©EC 16 
ready very quickly, if they have not been 
kept ready, for the butcher; and the dairy¬ 
man whose market is the city or the cheese 
factory will find a cross of a good milking 
strain of Short-horns the best for the native 
stock, Butin the march of improvement let 
us not forget our native stock which outnuin 
her nearly 1000 to one all the thoroughbred 
cattle in the country. 
An instance of successful sheep herdiug in 
Kansas is worthy of a note. About 10 years 
ago I was in Western Kansas and became ac¬ 
quainted with a man who was about to pur¬ 
chase a flock of sheep. Considering that coun¬ 
try the best sheep pasture m the world, as 
every favorable condition for successful sheep 
culture was there combined, I strongly urged 
him to take the flock and go into the business. 
Recently I have heard of this man who now 
has more than 40,000 sheep in liis flocks, all 
grown out of that small start 10 years ago. 
" There is more in the man than there 
is in the land” or the stock, and this instance 
is a brilliant example of success gained 
by “the right man in the right place,” and 
let me say that the man makes the place 
and the circumstance always—Mr. Grinnell’s 
remark above quoted is true of all kinds of 
live stock including even poultry; and the 
man w'hose judgment is sound and who is 
w illing to devote his sole at tention to the busi¬ 
ness “ forsaking all other and keeping only to 
it” cannot help succeeding, let him choose 
keeping fowls, sheep, pigs, cattle or horses. 
For a hen can be made to yield a gross income 
of *5; a sheep about the same;a pig $10 or $20; 
a cow *75 to *100, and a brood mare *75 to 
*150 every year, if the best kinds are kept 
and the best care is given. 
-- 
Those who are not familiar with the Ru¬ 
ral New-Yorker would do well to inquire 
of those who are before settling upon their 
periodicals for 18811. The. paper upon which 
it is printed', its original engravings from 
nature, and its corrcsjiondence, cost more 
than those of any rural journal published, 
whether in America or elsewhere. 
Pain} l) us ban Art). 
THE DAIRY IN THE WINTER. 
H. STEWART. 
It is the evidence of skill and intelligence 
in a man that he overcomes all natural ob¬ 
stacles of season and weather. It is for this 
that reason is given to mankind. It is his 
business to “ inherit the earth and subdue it,” 
and the dairyman needs to do more of this 
subduing of nature than any other cultivator 
of the soil or keeper of stock. He must neces¬ 
sarily neutralize the cold and rigor of Winter 
both in the housing and the feeding of the 
cows and in the management of the milk and 
cream, if he will secure the advantages of 
Winter dairying. It is always safe for a 
dairyman to judge of his auimals by himself 
and his own feelings. That which tends to 
his own comfort and well being in the rigor¬ 
ous Winter season equally conduces to the 
comfort and well-being of his cows. And 
comfort and good feeding and warmth and 
health are synonymous with profit to the 
owner of a dairy. The dairyman, after his 
warm, comfortable meal, goes out into the 
nipping but stimulating frosty air, and feels 
a buoyancy and vigor which he never expe¬ 
riences in the heat of Summer, and he is able 
to do more work in a few hours on such a 
clear, bracing day than he could do in a 
* whole day in July. But the poor, hungry 
abandoned tramp, who comes to his kitchen- 
door begging a meal, shows by bis blue lips 
and pinched features and trembling limbs 
that the crisp air brings no life or vigor to 
him, and that the cold is exhausting his vital 
heat and impoverishing his blood. Work is 
impossible to him, and just so it is with the 
cows in the barn. 
See the herd jUBt tilled with a rich mess of 
cut hay and meal moistened with warm water, 
that the food may not chill the stomach, and 
turned out from a warm stable and soft bed 
into the yard into the brisk air, glistening, it 
may be, with the fine crystals of moisture 
which glitter as they float in the bright sun¬ 
shine. How they frolic and play, hounding 
with healthful vigor and strength. But then 
look across the road and see in another yard 
the poor animals which have had their meal 
of hay and feed wetted with water from an 
icy trough and perhaps liberally mixed with 
pieces of ice, and which have just left a cold 
stable with frost around their muzzles, and 
all shrunken with the cold. There they stand 
against the best shelter they can find, with 
backs arched and heads low, shivering in the 
frosty air. The one herd has filled the foam¬ 
ing pails, the other barely pays for the 
labor of milking. The food of the one makes 
milk and cream; but that of the other is all 
used up to maintain the vital warmth, and, 
so far as profit is concerned, it might as well 
have been consumed in the fire. Let the 
dairyman judge for his cattle by himself; for 
as men are all made of one blood, so are all 
animals. So far as the animal part of a man 
is concerned, it differs in no respect from 
that of any other animal. It is unnecessary 
to be more specific upon this point. Every 
man knows “ how it is himself,” and let him 
then judge of his animals by the same stand¬ 
ard. If he does that, his own intelligence will 
tell him what Is necessary to be done, and 
if he expects pay for his work he must do this. 
