are the White Oak and beech 
more prevalent, and in wet flats, the Swamp 
•Oaks and the Sweet Gums constitute the lead¬ 
ing species. 
The Red and Black Oaks will be found most 
abundant on the more sandy lands, and the 
Post Oak has its favorite locality on the loess 
formations of finely silicious soils—with the 
Black-Jack and Laurel-leafed Oaks—accom¬ 
panied southward by the Spanish Oak. In 
middle latitudes and northward on rich lands 
with sufficient moisture retained by a clay 
subsoil the Burr Oak will prevail, and this is re¬ 
placed to the southward by the Swamp Chest¬ 
nut-Oak (Q. Michauxii) in similar habitats. On 
sandy soils the class of Red Oaks usually pre¬ 
vail, while the White Oak class are more pre¬ 
valent on clays. 
The White Elm yields its finest results on 
humid lands, while the Red Elm, and the 
Corky-barked, U. racemosa. prefer a drier and 
more porous, but rich soil. The Walnut is 
found in its grandest proportions only on the 
richest river alluvions, but the Butternut finds 
! its congenial home among the rocks of the 
Northern valleys. The Shell bark Hickory 
prefers clay flats; the pecan, rich river allu¬ 
vions; the Large Shell-bark, (Oarya sulcata) is 
most abundant on fertile, rolling uplands, with 
the Pig nut, (C. glabra), while the Microcarpa 
prefers the swamps, and the T omentosa is 
found chiefly on thio, dry uplands. 
Independently of these results that seem 
traceable to the influence of soils and eleva¬ 
tion in connection with la‘itude, the natural 
grouping of species either separately or com¬ 
bined, must often depend upon accidental cir¬ 
cumstances that may have favored one spe¬ 
cies above another and enabled it to prevail, 
in the struggle for existence. Willows and 
reproduce an abundant succession of verdure 
among the stumps of other trees. There 
may be also a great number of self-sown 
plants of other species from previous years’ 
seeding, that may have been kept iu abeyance 
for a greater or less period by the original 
forest, which now, opened to the air and light, 
will enter the struggle for life and contest the 
ground inch by inch with the new seedlings, 
hence the mixed character of the second 
growth of trees, and the ultimate result will 
show which were the fittest. Those of most 
vigorous, thrifty growth, and notably those 
with broadest foliage, will usually prevail, by 
overshading those of more tardy progress. 
firicwltural 
DR. JOHN A. WARDER, 
j MB 
stnv*HXi "oO*« 
Grouping — Nature's Plans. Broad-leafed, 
and Needle-leafed trees to be kept sep¬ 
arate. Mixing for a purpose. 
Again in attempting to decide the problems 
that present themselves for solution, let us 
kitcmch 
uviwo nooM 
’ARLOA 
#-•- O -— -- ~S/S ~ - 
Ground Plan.— Fig. 140, 
How shall we apply these lessons from Na¬ 
ture in the grouping and management of our 
own artificial plantations? First, be careful 
how we combine the deciduous with the ever¬ 
green species; next observe in our combina¬ 
tions of species, which of them have 
a sim¬ 
ilar or an unequal rate of growth in their in¬ 
fancy, so that the stalwarts shall not smother 
the w eaklings, that may be most valuable and 
desirable in t he end. With some such it will 
be best to group each class in subordinate 
masses to avoid such conflict—planting as we 
do in rows, this may easily be accomplished. 
Several rows, constituting strips may be 
planted with one kind for a certain distance, 
then with another—parallel strips can be oc¬ 
cupied by other specie3, and so on over the 
plantation, or the w'hole of a certaiu section 
of the plantation may be planted with a 
single species. Reference should always be 
had to the variations of soil so as to plant 
those kinds that are most suitable to the 
situation. 
