DANIEL & TRIPP: LOUTERIDIUM : TAXONOMY, BIOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION 75 
In the same communication, Brewer also observed that, “Z. chartaceum (though I doubt the same 
is true for L. donnell-smithii) is surprisingly resilient from the effects of even very hot fires. 
Natural light fires are occasional on those limestone hills and so it seems that most species there 
are tolerant or resilient in the face of light fires.” Scant change in vegetation cover within the EOO 
is evident from the historical imagery (1969 to 2016) seen via Google Earth Pro (2018). If the three 
protected areas in which the species occurs are treated either as a single or multiple locations, and 
the unprotected areas are treated as another location under threat (i.e., conversion of nearby, and 
partly within the EOO, land to agriculture as an inferred or projected threat), a preliminary 
conservation assessment of Endangered (EN; Bl, a, b) can be proposed for L. chartaceum. 
Discussion. — Plants grown in San Francisco from cuttings of Louteridium chartaceum from 
the type locality {Daniel & Butterwick 5905cv ) produced floral buds that attained 35 mm in length 
but abscised prior to opening. Both thyrses and racemose thyrses are present on Brewer et al. 7176. 
Bracteoles of a pair are sometimes fused basally for about 1 mm, at least along one side. 
Additional specimens examined.— BELIZE. Belize: Runaway Creek Nature Reserve, E of 
Coastal Road, 17°18’44”N, 088°27’23”W, S. Brewer et al. 7176 (MO-image seen); along Coastal 
Hwy. near milepost 18, ca. 5 km W of Gales Point toward La Democracia, ca. 17°11 ’N, 088°22’W, 
T. Daniel 8294 (BR, CAS, MEXU, MICH, MO, US); Gracie Rock Hill near Rockville Quarry 
between Western Hwy. and Sibun River, ca. 30 km SW of Belize City [ca. 17°23’13.67”N, 
088°27’1.91”W], T. Daniel & M. Butterwick 5905 (C, CAS, K, MICH, MO, NY), cultivated plants 
of this collection grown from cuttings in San Francisco, California, 5905cv (CAS); Gracie Rock, 
1.5—4 mi S of Mile 22 on Western Hwy., J. Dwyer 10959 (LL, MEXU, MO), R. Liesner & J. Dwyer 
1485 (BM, DUKE, MO, NY, TEX). Cayo: Manatee Forest Reserve, Banks of Indian Creek, at 
confluence of Yaha and Indian Creek, 1 km W from Daylight Cave, 17°12’54.2”N, 
088°33’19.4”W, H. Baden & D. Harris 3 (BM). 
3. Louteridium costaricense Radik. & Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 37:422. 1904. 
Type.— COSTARICA. Cartago: Tucurrique, Las Vueltas [ca. 09°50’53.61”N, 083°43’35.82”W], 
1000 m, III-1899 (fir), A. Tonduz 8123 (holotype: US!). 
Perennial herbs to shrubs to 2 m tall, terrestrial. Older (woody) stems subquadrate, lenticellate, 
lacking trichomes; younger (herbaceous) stems subquadrate to flattened, glabrous. Leaves not all 
seasonally deciduous, ± evenly distributed along stems, petiolate, petioles to 85 mm long, blades 
subsucculent, (ovate-elliptic to) elliptic to obovate, 125-335 mm long, 43-153 mm wide, 2.2-3.2 
x longer than wide, acute to acuminate to acuminate-falcate at apex, attenuate at base, surfaces 
glabrous, margin entire to sinuate. Inflorescence a terminal pedunculate (racemose thyrse to) thyrse 
to 335 mm long (including peduncle and excluding corollas), peduncle to 230 mm long, glabrous, 
rachis glabrous; dichasia often modified via sympodial expansion and appearing like lateral 
branches, opposite or alternate, (subsessile to) pedunculate, 1-many-flowered, to 117 mm long 
(excluding corollas), dichasial peduncles 1-15 mm long, glabrous. Bracts persistent, lance-ovate to 
ovate to elliptic (or subfoliose proximally), 6-70 mm long, 2-24 mm wide, abaxially glabrous or 
glandular punctate (but lacking elongate trichomes), sometimes with lenticel-like encrustations as 
well. Bracteoles persistent, ovate to elliptic, 3.5-11 mm long, 2-6.5 mm wide, abaxial surface like 
that of bracts, those of a pair somet im es basally fused for ca. 1 mm (at least along one side). Flow¬ 
ers pedicellate, pedicels 6-58 mm long, glabrous or sometimes covered with crystal-like puncta- 
tions or globules or pubescent with stipitate glandular trichomes (sometimes sparse) 0.1-0.2 mm 
long. Calyx pale green to white, 23-65 mm long, lobes subheteromorphic to heteromorphic, 
membranaceous, acute to subacuminate at apex, abaxially glabrous or pubescent (at least near 
