make pure, sweet milk to get any profit from 
their business, and good milk pays the dairy¬ 
man better when it is sent to the city for 
sale than when it is made into butter at the 
creameries. 
Statement number 4 may he true of the 
city of New York. If it is true of the Infant 
Asylum of which Dr. Brush is attending 
physician, it is a serious matter for him, be¬ 
cause it proves gross carelessness and neglect 
in failing to provide a proper supply of pure 
milk, which would be very easy to do. If it 
refers to the children of poor persons who are 
compelled by poverty to procure cheap milk 
from low, filthy grocery stores in which the 
purest milk would be contaminated in a very 
short time, it would indicate that it is the 
cheap and abominable city and suburban 
dairies which are to be blamed and not the 
rural dairies, which are, w ith very few and 
rare exceptions, wholly different from what 
Dr. Brush charges them to be. Prom my own 
observation, I feel certain that infants do 
frequently suffer from the milk given to them, 
but the cause is due to unclean and sour milk 
bottles and tubes, more than to the milk 
which is put into them, which is quite health¬ 
ful before it is polluted by these frequently 
filthy receptacles. Cowls’ milk is not a whole¬ 
some food for children, as a rule, and that 
from a bigbly-fed cow is even unwholesome, 
and as a dairyman, and knowing something 
of this matter from a physician’s point of 
view, I have refused to sell milk from my 
dairy as “ babieB’ milk,” knowing it was alto¬ 
gether too rich in fat and quite indigestible 
for an infant. No doubt many infants are 
sacrificed from a want of knowledge of this 
fact, and “milk poisoning” would be the ver¬ 
dict of a jury of physicians, rightly given, no 
doubt, but it would be the nurse or mother 
or the medical adviser who would be blama- 
ble, not the dairyman. 
Statement No. 5 has some truth in it, no 
doubt; as in cases where dogs are kept to 
drive the cows to and from the pasture or 
where cow r s are brutally used. But such 
cases are among those accidents which attach 
themselvesto all matters, even to a physician’s 
practice, where evil results cannot be guarded 
against by the most, watchful care. 
Now I would propose some means to remedy 
these evils from a dairyman’s point of view. 
First, make it a penal offense to keep dogs 
upon 'arms where cows are kept. This would 
get rid of ninety-nine cases of traumatic 
garget out of a hundred. Second, legalize a 
system of inspection and licensing of dairy 
farms by proper officers, whose certificate 
shall be required before milk can be sold in 
New York and other cities—at least one physi¬ 
cian and one dairyman to form the board 
of inspectors. Third, let the physicians of large 
cities become acquainted with the best dai¬ 
ries and prescribe the milk of these only for 
their patients. Fourth, let the sale of milk made 
from distillery slop or city garbage be wholly 
forbidden ; for milk is sold in New York 
and Brooklyn from cows fed upon garbage 
gathered from door to door in those cities, 
and also from the warm slop from distilleries. 
Fifth, let the sale of pure, sweet, skimmed 
milk be permitted under the restrictions of a 
proper inspection, and for what it really is. 
Sweet skimmed milk is a more wholesome 
and digestible food than whole milk for in¬ 
fants and children. Other suggestions might 
be made if the time ever conies in which they 
might be practically useful. But those whole¬ 
sale denunciations of milk and dairymen 
should cease, because they are based up in 
ignorance or misconception of the facts in 
the case. 
ORANGE SCALE INSECTS. 
PROFESSOR G. H. FRENCH. 
In the orange-growing districts of the Uni¬ 
ted States what to do to avoid injuries by 
these pests is becoming an important question. 
Even people not living in these districts can 
judge something of the injury done by them 
when they find in the markets a great many 
small, inferior-looking oranges covered more 
or less with one or more kinds of these scales, 
the poor quality of the fruit being evidently 
due to their presence. Without going further 
into details of thiB character, I desire briefly to 
notice the different forms figured in connec¬ 
tion with this article and then speak of rem¬ 
edies that seem available. 
Tue general habits of these seals insects or 
Coccidm, are perhaps too well known to need 
very much description. As a general thjng, 
the insects are able to run about while young 
when they soon settle down on some tender 
part of the plant—a twig, leaf or fruit—after 
which they are immovable. During this 
stage, they secrete more or less of a gummy 
or cottony substance around the body, at 
times very much enlarging their size. While 
in this condition they suck the juices from the 
plant beneath them by means of beaks em¬ 
bedded in the plant tissue; and the future of the insect and the bark. Professor J. 
generation is provided for by the eggs being Henry Comstock, in his report on these scales, 
placed beneath the body of the parent, or if states that in one instance at 80 days from the 
there are too many to admit of this, they are in time of tne hatching of the female the young 
part covered by the cottony and gummy secre- of the next brood were observed to be hatched 
Orange Scale —Fig. 433. 
tion, where they remain till hatched. The old and running about. Later in the season the 
scale does not leave its place, but, after biding same transformations were observed to take 
its time, it dies and the young escape from place in 54 days. 
beneath it and in their turn go through the The Glover’s Scale (Mytilaspis Gloverii) 
same cycle of changes. Fig. 434. though often associated with the 
The Orange Scale (Mytilaspis citricole), preceding, differs from it in being much nar- 
Fig. 433, is perhaps the one most commonly rower and straight instead of curved, the 
known. The leaf part of the cut shows the ventral side showing the scale wanting in the 
appearance of the leaves on the tree; and I middle through its whole length instead of at 
have seen them in great numbers on the fruit. the posterior end. The color is from light 
Glover’s Scale.—Fig. 434. 
