task for urging; the value of Ayrshires for the 
Ohio dairy districts. He declared there was no 
place in O.iio for the Ayrshires, This was 
said upou the same principle as that by which 
an Iowa agricultural paper at the present 
time declares that “ the little rats of jerseys 
are good for neither beef nor veal nor fish- 
bait.” But we do not live altogether by beef, 
and our bread wou.d be very dry fodder, in¬ 
deed, without butter. If the Ayrshires have 
no place in Ohio or the West, where will a 
place be found for the JVrseys '( And yet one of 
these “little Jersey rats” will produce as 
much value of butter in a year as a three- 
year-old Short-horn steer will bring when h» 
is slaughtered, a nd a good Ayrshire will do as 
much both for butter or cheese or both, and 
will live where a Short-horn would make only 
hide and bones. It is curious, now, to look 
over the advertisements of stock papers and 
see how the “ little Jersey rats” are crowding 
the big beef races even in Kentucky. 
its fellow, and examined in profile, the rule is 
that a vertical line drawn from the point of 
the buttock, ought to touch the hock point 
and go along the hinder part of the back tend¬ 
ons before touching the ground, (Fig. 53 a). 
Every horse which has the limb in front of 
this line is said to be “ under himself” behind. 
(Fig. 53 c). Every horse which has the limb 
behind the vertical line is said to be “encamp¬ 
ed” behind, (Fig. 53 b). These two defects 
are of the same importance as the similar 
shortcomings in the fore-leg. 
When the hind limb has a proper direction 
the axis of the leg forms with the line of the 
horizon an angle of rather more than 45 deg. 
If the angle is more than this, that is to say, 
if theaxis of the leg approaches the vertical 
excessively, as in (Fig. 54), the horse is said to 
be straight on its hocks. When, on the con¬ 
trary, the angle formed by the hock ap¬ 
proaches in shape that of a right angle, the 
horse is said to have a bent hock (Fig. 55), The 
first of these two conformations is frequently 
met with m high-bred horses, and causes no 
other inconvenience than that of making the 
animal rather stiff in its movements. The 
ligaments of a bent hock, like those of a long- 
jointed horse, are liable to sprain. 
So much with regard to the good and bad 
points that can be noted in a horse examined 
in profile; now a few words with reference to 
those that may be discovered by standing 
directly opposite a horse, either before or be¬ 
hind him: If the front view of the horse be 
taken, and the fore limbs looked at as a whole, 
the fact of their proper perpendicularity is 
points of the toes diverge; that is to say* 
when they are too wide apart and turn out¬ 
wards. In a horse with this defect the hocks 
also incline inwards, and it is said to be cow- 
hocked. (Fig. C4) * 
A horse is splay-footed behind when the 
euds of the toes converge towards the same 
point. Its appearance is quite different 
to that of a crook-legged horse, for the hocks 
are too wide apart, and the horse is conse¬ 
quently not only splay-footed, but too open 
behind. (Fig. 65.) 
Crook-legged and splay-footed horses are, 
whether the defects occur at the front or at 
the back, in danger of cutting themselves, or 
of chafing one leg against another, these ex¬ 
pressions being synonymous terms, which 
may be adopted by those who want to say that 
a horse “ interferes,” and wounds the fetlock 
of one foot with the shoe of the opposite one. 
The danger of wounds of this kind consti¬ 
tutes the principal inconvenience of these de 
fects, though they are also exceedingly ugly. 
A knowledge of these defects and blemishes 
obtained by a frequent practice of the direc¬ 
tions here given, will he specially appreciated 
when horses have to be examined forpurchase. 
Every owner of a horse knows that more 
trouble arises from ailments of the legs than 
from those of all the remainder of the body 
combined. Of these, a large proportion are 
due to malformation or faulty disposition of 
the limbs, and to lay plainly before our read¬ 
ers the principal shortcomings in this line we 
submit the accompanying illustrations re-en¬ 
graved from the English Live Stock Journal. 
The cuts, with the following brief explana¬ 
tions, so clearly explain the various forms of 
horses’ legs to be ordinarily met with, that 
any lengthy description is quite unnecessary. 
With regard to either of the front limbs 
considered by itself, in a well-made horse a 
vertical line dropped from the point of the 
shoulder to the ground, ought to meet the 
latter a trifle in front of the toe of the hoof, as 
at (Fig. 45). If this line fall upon the toe, as at 
(Fig. 46), the horse is said to be *' under him¬ 
self in front whereas, if it fall behind, he 
is said “ to cover plenty of ground.” In both 
these cases the horse gets tired sooner than he 
would if the line were vertical; his equilibrium 
is le6s assured and the animal is in more 
danger of falling. 
