JAN. 34 
same orchard as in the experiment above men¬ 
tioned. 
Prof. Cook and others have told us hereto¬ 
fore that cloth Is the best material for the 
bands, and it is necessary to apply two bands 
to each tree, because it has been ascertained 
that about as many of the worms crawl down 
from the fruit on llic limbs as crawl up from 
that fallen on the grouud, to seek places of 
Shelter beneath the scaly bark on the trunks; 
hence one band needs to bo near the ground 
and another near the branches and of course 
all the rough bark must be removed from above 
and below the bands. In lact, Prof. Cook ad¬ 
vices cleaning the whole tree of rough bark 
and wusblug with soft Hoap. Now, to say 
nothing of this latter process, it is quite ob¬ 
vious that the rest of the plan, including nine 
or ten removals and replacings of the bandages, 
is more laborious and expensive than repre¬ 
sented by Prof. Beal, unless the trees are young 
and smooth. 
The reasons why our Ohio orehurdists are 
not generally willing to try this method, are: 
1, the majority of the orchards in this State are 
older than those of Michigan, and the trees 
much larger, ranging from four to six feet in 
circumference where the hands Bhould bo ap¬ 
plied, aud covered with rough hark—not only 
the trunks hut the limbs Tor 12 to 20 feet in 
bight—and to be at the trouble or expense of 
cleaning these of all the scales that can afford 
protection to the worms is simp ly out of the 
question—our farmers won’t do It! And, 2, 
most of our apple growers arc farmers who And 
it profitable to keep sheep and hogs, and, of 
course, raise corn or other grain to feed them 
when neecssary, so that the services of these 
animals as worm destroyers iu the orchard cost 
less, besides being more effective, than the 
band method in Us application to large trees. 
Dentil to the Currant Worm. 
I mean the pale green worm from half to 
five-eights of an inch long witli a black head ; 
hut why It should be called by the above name, 
I never could understand; for 1 never knew it 
to touch the Currants as long as there were 
Gooseberries near. After submitting to the 
destruction of my large English Gooseberries 
for two or three years, I looked up the biog¬ 
raphy of this Insect, and finding that it hiber¬ 
nated in the ground under the biiBh, f applied 
In the spring a plaster of lime-mortar urouud 
the base of the bush over a circle of 18 to 2i 
Inches iu diameter. That season 1 saw only one 
of the peBts, and none for years after. Mildew, 
however, set m strong, but my experience 
leads me to believe that sulphur, if faithfully 
applied, will most certainly prevent and even 
stop * bat; but it is safest to usu it as a preven¬ 
tive. s. u. p. 
Bairs ijtisbaitdtij. 
MILK-PRODUCEKS’ PROTECTIVE ASSO¬ 
CIATION. 
According to the agreement noticed here 
two wcekB ago, more than 200 delegates rep¬ 
resenting the farmers of Orange and Sullivan 
counties, N. Y., aud Sussex county, N. J., 
assembled at Middletown, N. Y, on Tuesday, 
Jail. 20, to organize a Protective Associa¬ 
tion. Fully LOO other farmers, not dele¬ 
gates, were also preseut. The.following plan 
of organization prepared by the committee ap¬ 
pointed on Jau. 6th, was ulmost unanimously 
adopted: 
We, the milk producers along the tines of the 
Krte, Midland, and .Sussex railroads and their 
branches, In order to protect our Interests in me 
production and sale of milk and cream In .New 
York, city and vicinity, so long neglected as to 
leave them upon the verge of ruin, do Uereby form 
ourselves Into ;ui association which shall he known 
us the orange, auasex, and Sullivan Milk Produ¬ 
cers' Association. 
That this associat ion shall consist of two classes 
Of organizations as follows: 
A local organization of the milk producers at, 
each milk station where men: arc too ormorecowa 
represented, to lie known as a Station Association. 
A controlling uig.uilzailou to be known as the 
Central Association, consisting of general direc¬ 
tors, appointed by delegates man the different 
Station Associations along the lines of their re¬ 
spective railroads. 
The Station Association shall bo organized with 
the following officeis, viz.: President, Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, Secretary, Treasurer, who shall be under 
proper and sulllolenl bonds, and a Director. If at 
any milk station there be less than too oowsrepre- 
THE RURAL 
seated by those wishing to form an organization, 
they may unite with other station associations. 