Then let us consider the dairy. There, too, 
the temperature is everything. Heat is the 
greatest and most powerful chemical agent 
that exists. We do not begin to know all the 
“ ins and outs” of it; but we know that no 
chemical change can occur in matter without 
the agency of heat. And the changes that 
take place in milk and cream and in the mak¬ 
ing of butter are chiefly chemical; so that if 
these changes are to be the same day after 
day, as they should be to keep the product 
the same io quality and quantity all the time, 
the temperature should not vary from one 
day r to another. And the right temperature 
for a Winter dairy where the milk is set in 
shallow pans and exposed to the air, is CO to 
62 degrees, and 45 degrees when it is set in wa¬ 
ter in deep pails. A question is often asked 
in regard to deep setting in the Winter, which 
may lie answered just here. It is, “ Why can¬ 
not t-be milk in deep pails be kept in air at the 
right temperature of 45 degrees as well as in 
water.” Toe great point in this deep setting 
of milk is rapid cooling, by which the cream 
is thrown up quickly and comple’ely. Now, 
w hen a pail of milk 20 inches deep by eight 
inches in diameter is set in a pool of water 
at 45 degrees mid a current is passing 
through the pool, the whole milk will be very 
quickly reduced to the temperature of the wa¬ 
ter; if the pails are sunk in the water so dee})- 
ly as to bring the surface of the milk 
lower than that of the wafer, one hour is 
sufficient to do this. Bat the cooling goes on 
very slowly in the air, and 12 hours may lie 
required to bring the milk dowm to the tem¬ 
perature of the air. In this time the milk in 
the water will have thrown up all the cream, 
while in the air not more than one-fourth 
may have risen. Last Winter IKK) quarts of 
milk, 100 quarts a day, measured into 10-quart 
pans and set in a milk-room kept ac 62 de¬ 
grees, yielded, when the cream was churned, 
32; pounds of butter. The next three days 
the temperature was kept down to 50 degrees, 
by letting in cold air, and the churning of 
the same quantity of milk produced 27 pounds 
of butter. A few pans of the last lot of milk, 
which were set near the window—and in the 
draft of cold air—had very little cream at all 
upon them. The quality of the butter of the 
last, churning, too, was not nearly so good as 
of the first. In short, this matter of tempera¬ 
ture is very important, and the dairyman who 
is making butter in the Winter cannot give 
too much attention to it. Thermometers are 
worth a good deal more than they cost, if the 
warnings they give are heeded, and in a Win¬ 
ter dairy they are indispensable. 
A great deal may be said in regard to clean¬ 
liness. In thestable cleanliness is a relative and 
notan absolute thing. There must necessari¬ 
ly always be some mieleanliuess—in the strict 
sense of the term—about the stable. But this 
must be construed reasonably. r * Dirt is any 
matter out of place.” And the inevitable 
gathering of manure in a stable is not un¬ 
cleanliness except when it is permitted in the 
milk. The odor of a well kept cow-stable is 
not disagreeable even when it iB encountered 
at the first entry in the morning. There is 
even a certain agreeable scent about it when 
this is not too strong. A popular toilet scent 
is made from fresh cow dung, and this sup¬ 
posed “nasty” matter is nothing more than 
moistened and softened vegetable fiber which 
when fresh gives out no unwholesome or inju¬ 
rious matters. But no one wants to have it 
in the milk, and this is all that is intended 
when cleanliness in the stable is suggested. It 
is when this waste matter decomposes that it 
is disagreeable and injurious and unclean; 
and the presence of decomposing manure is to 
be carefully prevented always and under all 
circumstances in the stable, or on the cows or 
near to the dairy, and it is to be kept out of 
the milk by every possible precaution. And 
surely no thoughtful dairyman needs to lie 
told what precautions he should take. These 
will be obvious. 
-*-*-♦- 
Holsteins as Butter Cows.—Messrs. 
Smiths Sr, Powell, of Syracuse, N. Y., write 
us: From our cow .Kgis (H. 11. B.,Vol. 2, No. 
69) we made, in the seveu days endiug Nov. 
25, 1882, 18 pounds 2 ounces of butter; and 
from Netherland Queen, five years old (II. II. 
B., Vol. 3, No. 414), in the seven days ending 
Nov. 26,1882, 20 pounds of butter. The but¬ 
ter was weighed after working and before 
salting, and the cows had only regular feed. 
farm (Tobies. 