(At Fig). 45 is represented a foreleg perfect 
in its direction, the axis of the arm forming a 
straight line with the cannon-bone. This 
line may be broken in two ways—either 
The last ealesof Jerseys in New York would 
seem to indicate a more healthful condition, 
and the passing of the crisis of the speculative 
fever. It is many years since one could see so 
many cows anti hc-ifers sold for less than $ ICO 
a head, and all of them of high degree, as re 
gards pedigree, at least, and from the first 
families. It is a peculiar indication to a well- 
wisher of this most excellent breed of cattle, 
and a promise of the time soon to come when 
farmers and dairymen may hope to fill up 
their pastures and pens with the beautiful 
i‘ little rats,” and begin to double up on their 
butier products. 
Fat stock shows will soon be (' 
very plentiful. Kansas City is , 
following Chicago in this re- Vy | i 
spect, and St. Louis must have ij J 
her “day at the fair” or confess j ! 
herself beaten. And then De- \ 
troit, which has her stock yards \ | 
now, covering 19 acres and a 
dock for shipping, 1,100 feet y\ 1 
long, will be forced to have her I" I. 
show, too. 
Formerly (he Short-herns 
had the sole control of this show j I 
business. But now the Here- /Jr 
fords are running them very r 
closely, aDd before very long 
threaten to get even with them. 
Then the Scotch Polls—the An- Fig. 45. 
gus and the Galloway — are r ) 
looming up and by and by we I ' ) / 
shall see the Devons taking a ; j ( 
hand—or a hoof—in it; so that j 
there is abundant material now, '' 
or will soon be, for making a 1 , j 
how, and, what is more, keep- (/ 
ing up a lively interest among • y I 
the rapidly increasing number l 
of stockmen and the people who \ 1 
want to know what sort of an- | 
final it is w hicli produces the J ’ \ 
iron-clad and leathery steaks 
which they get in the markets. 
The Hereford breeders de-* 1G 
serve the thanks of the beef- \ v /V 
eaters for their valuable ser- \ If \ 
vices in making this meat ques- It) 
tion prominent. They were the V A // I 
first to insist upon this point in «DA I i 
flxiog the merits of their cattle. 4 
The best carcass from the butch- 'j j \ J 
er’s point of view; the best and j | ,! 
most profitable meat, is what ' j i H 
they are putting up their money A j j A 
for, and there are enough Here- J .J A'l 
fords now in the country to t ^ 
force thn Short-horn breeders to Fig. 64. 
breed for meat and not for fat. 
And the breed which can produce the bes c 
and most eatable meat, sad not the most tal' 
low, will become the most popular among 
stockmen and among consumers; and, of 
course, among butchers, too. At the Fat Stock 
shows in England and America specimens of 
helpless obeaty no longer take all the 
am'nts 
THE BUCKEYE POWER CONVERTOR 
AND CORN GRINDER. 
[See page 793.] 
For several years there has been a steady 
^__- and growing demand for a de- 
vice to change the reciprocat¬ 
ing, or up and-down motion of 
a 10 or L-foot pumping wind en¬ 
gine, or windmill, as they are 
\ usually called, to a rotary, for 
t\ grinding feed, shelling corn, 
V\ churning, cutting hay and 
\\ r y// straw » turning grindstone, and 
) \ / '/ } similar kinds of light farm 
j/\f ( work - This has been well ac- 
‘i//\ ' complished in the Buckeye Con- 
if/i j vertor, manu factured by Messrs. 
J\ ) Mast, Foos & Co., Springfield, 
|f \\\ 0hia 
I v. \ \ \ c The power convertor and corn 
V 1 1 \ grinder are mounted on a 
A S A. strong and substantial ash 
frame, which is bolted to the 
•‘>3 platform of the derrick of the 
wind mill. The actuating rod 
r n of the engine is attached to 
j a rock tree and rock shaft 
| j placed on a frame in the der- 
\j $ rick, 10 or 12 feet above the 
| ,| platform. At the other end of 
/ | the rock shaft is a device to 
r y operate the plunger rod of the 
j W pump, the derrick being placed 
I at one side of the well. The ro¬ 
ll |1 tary motion of the grinder is 
( S obtained by an eccentric fric- 
TA tion clutch of a novel design 
■-At each end of the rock tree 
i'lG 58 * s an actuating rod extending 
down and attached to a pawl 
Ja/\ / on oach side of the convertor. 
a ' | At the other end of each paw), 
j j which is in form of an eccen- 
I Irfr trio, and attached to it by a 
k (1 pin, are two arms hanging loose 
j I j on the main shaft, on each side 
/ \ J of the friction wheels. As one 
Iff of the actuating rods 
very \ 
moves 
Ijj'J ji'l on its upward stroke the ec- 
|J ( | ) eentric pawl clutches the 
) A. smooth-turned face of the fric- 
tion wheel, and moves it around. 