Any milk producer may become a member of this 
association upon paying to the treasurer of the 
association of which he is to become a member the 
sum or $!> each for the average number of cans of 
milk shipped by him dally, and subscribing Ids 
name to Lite by-laws of the Station Association, 
which shall contain the following agreement or 
pledge: 
“I, the undersigned, a milk producer of- 
Station,-County,-state, do hereby 
agree and pledge myself to place the milk aud 
cream production of my dairy or dairies In Lhe 
hands or under the control of the executive com¬ 
mittee of t he Geueral Association to be disposed of 
for my best Interest and for the best Interest of all 
the members of this association. 
“ l do further agree to stand by and support this 
agreement In every particular, under the penalty 
or forfeiting, as liquidated damages, my member¬ 
ship fee heretofore paid by me to the Treasurer of 
UUs Station Association-'’ 
This plan of organization shall not go Into opera¬ 
tion unless IWu-elgliths of the farmers shipping 
mlJk over the different roads represented shall sub 
scribe to It. 
Tbtu plan differs but little from the system 
successfully practiced for many years in the 
neighborhood of Philadelphia. It was also re¬ 
solved to hold a mass meeting of the farmers 
of the three counties at the same place on 
Thursday the 29 tb lust., for the purpose of ef¬ 
fecting a permanent organization. 
Lewis ilortou, of Golden Bridge, and J. D. 
Powell of Katonah, Westchester County, were 
present as a eoamiltoc from the Harlem Rail¬ 
road. They staled that producers shipping 
over that road were organizing for self-pro¬ 
tection. They propose having au Executive 
Committee to transact business in the city for 
all producers ou the Harlem Ruiiroad, and 
would be glad to join with similar committees 
represent mg the Erie and Midland Roads. 
Committees of milk-dealers were also present, 
rcpreseuliug the Kings Comity and New York 
Milk Exchanges. N. B. Kilmer, a Brooklyn 
dealer, said the principal obstacle in the way 
of farmers getting a heller price for their milk 
was the presence in the market of cheap milk, 
sent from the couuiry or produced iu the eity, 
in the hands of irresponsible dealers, who un¬ 
dersold the regular trade. He read lhe draft 
of a bill which the dealers of New York ami 
Brooklyu propose asking the Legislature to 
pass, providing for licensing every dealer by 
the Board ol Health, and for a rigid Inspection 
of milk ai every poiut of shipping, us well os 
at lhe terminal stations ; also prohibiting the 
use of brewers’ aud distillers' grains lor feed¬ 
ing cows whose milk is offered for sale in the 
cities ol New York and Brooklyn, the expense 
ol the inspection to be paid from Lhe luuds de¬ 
rived from license fees. Only one farmer op¬ 
posed the bill, which was approved by the 
meeting unanimously. George W. Allison, of 
the Change County Milk Association of New 
York city, spoke of the immense number of 
cows iu and about the city that were fed on 
distillers’ slops, and said it was this poor milk 
which made the surplus, ruined the business ol 
the legitimate dealers, and mude them unable 
to pay more to the farmer. He hoped the 
farmers would not undertake to force a big 
price from the dealers, lor it they did the deal¬ 
ers would get their milk from some other 
sources. 
Threats of this nature were also made by 
several oilier milk-dealeiB aud there seemed to 
he a good deal of acrimonious feelings hetweeu 
the milk malucerB and dealers. Doubtless the 
spirits of the latter weie somewhat embittered 
by having beeu refused admittance to the meet¬ 
ing until after its legitimate business had beeu 
concluded. It is Intended to huve the organi¬ 
zation ready to assume control of the milk of 
its members by April 1. It is uot the purpose 
of the persous engaged in this organization to 
demaud exorbitant prices for milk, but to se¬ 
cure remunerative prices at all times, and to 
legulate the supply to suit the demaud, with u 
view to sustaining the price, and still keeping 
their product in the market. 
A NEW DEPARTURE. 
At the big dairy fair bold iu this city last 
mouth were exhibited cans for kuudliug 
milk after a style that is uot ouly entirely 
new, hut looks to me to possess some of the 
elements of unfathomable possibilities. This, 
perhaps, is asking for a good deal, and yel we 
have all lived to see Orange County superseded 
by Iowa, while our professors were telling us at 
all the Dairymen’s Conventions that good but¬ 
ter could uot be made outside of a certain 
territory or belt circumscribed by the profes¬ 
sors’own individual experiences. By the way, 
what has become of that “ dairy bolt" wo 
used to hear so much about ? 