(Twprvimrnt (I*-rounds' of the £UvnI 
3Uu* - flovhcv. 
Trial of Blounl/s Corn on Poor 
Land Variously Fertilized. 
NO MANURE IN OVER FIFTEEN YEARS. 
Ijanri Uglit and Leachy. 
AN UNFAVORABLE SEASON. 
Tests with the Natural Soil, with Hen Ma¬ 
nure, Mapes's and Baugh’s Concentrated 
Fertilizers, and with Farm Manure, 
The same Money Value of each 
applied. 
THE KTJRAL WHEAT TEST-PLOTS, 
Potato Tests with New Varieties 
continued. 
THE CORN FERTILIZER TRIAL. 
This experiment was made, as already sta¬ 
ted, on the poorest land we have ever attempt¬ 
ed to cultivate. In 1871 it received farm 
manure in the hill for corn, with which ex¬ 
ception it has not been manured iu 16 years 
for certain, and probably not for a much 
longer time. After corn in 1871 it was seeded 
to Timothy and clover with rye. The soil is 
light and is the first tosufi'er in droughts. The 
weather was unfavorable throughout—wet 
and cold in the early part, very dry in the 
later part of the season, there being no rain 
from .1 uly 4th to August 0th.* The sod, if so 
a scanty growth of weeds and brambles could 
be called, was plowed under April 29th. The 
plots—ime-flftb of an acre each—were meas¬ 
ured off 48 feet in width by 181.5 in length, 
running east and west, and making together 
one acre. The land was harrowed twice, 
May 17, wheu all irregularities were leveled 
by hand work, and it was again harrowed 
after the fertilizers were spread. 
Referring to the diagram, Plot I re¬ 
ceived no manure. Plot 2, five barrels of hen 
manure, valued at *3.75, Plot 3, 200 pounds 
of Mapes’s corn fertilizer, valued at *5.00. 
Plot 4, 400 pounds of Baugh & Sons’ amonia- 
ted superphosphate, also valued at *5 00. Plot 
5, four tons of farm manure, also valued at 
*5.00. The price of Baugh’s fertilizer is, in 
Philadelphia, *25.00 the ton. It analyzes as 
follows: 
Ammonia. 2 to 2h, per cent. 
Solubleand precipitated phosphoric 
arid. 5 to fi •' 
Insoluble bone phosphate.7 to 8 •' 
The analysis of Mapes’s Corn Manure is as 
follows: 
Ammonia. 4.50 to fi per cent- 
niios. acid .m to 12 
Potash. 6 to 7 “ 
The price of this is *50.00 per ton iu New 
York City. 
These fertilizers were sown by hand on a 
still day (May 17), a cord having been stretched 
from stake to stake so as to prevent any ming¬ 
ling of the fertilizers of different plots. 
It was marked by cord and marker north and 
south—the marks four feet apart—and then, 
using notched scantlings, five hands engaged 
in planting the seeds one foot apart, as shown 
by the notches. It w as planted May ISth; 
the variety. Blount’s White Prolific. Ic was 
cultivated (by horse) June 1st, June 24 and 
July 23, between the rows and between tho 
plants (by hand) June 1st, June 29, July 4 and 
17. The stand was perfect, scarcely a plant 
missing. The seed was slightly tarred and 
then rolled in plaster, a precaution very ne¬ 
cessary here as a protection against crows and 
blackbirds. 
June 29, the corn plants on the plots fertil 
ized with Baugh’s and Mapes’s manures were 
far more vigorous than any of the others—a 
vigor noticeable from the beginning. The 
farm manure plot was then better than the 
hen-manure or natural soil, and the lien-ma¬ 
nure better than the natural-soil plot. 
YIELD. 
Plot 1. Natural Soil—383 pounds of ears, or 
at the rate of 27.35 bushels of shelled corn to 
the acre, allowing 70 lbs. of ears to the bushel. 
Plot 2. Hen-manure—378J^ pounds of ears, 
or at the rate of 27,03 bushels of shelled corn 
to the acre. 
Plot 3. Mapes’s Corn Fertilizer— 507 % 
pounds of ears, or at the rate of 36.25 bushel,, 
of shelled corn to the acre. 
» August 6th, a drenching shower occurred, half an 
hour in length. But the lower leaves had dried up, 
and many of the upper leaves were so curled that 
they remained curled after the shower. 
Plot 4. Baugh Sr Son’s Fertilizer—482.83 
pounds of ears, or at the rate of 34.48 bushels 
to the acre. 
Plot 5. Farm Manure—576.50 pounds of 
ears, or at the rate of 41.18 bushels of shelled 
corn to the acre. 
Fertilizer Test-Plots. 