Fig. 63. Oa the down stroke, the eccen¬ 
tric pawl is released, and the 
pawl on the other side of the convertor in¬ 
stantaneously clutches the friction wheel on 
its side, producing a continuous rotary move¬ 
ment. The friction wheels are turned down 
perfectly smooth, making the clutch abso¬ 
lutely noiseless. 
With a good wind that will give 40 revolu¬ 
tions of the wind wheel per minute, the 
grinder will run about 270 revolutions, and 
will grind from three to five bushels of stock 
feed per hour. At the other end of the frame 
is a sscoud counter shaft, provided with a 
spur pinion and sprocket wheel, operated by 
the large spur gear wheel. To this sprocket 
wheel is attached a sprocket chain, to run a 
corn sheller, feed-cutter, cider-mill, or other 
light farm machinery. 
Fig. 50. 
HORSES’ LEGS.—I’igukk 439. 
much forward; then the knee is carried to 
the front (Fig. 48), and the limb is distin¬ 
guished by a defect of perpendicularity, called 
bent knee; bent when the defect has been 
brought on by continued fatigue or exhaus¬ 
tion, or when the animal was born with the 
defect. Many horses are born so, and when 
this occurs in a horse its safety is generally as 
great as if the limb were quite straight. A 
limb which is bent by over work, on the other 
hand, has no solidity in the front, and the 
horse is liable to frequent falls. When the 
line is broken so that the horse stauds back at 
the knee, the limb is said to have the knee 
effaced (Fig. 49). The defect is less serious 
than the former one. There is no danger of 
falling, but there is a danger of fatigue of 
the tendon, which may oause halting. 
The normal direction of the lower extremity 
of the limbs is shown in (Fig. 50), in which 
the axes of the phalanges, taken altogether 
make an angle of 45 deg. with the ground. 
If the axis approaches the perpendicular the 
horse is straight on bi3 fetlock joint. (Fig. 51). 
If, on the contrary, it approaches the horizon¬ 
tal, the horse dips at the fetlock. (Fig 52). The 
first of the blemishes is a sign of exhaustion, 
the second of weakness. 
In the hind limb, considered apart from 
evident when a vertical line drawn from the 
upper part of each limb divides it into two 
equal parts, (Fig. 56). When the limbs fall 
within these two vertical and parallel lines 
the horse is said to be “t«o close” in front. 
(Fig. 57). When, on the contrary, the two 
limbs fall outside these two lines the horse is 
said to be “too open” at the front. More¬ 
over, when the feet are too wide apart the 
horse is said to “ walk wide.” (Fig. 58), 
If the two feet, instead of being parallel to 
each other, have their toes turned outwards, 
the horse is said to be crook-legged. (Fig. 59). 
If, on the contrary, the toes converge in¬ 
wardly, the horse is said to be splay footed. 
(Fig. 60). Very often in a crook legged horse 
the knees are closer to each other than are the 
feet, and awkward protuberances are formed 
on the inside. Knees of this kind are called 
ox-knees. (Fig. 61). A splay-footed horse 
has usually the contrary defect; its knees are 
too wide apart; it is then said to be splay¬ 
footed and bandy-legged. (Fig. 62). 
The proper perpendicularity of the hinder 
limbs of a horse may be ascertained by drop¬ 
ping a vertical line from the upper part of 
each hock. If this divides the limbs into 
halves, the shape is as it should be. (Fig. 63 ) 
A horse is said to be crook-legged when the j 
prizes, 
Heredity ol tuberculosis, or of its propagation 
by the milk of tuberculous cows, is given in 
the American Veterinary Review for Not 
vembsr. It is stated that of the number of 
cattle brought to market in. 1SS1 in the city of 
Augsburg, 2.01 per cent, were tuberculous. 
But of nearly 25,000 calves under four weeks 
old, killed, not cna was found diseased with 
tubercles, and yet 500 or more must have been 
nursed by diseased mothers. The statement 
is given in the Medical Record. It seems, 
however, to have escaped observation that 
tuberculosis is hardy ever developed in very 
young animals and only in those approach¬ 
ing, or past, maturity, so that the disease, 
well known to be hereditary and infectious, 
must have a long period of incubation. Iu 
this case the mischief that may be done by 
the poisoned milk would not be likely to ap¬ 
pear in young animals to any great extent. 
Canada Thistles. 
I have read several articles in the Rural 
on Canada Thistles and they leave the impres¬ 
sion that the thistle is easily subdued. When 
I was a boy working for my father in Penn- 
