DANIEL & TRIPP: LOUTERIDIUM : TAXONOMY, BIOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION 89 
rounded to acute to subacuminate at apex. Corolla usually greenish and maroon (also described as 
white with purplish lobes and pale rose in plants from San Felipe Usila, Oaxaca; see discussion 
below), 38-54 mm long, externally puberulent with sessile to subsessile glands 0.05-0.1 mm long 
and often with glandular and eglandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long as well, tube (19—) 30-35 (-42) 
mm long, narrow proximal portion 8-14 mm long, 5-10 mm in diameter near midpoint, throat 
15-23 mm long, 24-33 mm in diameter at mouth, lobes recoiled, subtriangular to broadly ovate to 
elliptic, 10-16 mm long, 8-14 mm wide, rounded at apex. Stamens 2, 60-77 mm long, filaments 
glabrous distally, pubescent proximally with eglandular trichomes, thecae 9-13 mm long; stamin- 
odes 2, 1-3 mm long. Style 72-85 mm long, glabrous (or sometimes with sessile to subsessile 
glands to 0.05 mm long near base), stigma subequally to unequally 2-lobed, lobes linear-elliptic to 
elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 1-3.8 mm long, 0.6-1.5 mm wide. Capsule 16-24 mm long, 4-8 mm in 
diameter, sparsely puberulent with sessile to subsessile glands to 0.05 mm long, stipe 1-2 mm long. 
Seeds up to 16 per capsule, 4-5.5 mm long, 3.5-5 mm wide, surfaces smooth or covered with sub¬ 
conic papillae. 
Phenology.— Flowering: September-May; fruiting January-May. Based on greenhouse 
observations of Breedlove & Daniel 70879gh, corollas open after 17:00 and all fall by 11:00 the 
next morning. 
Distribution and habitat.— Southern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, 
Veracruz) and Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Peten) (Fig. 11); plants occur on slopes and along water¬ 
courses on limestone (often karstic) in primary or secondary lowland rain forests (selva alta peren- 
nifolia), montane rain forests, cloud forests, and evergreen seasonal forests (including selva medi- 
ana subperennifolia) at elevations from 50 to 1200 m. The distribution of this species appears to be 
entirely on the versants of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Daniel et al. (2012) report¬ 
ed this species from Guatemala. Plants from Guatemala previously attributed to L. mexicanum per¬ 
tain to L. purpusii (see discussion in Daniel 1995). 
Local names. — “K’o’och batz’” ( Paniagua 539); “oj-oj” (Kunkel 161); “palo aguanoso” 
{Ramos & Martinez S. 620); “sabal tzununte” {Palacios E. 9631); “Uc’o’och chuba’atsir wis” 
{Levy T. & Duran F. 398). 
Uses. — Leaves applied against the body for fever {Wendt et al. 3614); a drink made from the 
boiled leaves is used for “dolor orinar” {Paniagua 539). 
Illustrations. — Figures 4E, 15. 
Conservation. — Louteridium mexicanum is the most commonly collected species in Mexi¬ 
co, and has an EOO of 35,531 km 2 . At least nine protected areas are located entirely or partially 
within its EOO, and the species has been collected in two of them. Frequency data from herbari¬ 
um collection labels varies from scarce to infrequent to common to abundant. Although unidenti¬ 
fied threats are undoubtedly present in portions of its geographic distribution, a preliminary con¬ 
servation assessment of Least Concern (LC) is proposed for this species. 
Discussion. — Daniel (1995) discussed the probable state from which the type was collected; 
this would appear to be Veracruz rather than Chiapas. Linden collected in both states (Ossenbach 
2009), but no “Zacualpan” has been located in Chiapas (D. Breedlove, personal communication in 
1994). Zacualpan (or Zacuapan or Zacuapam [ca. 19°12’46.44”N, 096°5r8.73”W], see Sousa S. 
1969; not the town of Zacualpan at 20°26’1.71”N, 098°20’57.69”W in northwestern Veracruz), 
Carl Sartorius’ large hacienda located between Jalapa and Cordoba in west-central Veracruz, with 
its headquarters at El Mirador, is known to have been visited by several early Mexican collectors, 
including Linden (Ossenbach 2009). Because it is ca. 42 km north of the currently known distrib¬ 
utional range of L. mexicanum (Fig. 11), and because of the ambiguity of the locality based on 