No. l. 
No manure. 
No. 2. 
5 bbls. hen manure. 
No. 8. 
200 lbs. of Mapes’s. 
No. 4. 
400 lbs. Baugh’s. 
No 5. 
4 tons farm manure. 
THE RURAL WHEATS. 
For the first year we have sown our experi¬ 
ment wheat plots at the New Jersey and no*-at 
the Long Island Rural Exp. Grounds. We 
have now grown nearly two hundred kinds of 
wheat in small plots every year, rejecting 
those of little promise and every year adding 
new kinds. The varieties at present growing 
are as follows: 1. Black-bearded Centennial, 
grown four years as n Winter wheat. 2. 
Rural Winter Hard Australian, selected from 
largest heads for three years. 3. Beige’s Pro¬ 
lific, second year. 4. Rural Winter Defiance, 
fourth year from shriveled se°d. 5. J. B. 
Lawes, second year. 6. Cross of Diehl and 
Mediterranean, from Prof. Tracy. 7. White 
Lovett. 8. Prin gle’s No. 4 hyl rid. 9. Rural 
Cross-breed of Black-bearded Centennial and 
Shumaker. 10-11—12—13—14—15 -16—17— 
18—19—Rural cross-breeds. IQ%. J. B. Lawes 
No. 2. 20. Rural cross-breed. 21. Rural 
crosses mixed. 22. Cross of Lancaster and 
Armstrong, Prof. Ingersoll. 23. Champion 
Amber. 124. Martin’s Amber. 25. Golden 
Prolific. 26, Armstrong. 27. Dallas. 28. 
Eureka (Wysor), claimed to be the earliest 
and most productive. 29. White Towse. 30. 
Unknown, from J G. Evans, Oregon. 31. 
Unknown, from J G. Wright, Missouri. 32. 
Unknown, from C. Leet. 33. Travis Wheat. 
84. Unknown. 35. White Towse, differing 
from No. 29; from W. B. Harlan, Montana. 
36. Unknown. 36. Fultzo Clawson. 38. Bent¬ 
ley. 39. Selected from the longest heads of 
Rural Winter Defiance. 40 J. B. Lawes. 41. 
Unknown. 42. Landreth’s Wheat. 43. Jeru¬ 
salem Wheat, from Trot. Blount, Colorado, 
called Hebron. 44. Jerusalem Wheat, from 
James Horne, Ont., Ca. The other plots, des¬ 
ignated from A to L, are the same wheats 
sown in drills. The others are planted one 
grain 10 by 10 inches apart. 
POTATO TESTS CONTINUED. 
Queen of the Valley— Test No. 16.—Skin 
white mottled, with pink or rose color. Eyes 
not deep for so large a potato. Quality ex¬ 
cellent-dry, mealy. Flesh white. It is un¬ 
usual to find quality, size and productiveness 
so combined in one potato This potato is 
said by some who have raised it to be coarse, 
dark or hollow in the middle and of low qual¬ 
ity altogether. This shows how the same po¬ 
tato will var^ in different soils and condi¬ 
tions. The yield was 556 60 bushels to the 
acre. Number of potatoes to the acre, large 
and small, 97,240, which gives a very large 
average. Largest five potatoes weighed four 
pounds 12% ounces. The vioes were of me¬ 
dium vigor, leaves of a light-green, the flower 
a faint purple or lilac.. Seed planted April 
14; dug Sept. 3d. 
American Giant —Test No. 25 —This form B 
tubers sometimes a foot or more from the 
main stem. They grow near the surface and, 
under flat cultivation, are much exposed to 
the light and to the sun when the vines fall 
of their own weight. Eaten Oct. 5, the qual¬ 
ity was found to be dry, mealy—as good as 
Early Rose. Flesh nearly white. The vines 
were of medium vigor, late in sprouting ; the 
flowers white. The yield was 484 bushels to 
the acre. Number of potatoes to the acre, 
large and small, 130,680. Five of the largest 
weighed two pounds four ounces. It will be 
seen that from our trial this potato is not en¬ 
titled to its name. The shape is so variable 
tbut we could select none as showing the 
typical form. Planted April 14; dug Sept. 18 
Parsons’s Prolific —Test No.54.—This was 
sent to us for trial by C. W. Dorr & Co., seeds¬ 
men, Des Moines, Iowa. The potatoes sent 
averaged seven ounces each, roundish, rather 
irregular: eyes superficial, white skin, finely 
preserved. Yield, 537.75 bushels. Number of 
potatoes, large and small, 109,650. Owing to 
a sod border this plot, during heavy rains, 
retained water rather longer than was good 
for the plants. A number of bills were dam- 
ged from this cause. The yield of some of 