The item of lutoreei 1 wished to cull attention 
to was a set of tiu pails about eighteen Inches 
high, twelve across the lop aud eight at the 
bottom. Iu the side of these palls was iu- 
sorted a pane of glass with, if my memory 
serves mo rightly, a per centum scale marked 
by its side. These pails are distributed among 
the dairymen with instructions to fill them with 
fresh milk from the cow, aud set them imme¬ 
diately iu cold water. At a given time twice 
a day this milk must be skimmed, and the 
owner of the pails calls for the cream. 
It is a well settled principle in buttor-makiug 
that cream fresh from the milk will uot churn 
NEW-YORKER. 
profitably; that is, a large per-eentage of the 
butter will not come out of it unless the cream 
has had several hours to ripen before it reaches 
the churn. 
H matters not whether the cream be sweet 
or sour when put Into the churn, It must have 
this time to take ou some chemical change, I 
suppose, before It will give up all the butter. 
Now the question is, what ought to he done 
with the cream during this time ol rest? The 
aforesaid parties purpose to utilize it by hurry¬ 
ing it ou to the market; that is to say, cream 
raised, say 200 miles (and if refrigerating 
means were employed the distance could be 
stretched to a thousand), from New York city, 
immediately when collected, is shipped to the 
city and there manufactured into fresh butter 
every morning. 
Let us go astep farther: Suppose theeeutrifu- 
gal machine, through Yankee Ingenuity, be- 
eomes simplified and cheapened until one can be 
found iu every farmer's bouse; then ike farmer 
draws the milk from his cows, puts it in the 
machine, and In twenty ml miles he grinds out 
all the cream, hermetically seals It and ships 
it direct to the factory iu Now York city. By 
next morning the denizen of the big city, having 
forgotten all about the corner grocery, orders 
directly from the factory, a few blocks away, 
liis regular morning’s supply of fresh butter 
and real, genuine butter-milk—no churued 
clabber for him. 
These are days of surprises, and it is danger¬ 
ous to doubt the possibilities of our enter¬ 
prising dairymen after they once get out of the 
leading-strings of their old grandmothers’ 
ways of doing things. As an earnest of the 
practicability of this plan, I found u sample of 
cream at the fair put up in neat bottles and all 
the way from Iowa. The cream claimed to be 
some two weeks old. I took a bottle of it home 
and tried it in coffee, and on sweet preserves. 
There was not the slightest semblance of sour¬ 
ness about it; but, on the contrary, U was as 
Hweet aud delicious as unv cream could be. 
How it was preserved 1 know not, except that 
It was hermetically sealed; but it certainly 
could travel across the ocean, If necessary, 
with Impunity, if the process of preserving 
it Is cheap, It may help to solve the above 
problem. L. 8. Hardin, 
^Ikcji iusbankj. 
THE ORIGIN OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 
I notice my name in connection with a dis¬ 
pute as to the “ Origin of Lincoln Sheep,” in 
Lhe Unit a i, for December 27, und with yaur 
permission will endeavor to set the parties 
right. Now, If we try to ascertain the 
** orlgiu," we shall have lo go back to the 
Dark Ages of sheep-breeding; for we read in au 
anoient history of the county that •* The l.ow- 
landers came to Liucolu for the flue wools of 
the sixteenth aud seventeenth centuries, wheu 
the tide of the William rolled at the foot of 
Lincoln Castle walls, and barges came to load 
for the Low Countries, and even at that time 
the long wool of "Ye tow no of Lincoln and ye 
countric about" was greatly esteemed. 
But 1 suppose wbat your correspondents are 
after is to ascertain to what breed or breeds 
the Lincolns of the present day.aie Indebted for 
their wonderful development of bofli wool and 
mutton. They were originally celebrated as 
producers of the very finest quality, as well as 
the heaviest fleeces of combing wool, but at 
the same time they were large, coarse, slow- 
growing sheep. I believe there can be but little 
doubt that the Leicester has beeu used to make 
them mature sooner aud take on flesh quit:leer 
while young, though many of the best raru 
breeders deny such to be the ease. They claim 
that it has been done entirely by selection, and 
pertinently ask if Bakuwull could manufacture 
the Leicester from sheep simitar to theirs 
(Leicestershire aud Lincolnshire being adjoin¬ 
ing counties), why not the Lincoln breeders 
improve theirs also by selection ? Thu point 
now Is not worth disputing, lor iu my opinion 
there is uot a long*wool sheep of any breed in 
England worth owning, that has not some 
Leicester blood iu its make -up. But let us 
rather give credit to those breeders who had 
the sagacity to usu the cross in such a mutiucr 
as to retaiu all the good qualities of the old 
Lincolns, and only absorb such as were desira¬ 
ble for tlielr purpose from the Leicester. That 
there have beeu any “dashes" of late years is 
not probable, because the Leicester can add 
nothing that the Liocolu requires. What was 
done in that direction was about 90 years ago, 
for we find that four Lincolnshire farmers paid 
Mr. Bukewe.ll 1,000 guineas ($5,000) for the use 
of (me ram one Henson. 