Another plan has been proposed which 
promises success, where different trees are 
combined—this consists in planting single 
rows with valuable and desirable kinds, with 
three or more rows of rapid-growing binds 
between them. In this way the mass of the 
plantation may be composed of the White- 
Willows, Cottonwoods, Box Elders, Soft Ma¬ 
ples, etc., that are easily obtained, while 
An Eastlake Cottage.—Fig. 138. 
turn to the works of nature. Having deter¬ 
mined the species of trees we desire to plant, 
the inquiry arises, how shall they be ming’ed 
or whether they should be grouped in masses, 
each kind by itself. How do we find them in 
the natural forests. Let us see 1 Here we may 
behold broad areas covered with deciduous 
trees of different kinds filling the valleys and 
plains, and climbing the sides of the moun¬ 
tains there are darker stripes, and great patch¬ 
es of deeper hue marking the escarpments of 
higher ridges, or covering their sides and tops. 
But while the evergreen needle trees may usu¬ 
ally prevail iu masses of greater or Jess ex¬ 
tent on the uplands, they are not by any 
means confined to the hights—we find their 
dark shadows in the deeper valleys also, and 
while the grouping 
of nature usually masses 
the two great families iu separate groups, we 
may often find them mingled together to a 
certain extent, though from these facts, as 
well as from the results of our observations 
upon their modes of growth while under our 
care and culture, weshall soon learn to avoid 
an indiscriminate intermingling of the ever¬ 
green conifers with deciduous trees. 
Of either of these great classes we shall 
observe, too, that nature usually groups cer¬ 
tain species more or less exclusively together. 
In one region, or on one area there are pines, 
chiefly of a single species, in another tract 
the spruces or the firs will prevail, and so, 
too, among the broad-leafed trees, though we 
often find in a limited tract quite a rich sylva, 
made up of many genera and species, and ap¬ 
parently mingled rather promiscuously to¬ 
gether; the willows and poplars will be more 
or less grouped by themselves, the oaks will 
prevail here, the maples and ash there, and 
the magnolias will prevail on one side; the 
various species of trees will seem to have 
their preference for this or that locality, and 
to appear more or less abundantly on this or 
that side. What is the reason for this con¬ 
sociation in Nature ? We may here find a guide 
for our artificial plantations. 
The peculiar soils of the different localities 
seem to exercise an important influence in 
deciding the prevalence of this varying sylva; 
then the amount of moisture in the soil will 
often prove more favorable to 
every 
fourth row may be set with the more valuable 
Walnut, or Wbito-Asb and other such trees 
as may be adapted to the particular soil. Let 
all grow together watching that the poplars 
be not allowed to interfere and smother, but 
that they shall exercise a good office, by forc¬ 
ing the walnuts, ash, oaks, etc., to grow erect 
and upwards without branching—and so soon 
as these nurses can be spared, their office 
uim 
'Mrtn 
woods. The plan here indicated is applicable 
to all such valuable trees as require more out¬ 
lay in their first cost, and to such as are apt 
to branch. 
For the extensive tree-planters on the prai¬ 
ries of Iowa, who have so largely used the 
Cotton-Woods, White Willows and other 
cheap trees, because they were easily obtained, 
it has been advised that they should at once 
begin to provide a more valuable succession 
by planting acorns and nuts, especially 
of the more valuable species of oaks and 
hickories. These seeds can be planted 
in every third or fourth row alternate¬ 
ly with the others, and be allowed to struggle 
along as they can, or the nurses may be cut 
out to give them space, but they are rather 
slow to advance, and meanwhile, boiug very 
tenacious of life, they will be making good 
roots that will cause them to spring up vigor¬ 
ously aud occupy the soil whenever the first- 
planted trees may be cut off for use. 
BCD ROOM 
Plan of Second Story.—Fig. 139. 
cotton-woods shed their numerous light seeds 
at a season when they are floated upon the 
swollen waters of our streams, and as the 
floods subside they are stranded upon the 
emerging sand-bars where they find a favor¬ 
able nidus and burst into growth in immense 
numbers of a single species. The burnt 
pine forests of raountaiu regions receive the 
seeds of the aspens that are often sown over 
wide tracts in the same way. 
In a Western clearing of forest lauds, the 
neglected elms furnish innumerable seeds that 
one species 
than to another; mere elevation and expos¬ 
ure may be congenial to one species and ad¬ 
verse to others. Thus in our northern regions 
we find the American larch aDd the arbor- 
vitae occupy together very often the low, 
mucky soils of flats and ponds; near them the 
hemlock covers broad flats of low and wet 
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