The two larger figures marked la and 15 beside yellow to dark brown and white beneath, 
the leaf, represent the female scale; lathe The manner of attachment to leaves and twigs 
upper side and 15 the underside showing the is shown to be similar to that of the Orange 
eggs, while 1c shows the scale of the male. Scale. These two forms are the more com- 
The female scale is .12 of an inch leng, while mon ones in Florida, and their transforma- 
the male is only .06 of as inch, As shown in tions are about the same, so far as kuown. 
the engraving, the scale is more or less curved Fig 435, represents what is kno n in this 
and widened at the posterior part. While country as the Black Scale of California, 
practically these scales are the insects, as it is (Lecanium oleae). Though inhabiting a great 
mpossible to separate the latter from the many different species of plants, in Europe 
Black Scale of California,—Fig. 435. 
former without suitable apparatus, yet they the olive is the one most seriously affected by 
are in reality only the covering of the insects, it, and that from which it gets its spedfio 
being composed of gummy and cottony secre- name. In California, where it is more 
tions and the molted skins of the occupants. abundant than in any other State, it 
The ventral view shows that there is a more is more destructive to the orange and allied 
or less perfect Beale beneath, between the body trees than to others, though occurring also 
on the olive. In Florida the insect is but 
little known. The scale of this insect is very 
different in shape from the scales of the other 
two species. The enlarged figure at la gives 
an idea of its shape, those on the leaves and 
twig being of natural size. It is from .16 to 
.20 of an inch long by. 12 of an inch high 
The top is ridged by one longitudinal and two 
transverse ridges so as often to make a dis¬ 
tinct letter H. Besides these, there are a num¬ 
ber of smaller ridges along the sides. In color 
it is dark brown, nearly black. It is prob¬ 
able that there is only one brood in a season, 
as the development is slow. They are to be 
found on the young twigs and leaves. 
Method of Spreading.—O f themselves 
scale insects cannot go from tree to tree 
further than where the foliage or limbs of one 
touch those of another, as the larvre of both 
sexes have no wings, and the female is never 
provided with them. The mature male is 
provided with these appendages, but distribu¬ 
tion could not occur from this sex alone. In 
the May (1882) number of the American Nat¬ 
uralist this question is solved by Mr. H. G. 
Hubbard, of Crescent City, Fla. Several 
small beetles of the family Coccinellldse, or 
Lady Birds, feed upon scale insects. He ob¬ 
served that when these insects were feeding 
on the scale lice it was no uncommon thing 
for the young to mount upon the smooth wing 
cases of the beetle, sometimes two or three to 
a beetle. By this means when the Lady Bird 
flies to another tree the larvae of the scale 
are taken along and, without doubt, more or 
less distributed in that way. The same writer 
also speaks of the Butcher Bird as aiding in 
scale distribution in this way:—As is well 
known, the habit of this bird is to hang the 
large insects and whatever else it feeds upon 
on thorns and sharp twigs of bushes and 
trees. Among orange trees those most in¬ 
fested with scales would contain the most such 
sharp points, and be the ones selected by the 
bird for impaling its prey. During the time 
larvae are hatching and running about, more 
or less of them would be carried by the feet 
of birds from tree to tree, and the Butcher 
Bird in eating his victim must get some on 
his bill as well as on his feet. When he flies 
to another tree to wipe his bill some of these 
would be likely to be loft there. Both of 
these statements seem very plausible, and are, 
it would seem, sufficient to account for the 
distribution of the pests through a grove or 
orchard when they have gained an entrance. 
Remedies.—I do not intend to go into the 
details of all that may be said under this 
head. Without giving the names of them, it 
may be said that each of these scales is preyed 
upon by one or more insect parasites that 
tend to lessen their number, some devouring 
them from without, like the Lady Birds; 
while others, like the ichneumon flies, feed 
upon them as larva? beneath the scales. Of 
course, in fighting these, as well as other 
insects, every precaution within reach should 
be taken to prevent their getting into an 
orchard. An insecticide known, as kerosene 
butter, and consisting of an emulsion of kero¬ 
sene oil and milk, has been used in Florida for 
the red mite and scale insects with consider¬ 
able success, at least so state the accounts. 
This preparation is mixed with water and 
sprayed on the trees. My observations with 
kerosene in very diluted form on other kinds 
of scale insects, is that it kills all that it 
touches in whatever state of development 
they may be. The principal difficulty with 
kerosene is that it is liable to injure more or 
less tender forms of vegetation, retarding 
growth almost as much as would lie done by 
the scales. At a recent meeting of the Horti¬ 
cultural Society of California Mr. Cooke, ex¬ 
ecutive officer of the Society, reported that 
in the southern part of that State whale-oil 
soap is used with decided success. As these 
scales are to be found mostly on the limbs and 
leaves, whatever remedy is used it will be 
necessary to spray it on the tree,and this should 
be done so thoroughly as to reach every part. 
FORESTRY.—No. 28. 
DR. JOHN A. WARDER. 
A Western Greeting. 
Planting in Nebraska ancl Kansas, Minne¬ 
sota and Dakota, Items from the Corre¬ 
spondence of J. T. Allen, Omaha, Nebraska, 
Tree-planter of the Union Pacific Railway, 
and from other sources. Arbor Day Pro¬ 
claimed by the Governors 1 58,000,000 trees 
have been set out, and 100,000 acres oc¬ 
cupied by artificial planting in Nebraska 
within 18 years. 
From the broad prairies of the West, J. T. 
Allan, of Omaha, sent greeting to the Amer¬ 
ican Forestry Association, in session at Mon¬ 
treal. During the la°t season he has handled 