That the Lincolns are Indebted in auy way 
to the Cotswolds Is not a fact. Thu cross has 
been tried, but invariably with bad results. I 
know a oncu prominent ram breeder who tried 
the cross, aud iu two years he lost all his cus¬ 
tomers, aud had lo go out of the bnsluess. They 
are pre-emiucutly the sheep for the district iu 
which they are raised, growing heavy fleeces 
of the finest lustre wool, producing the hoavi- 
71 
est carcasses of mutton, and being so hardy that 
they can “winter out” on turnips, perhaps up 
to their knees in mud for weeks together dur¬ 
ing a rainy season, and not ouly live through 
it, but grow and do well. 
G. G. says there are only two cases of Lin¬ 
colns reaching 400 pounds. I oould give mauy 
more. At the Smithlicld Cattle Show they 
almost Invariably carry off the honors as the 
heaviest sheep exhibited Again tills year, as 
usual, many ewes have been exhibited there 
weighing 350 lbs. each and upwards. “ Dashes 
of Blood ” will be considered In next. 
Ont., Canada. It. Gibson. 
loultru JJarti, 
ITS LESSONS. 
NELSON RITTER. 
Having kept an accurate account of the 
receipts and expenses of my hens for the last 
13 years, It may lulerest readers of the Rural 
if the results are given: 
Amount received for chickens ami ckum 
sold Iu lx years. s82,H24.4fi 
Amount paid for food In LI yrH.$1,446.96 
" '• fancy fowls and eggs.. 6-1.22 
“ " " additions aud repairs 
to hell house. 87.94 1,689.14 
Leaving as not profit. <91,086.23 
or a profit of about 65 per cent. The num¬ 
ber of hens kept ranged from 50 to 280. The 
best results were obtained when 150 wore kept. 
I am well awure that this report falls below 
mauy highly-colored ones that we read of hi the 
papers ; hut it has the merit of being a truthful 
one. All poultry and eggs were sold at market 
rales, none having beeu sold at fancy prices, 
so that this profit is a legitimate one, and cau 
be realized by any person using common sense 
in the mauugumeut of his hens. The highest 
profit iu auy uuu year was $203 38, iu 1870 ; 
the lowest $26 25, in 1875. In the years 1869, 
1870, 1871, 1872, the profit was $633.12, leaving 
$403.30 for the other nine years. This differ¬ 
ence was partly owing to the change in 
price of eggs and chickens, und partly to a 
change in the breed of my fowls. It will be 
seen that each dollar paid out in the 13 years, 
bus given a return ol $1.85, often within the 
week, certainly as often as once per month 
Upon an average. 
In looking back over these years I discover 
many mistakes made that lessened the profits. 
They certainly can bo avoided hereafter; but, 
whether others equally detrimental will not be 
made, is not so certain. The worst mistake 
was my catching lhe " fancy-hen fever," aud 
paying exorbitant prices for new breeds that 
looked well, but were In all other respects uu- 
desirable. liens, bred only for color, purity 
of plumage, exactness of comb, etc., will not 
lay well—at least that has beeu tny experience. 
The person who has a fancy for perfect fowls, 
and has the means to gratify that fancy, lias 
certainly a perfect right to do so, just as he 
kcopB other pets; but for the man of moderate 
means, who is obliged to keep fowls for profit, 
u “ business hen" is best. After paying $4 per 
dozeu for eggB. and raising chickens that 
would uot lay well, and becoming disgusted 
with this result, I watched our markets until 
I discovered a man who brought iu plenty of 
eggs In the winter months. His eggs were 
bought without auy questions as to breed, aud 
sut with satisfactory results. This is a good 
way for new beginners to procure a stock of 
laying hens, afterwards selecting eggs from the 
bust layers for setting, and thus improving iu 
LhuL direction. 
Let me add that when one's hens are doiug 
well, he should uot change them at the solicit¬ 
ation of persous having sometliiug better to 
